Cited by 1,001Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorGenetic Associations and Epidemiology

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Molecular Genetics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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Faraone, Stephen V., Mick, Eric·2010·Psychiatric Clinics of North America

DOI 10.1016/j.psc.2009.12.004PMC PMC2847260

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Abstract

Although twin studies demonstrate that ADHD is a highly heritable condition, molecular genetic studies suggest that the genetic architecture of ADHD is complex. The handful of genome-wide linkage and association scans that have been conducted thus far show divergent findings and are, therefore, not conclusive. Similarly, many of the candidate genes reviewed here (ie, DBH, MAOA, SLC6A2, TPH-2, SLC6A4, CHRNA4, GRIN2A) are theoretically compelling from neurobiological systems perspective but available data are sparse and inconsistent. However, candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder, with meta-analyses supportive of a role of the genes coding for DRD4, DRD5, SLC6A3, SNAP-25, and HTR1B in the etiology of ADHD.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
Meta-analysis of the association between the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine D(4) receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Self-citation
Meta-analysis shows significant association between dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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RETRACTED: Universal Design for Learning for Children with ADHD
Frolli, A., Cerciello, F., Esposito, C., Ricci, M., Laccone, R., & Bisogni, F. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10081350 · Cited by 21
Retracted
Machine Learning Prediction of ADHD Severity: Association and Linkage to ADGRL3 , DRD4 , and SNAP25
Cervantes-Henríquez, M. L., Acosta-López, J. E., Martinez, A. F., Arcos‐Burgos, M., Rozo, P. J. P., & Velez, J. I. (2021) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547211015426 · Cited by 24
Phthalates exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children: a systematic review of epidemiological literature
Praveena, S., Munisvaradass, R., Masiran, R., Rajendran, R., Lin, C.-C., & Kumar, S. (2020) · Environmental science and pollution research international · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10652-z · Cited by 21
Involvement of family environmental, behavioral, and social functional factors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Huang, Y.-H., Xu, H.-Y., Au, W., Xu, C.-T., & Wu, K.-S. (2018) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s178080 · Cited by 21
Imaging genetics in neurodevelopmental psychopathology
Klein, M., van Donkelaar, M. M. J., Verhoef, E., & Franke, B. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32542 · Cited by 30
“(Burt, 2009; Faraone et al., 2005).”
Background
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Urinary Nonylphenol Levels: A Case-Control Study in Taiwanese Children
Yu, C.-J., Du, J.-C., Chiou, H.-C., Yang, S.-H., Liao, K.-W., Yang, W., Chung, M., Chien, L.-C., B. Hwang, & Chen, M.-L. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149558 · Cited by 21
“The heritability of ADHD has been estimated to be as high as 76% [28], and various polymorphisms in dopamine-related genes have been found to increase the risk of ADHD [29, 30].”
Background
Neighborhood Characteristics and ADHD
Razani, N., Hilton, J. F., Halpern‐Felsher, B. L., Okumura, M. J., Morrell, H. E. R., & Yen, I. H. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714542002 · Cited by 27
“ADHD is a highly heritable condition (Faraone et al., 2005).”
Clinical utility of guanfacine extended release in the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents
Bello, N. T. (2015) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s73167 · Cited by 22
“Hereditability, calculated from dizygotic and monozygotic twin studies, has been estimated to be 76%.(12) An examination of parents (n=198) and siblings (n=112) of adoptive (n=25) and biological (n=101) children diagnosed with ADHD revealed that the rate of ADHD was significantly higher in parents (18%) and siblings (…”
Converging evidence does not support GIT1 as an ADHD risk gene
Klein, M., van der Voet, M., Harich, B., van Hulzen, K. J. E., Onnink, A. M. H., Hoogman, M., Guadalupe, T. M., Zwiers, M. P., Groothuismink, J. M., Verberkt, A., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32327 · Cited by 23
“Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common and highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder (heritability 70– 80% [Faraone et al., 2005; Burt 2009]), with prevalence rates of 5– 6% in childhood [Polanczyk et al., 2007; American Psychiatric Association 2013].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Association of dopamine transporter gene variants with childhood ADHD features in bipolar disorder
Greenwood, T. A., Joo, E., Shekhtman, T., Sadovnick, A. D., Remick, R. A., Keck, P. E., McElroy, S. L., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32108 · Cited by 22
“Both BD and ADHD are familial with strong genetic components, as evidenced by heritability estimates up to 76–80% [Thapar et al., 2000; McGuffin et al., 2003; Faraone et al., 2005].”
Background
Pediatric pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic studies: the current state and future perspectives
Russo, R., Capasso, M., Paolucci, P., Iolascon, A., & Teddy European Network of Excellence (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-010-0931-1 · Cited by 21
“Genes associated with increased risk for ADHD are the dopamine transporter (DAT1) [25], the dopamine receptors (DRD4 and DRD5) [30], serotonin transporter (5-HTT), and synaptosomalassociated protein (SNAP-25) [31–33].”
Background
Balanced Dopamine Is Critical for Pattern Completion during Associative Memory Recall
Li, F. R., Wang, L. P., Shen, X., & Tsien, J. Z. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015401 · Cited by 23
“Given the broad evidence that dopamine is essential for attention and working memory [15–18] and that the genetic polymorphism in the DAT gene is thought to be implicated in ADHD [31–33], it is possible that both attention and working memory might play a role in pattern completion of memory retrieval under the partial…”
Background
Atomoxetine in the Treatment of Adults with Subthreshold and/or Late Onset Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder‐Not Otherwise Specified (ADHD‐NOS): A Prospective Open‐Label 6‐Week Study
Surman, C. B. H., Hammerness, P. G., Petty, C. R., Doyle, R., Chu, N., Gebhard, N., Williams, C., & Biederman, J. (2010) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00124.x · Cited by 21
“Although its etiology remains unknown, there is mounting evidence for genetic transmission [5,6] and abnormalities in brain structure and function in affected individuals [7–9].”
Background
Effects of Postnatal Parental Smoking on Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD and Oppositional Symptoms
Kollins, S. H., Garrett, M. E., McClernon, F. J., Lachiewicz, A. M., Morrissey-Kane, E., Fitzgerald, D. P., Collins, A. L., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Ashley‐Koch, A. E. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181a61d9e · Cited by 21
“Evidence from family, adoption, twin, and molecular genetic studies highlights the centrality of genetic factors in the development of ADHD (Faraone and Khan, 2006; Faraone et al., 2005; Waldman and Gizer, 2006).”
Influential
DNA methylation associated with persistent ADHD suggests TARBP1 as novel candidate
Weiß, A. L., Meijer, M., Budeus, B., Pauper, M., Hakobjan, M., Groothuismink, J. M., Shi, Y., Neveling, K., Buitelaar, J. K., Hoogman, M., et al. (2020) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108370 · Cited by 21
Integrative genomic analysis of methylphenidate response in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Pagerols, M., Vanesa Richarte, B., Sánchez‐Mora, C., Rovira, P., Artigas, M. S., Iris Garcia-martinez, A., Calvo-Sánchez, E., Montse Corrales, F., da Silva, B. S., Mota, N. R., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20194-7 · Cited by 25
A Prospective Birth Cohort Study on Maternal Cholesterol Levels and Offspring Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: New Insight on Sex Differences
Ji, Y.-L., Riley, A., Lee, L.-C., Volk, H., Hong, X., Wang, G.-Y., Angomas, R., Stivers, T., Wahl, A. D., Ji, H., et al. (2017) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci8010003 · Cited by 20
“While research has identified several potential etiological mechanisms, such as gene variants, brain structural abnormalities, and neurotransmitter deficiency and dysregulation [11,12], much more work is needed to fully understand the early life determinants of ADHD and significant sex differences in ADHD risk.”
No Association between Cortical Gyrification or Intrinsic Curvature and Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults
Forde, N. J., Ronan, L., Zwiers, M. P., Alexander‐Bloch, A. F., Faraone, S. V., Oosterlaan, J., Heslenfeld, D. J., Hartman, C. A., Buitelaar, J. K., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00218 · Cited by 22
“ADHD is a highly heritable (∼80%), genetically complex and heterogeneous disorder (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
An association between a dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) haplotype and ADHD symptom measures in nonclinical adults
Tong, J., Cummins, T. D. R., Johnson, B. P., McKinley, L., Pickering, H. E., Fanning, P. A. J., Stefanac, N., Newman, D. P., Hawi, Z., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32283 · Cited by 18
“When examining specific genetic markers for ADHD, the majority of studies have employed either a case-control or a quantitative trait design [Faraone et al., 2005; Frazier-Wood et al., 2012].”
Background
Effect of methylphenidate treatment during adolescence on norepinephrine transporter function in orbitofrontal cortex in a rat model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Somkuwar, S. S., Kantak, K. M., & Dwoskin, L. P. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.02.002 · Cited by 23
“ADHD etiology, although multigenetic (Faraone et al., 2005; Gizer et al., 2009; Kuntsi and Klein, 2012), has been associated with polymorphisms of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) gene (Barr et al., 2002; Kollins et al., 2008; McEvoy et al., 2002).”
Background
A lack of functional NK1 receptors explains most, but not all, abnormal behaviours of NK1R ‐/‐ mice1
Porter, A. J., Pillidge, K., Tsai, Y., Dudley, J., Hunt, S. P., Peirson, S. N., Brown, L. A., & Stanford, S. C. (2015) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12195 · Cited by 29
“that both genetic (Faraone et al. 2005) and environmental factors (including maternal behaviour; Elia et al.”
Background
Paternal ADHD Symptoms and Child Conduct Problems: Is Father Involvement Always Beneficial?
Romirowsky, A. M., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2014) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12092 · Cited by 20
“Because ADHD is highly heritable (Faraone et al., 2005; Thapar, Langley, Owen, & O’Donovan, 2007), we included only biological fathers.”
Background
Potential Contribution of Dopaminergic Gene Variants in ADHD Core Traits and Co-Morbidity: A Study on Eastern Indian Probands
Maitra, S., Sarkar, K., Ghosh, P., Karmakar, A., Bhattacharjee, A., Sinha, S., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2014) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-014-0038-9 · Cited by 21
“The 10R-6R haplotype formed between the 30UTR-int 8 VNTR and the 10R/10R genotype of the 30UTR was suggested as risk factors for ADHD in children (Brookes et al. 2006; Asherson et al. 2007; Faraone et al. 2005); 10R/10R homozygous children performed poorly on a sustained attention task as compared to others (Loo et al.”
Transcriptome‐wide gene expression in a rat model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: Rats developmentally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls
Sazonova, N., Dasbanerjee, T., Middleton, F. A., Gowtham, S., Schuckers, S., & Faraone, S. (2011) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31230 · Cited by 20
“Our review of 20 twin studies indicates that ADHD has an estimated heritability of 0.76, and meta-analyses of linkage and association studies have implicated several candidate genes: DRD4, SLC6A3, DRD5, HTR1B, SNAP25, DBH, and SLC6A4 (Faraone and Mick, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
The 1287 G/A polymorphism of the Norepinephrine Transporter gene (NET) is involved in Commission Errors in Korean children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Song, D., Jhung, K., Song, J., & Cheon, K.-A. A. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-7-12 · Cited by 18
“Neurobiological studies of ADHD point to the role of genetic factors with its high heritability estimates [1-3].”
Background
Genetic influences on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms from age 2 to 3: A quantitative and molecular genetic investigation
Ilott, N., Saudino, K., & Asherson, P. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-102 · Cited by 20
“It is well established that ADHD in children is highly heritable with estimates averaging at ~76% [2], with the same being true of ADHD symptoms in pre-school children [3].”
Background
The Neurobiology of Childhood
Andersen, S., & Pine, D. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54913-7 · Cited by 20
“A number of genes have been identified that convey risk for ADHD (Faraone et al. 2005; Durston 2008), although the effects of each gene marker are too small to be of clinical utility and explain only a small fraction of the overall genetic influence in ADHD.”
Background
Neuropsychological performance measures as intermediate phenotypes for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a multiple mediation analysis
Kamradt, J. M., Nigg, J. T., Friderici, K. H., & Nikolas, M. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000195 · Cited by 19
“…of the 48-bp VNTR in exon III, and more specifically the sevenrepeat allele (7R), of DRD4 because this variant mediates a blunted response to dopamine (Asghari et al., 1995; Faraone et al., 1999; Tol et al., 1992) and has been associated with ADHD (Faraone & Mick, 2010; Li, Sham, Owen, & He, 2006).”
Background
Linkage and association analysis of ADHD endophenotypes in extended and multigenerational pedigrees from a genetic isolate
Mastronardi, C. A., Pillai, E., Pineda, D. A., Martinez, A. F., Lopera, F., Velez, J. I., Palacio, J. D., Patel, H., Easteal, S., Acosta, M. T., et al. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.172 · Cited by 19
“The etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD are still not completely defined, but twin, adoption, and family-based studies indicate a strong genetic component, particularly since first and second-degree relatives of patients with ADHD have markedly higher prevalence of the illness 2 .”
Ephrin-A5 deficiency alters sensorimotor and monoaminergic development
Sheleg, M., Yochum, C. L., Wagner, G. C., Zhou, R., & Richardson, J. R. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.032 · Cited by 19
“Additionally, identified ADHD susceptibility genes are known to be involved in the regulation of monoamine activity [35] and stimulant therapy for ADHD act as broad-spectrum monoaminergic agonists [36, 37].”
Background
Gray matter volumetric correlates of attention deficit and hyperactivity traits in emerging adolescents
Li, C. S. P., Chen, Y., & Ide, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15124-7 · Cited by 19
Catecholaminergic and cholinergic neuromodulation in autism spectrum disorder: A comparison to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Koevoet, D., Deschamps, P. K. H., & Kenemans, J. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1078586 · Cited by 28
“It is generally accepted that dysfunction of the DA system plays a vital role in ADHD pathology (Levy and Swanson, 2001; Faraone et al., 2005; Tripp and Wickens, 2009; Faraone and Mick, 2010; Purper-Ouakil et al., 2011; Faraone, 2018).”
Background
Attentional Mechanisms in Autism, ADHD, and Autism-ADHD Using a Local–Global Paradigm
Gargaro, B. A., May, T., Tonge, B. J., Sheppard, D. M., Bradshaw, J. L., & Rinehart, N. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715603197 · Cited by 23
“Both ASD and ADHD are highly heritable conditions, with around 70% to 80% of the phenotypic variance for each disorder explained by genetic factors (Faraone et al., 2005; Lichtenstein, Carlström, Råstam, Gillberg, & Anckarsäter, 2010).”
Background
Age-dependent role of pre- and perinatal factors in interaction with genes on ADHD symptoms across adolescence.
Brinksma, D. M., Hoekstra, P., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., de Bildt, A. D., Buitelaar, J., Hartman, C., & Dietrich, A. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.02.014 · Cited by 19
Risk factors for the existence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders
Lamanna, A. L., Craig, F., Matera, E., Simone, M., Buttiglione, M., & Margari, L. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s132214 · Cited by 19
Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Verkuijl, N., Perkins, M., & Fazel, M. S. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h2168 · Cited by 45
Efectos sobre el contexto familiar de una intervención psicosocial compleja en niños con TDAH
Presentación, M., Pinto, V., Meliá, A., & Miranda, A. (2009) · Escritos de Psicología · doi:10.24310/espsiescpsi.v2i3.13383 · Cited by 19
Investigation of the serotonin 2C receptor gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in UK samples
Xu, X., Brookes, K. J., Sun, B., Ilott, N. E., & Asherson, P. J. (2009) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-71 · Cited by 20
“Polymorphic variants in several genes involved in regulation of the dopamine, and related neurotransmitter pathways are reported to be associated with ADHD [1-3].”
Background
Twelve-month prevalence of DSM-5 mental disorders and the psychosocial correlates- a child and adolescent psychiatric epidemiologic survey in Hong Kong SAR
Chan, S. S. M., Wong, O. W. H., Hussain, S., Tsoi, K. K. F., Ma, K. K. Y., Chau, S. W. H., Ma, S. L., Lai, K. Y. C., Chu, C. W., Lo, H., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101533 · Cited by 12
“39,40 Our study showed that children and adolescents with ADHD were more likely to develop anxiety disorder after controlling for other conditions, which was consistent with earlier reports from both clinical and epidemiological samples where up to 50% of individuals had one or more comorbid…”
The role of snare proteins in cortical development
Vadišiūtė, A., Meijer, E. J., Szabó, F., Hoerder‐Suabedissen, A., Kawashita, E., Hayashi, S., & Molnár, Z. (2022) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22892 · Cited by 23
“Association of SNAP25 polymorphisms with ADHD in human patients has also been confirmed in a meta-analysis (Faraone et al., 2005).”
Background
Exposome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwanese children: exploring risks of endocrine-disrupting chemicals
Waits, A., Chang, C.-H., Yu, C.-J., Du, J.-C., Chiou, H.-C., Hou, J.-W., Yang, W., Chen, H.-C., Chen, Y.-S., B. Hwang, et al. (2021) · Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-021-00370-0 · Cited by 18
“The genetic contribution was also likely, since ADHD heritability was estimated as high as 76% [49], and the gene-environment interaction was shown in this sample for DMP and HNE-MA [9].”
Background
Dopamine transporter genotype modulates brain activity during a working memory task in children with ADHD
Pineau, G., Villemonteix, T., Slama, H., Kavec, M., Balériaux, D. F., Metens, T., Baijot, S., Mary, A., Ramoz, N., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., et al. (2019) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103430 · Cited by 20
“Additionally, ADHD is supposed to be associated with a high number of genes with minor effects interacting with environmental factors (Faraone & Mick, 2010; Hawi et al., 2015): some combinations may have different effects on brain activity, and some genetic variants may also be associated with…”
Background
The Unique Effects of Maternal ADHD Symptoms and Emotion Dysregulation on Parenting Behavior
Woods, K., Mazursky-Horowitz, H., Thomas, S. R., Dougherty, L. R., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719829820 · Cited by 21
Modelo Teórico del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad I: Definición Operativa
Lavigne-Cerván, R., & Romero, J. F. (2017) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v8i22.1417 · Cited by 19
“De tal forma que implicaría una alteración en los genes (Barkley, 2006a, 2008; Faraone et al., 2005; Gizer, Ficks y Waldman, 2009) encargados de la recepción y/o transporte de neurotransmisores -como la dopamina y noradrenalina- muy presentes en los circuitos que inervan las zonas frontales del…”
Background
ADHD, Socioeconomic Status, Medication Use, and Academic Ethic
Simoni, Z. R., & Drentea, P. (2016) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.2016.1107713 · Cited by 18
“Research involving ADHD has investigated etiological factors of ADHD, including genetics (Faraone et al. 2005) and neurological explanations (Mostofsky et al. 2002), as well as studies on the prevalence of ADHD diagnosis and medication rates (Olfson et al. 2003).”
Background
Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (Snap-25) gene Polymorphism frequency in fibromyalgia syndrome and relationship with clinical symptoms
Balkarlı, A., Şengül, C., Tepeli, E., Balkarlı, H., & Çobankara, V. (2014) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-191 · Cited by 18
“Several studies investigated the relationship between SNAP-25 gene polymorphism and personality disorders, schizophrenia, and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; these studies reported that the SNAP-25 gene might influence development of these disorders [12-17].”
Background
Association of genetic risk severity with ADHD clinical characteristics
Kotte, A., Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32171 · Cited by 22
“…places ADHD as one of the most heritable of psychiatric disorders with crosssectional and longitudinal family, twin, and adoption studies demonstrating 70–80% heritability estimates, familial aggregation of symptoms, and familial clustering within and across generations [Faraone et al., 2005].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Altered gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of young rats induced by the ADHD drug atomoxetine.
Lempp, T., Toennes, S., Wunder, C., Russe, O. Q., Möser, C. V., Kynast, K., Freitag, C., & Niederberger, E. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.08.012 · Cited by 18
“Several polymorphisms in the SNAP-25 gene locus in humans could be linked to ADHD by meta-analysis of case-controlled and family-based reports indicating SNAP-25 as a candidate gene in ADHD (Brophy et al., 2002; Choi et al., 2007; Faraone et al., 2005; Feng et al., 2005; Renner et al., 2008).”
Management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: focus on methylphenidate hydrochloride
Moss, S. B. (2009) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s4101 · Cited by 19
“also be helpful given that ADHD has approximately 70% heritability.(2,26) Diagnostic interviews are available to assist with the interview process, including the Brown ADD Scale, Connor’s Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule.”
Association between Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Scores on a Continuous Performance Test in Korean Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Kim, B., Koo, M., Jun, J., Park, I., Oh, D., & Cheon, K. (2009) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2009.6.3.216 · Cited by 18
Diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its behavioral, neurological, and genetic roots
Mueller, K. L., & Tomblin, J. B. (2012) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0b013e318261ffdd · Cited by 17
“The mean heritability across studies has been estimated as 76% (Faraone et al., 2005).”
Two neurosubtypes of ADHD different from the clinical phenotypes
Wang, Q., Zhao, C., Qiu, J., & Lu, W. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115453 · Cited by 16
Monoaminergic hypo- or hyperfunction in adolescent and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?
Nikolaus, S., Mamlins, E., Giesel, F. L., Schmitt, D. R., & Müller, H. (2021) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2021-0083 · Cited by 19
“5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany DAT1 and SLC6A3, the D4 receptor (R) gene DRD4, the D5R geneDRD5, the 5-HT transporter (SERT) gene 5-HTT and the 5-HT1BR gene HTR1B (Faraone and Mick 2010; Franke et al. 2019; Gizer et al. 2009).”
Background
Energy Metabolism Disturbances in Cell Models of PARK2 CNV Carriers with ADHD
Palladino, V. S., Chiocchetti, A., Frank, L., Haslinger, D., McNeill, R., Radtke, F., Till, A., Haupt, S., Brüstle, O., Günther, K., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9124092 · Cited by 17
ICP-MS Assessment of Hair Essential Trace Elements and Minerals in Russian Preschool and Primary School Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Tinkov, A. A., Mazaletskaya, A. L., Ajsuvakova, O. P., Bjørklund, G., Huang, P.-T., Chernova, L. N., Skalny, A. A., & Skalny, A. V. (2019) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-019-01947-5 · Cited by 21
“ADHD has a complex multifactorial etiology with a strong genetic component [6].”
Background
The Altered Brain Activation of Phonological Working Memory, Dual Tasking, and Distraction Among Participants With Adult ADHD and the Effect of the MAOA Polymorphism
Ko, C.-H., Hsieh, T.-J., Wang, P.-W., Lin, W.-C., Chen, C.-S., & Yen, J. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715572609 · Cited by 17
“Genetic factors contribute to the development of ADHD (Faraone et al., 2005) and adult ADHD (Faraone, 2004).”
Background
Correlates of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-Like Behavior in Domestic Dogs: First Results from a Questionnaire-Based Study
Hoppe, N., Bininda-Emonds, O., & Ganslosser, U. (2017) · Veterinary Medicine - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/vmoj-2-122 · Cited by 17
Optimizing outcomes in ADHD treatment: from clinical targets to novel delivery systems
Mattingly, G., & Anderson, R. H. (2016) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852916000808 · Cited by 17
Association of SNAP-25 GeneDdel andMnll Polymorphisms with Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Herken, H., Erdal, M. E., Kenar, A. N. İ., Ünal, G. A., Çakaloz, B., Ay, M. E., Yücel, E., Edgünlü, T., & Şengül, C. (2014) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2014.11.4.476 · Cited by 17
Advances in molecular genetic studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in China.
Gao, Q., Liu, L., Qian, Q., & Wang, Y. (2014) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2014.04.003 · Cited by 16
Association between SYP with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Chinese Han subjects: Differences among subtypes and genders
Liu, L., Chen, Y., Li, H., Qian, Q., Yang, L., Glatt, S. J., Faraone, S. V., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.029 · Cited by 17
“In the past two decades, geneticists have focused on several neurotransmitter systems to explore the possible genetic variants leading to the cause of ADHD, including dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT) pathways (Li et al., 2005, 2006, 2007; Faraone and Mick, 2010; Wu et al., 2012) among others.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Region-specific elevation of D₁ receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens of SHR, a rat model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Ohno, Y., Okano, M., Masui, A., Imaki, J., Egawa, M., Yoshihara, C., Tatara, A., Mizuguchi, Y., Sasa, M., & Shimizu, S. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.04.031 · Cited by 17
“Nonetheless, previous studies have shown that dopamine reuptake activity of DAT is reduced and thereby the basal level of extracellular dopamine in the basal ganglia is elevated in SHR (Carboni et al., 2003; Heal et al., 2008; Leo et al., 2003; McKeon and Hendley, 1988).”
BackgroundInfluential
ADHD matures: time for practitioners to do the same?
Bolea-Alamanac, B. M., Adamou, M., Arif, M., Asherson, P. J., Gudjonsson, G. H., Müller, U., Nutt, D., Pitts, M. E., Thome, J., & Young, S. (2011) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111410898 · Cited by 15
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacogenetics: the dopamine transporter and D4 receptor.
McGough, J. (2012) · Pharmacogenomics (London) · doi:10.2217/pgs.12.5 · Cited by 17
Cortical and hippocampal EEG effects of neurotransmitter agonists in spontaneously hypertensive vs. kainate-treated rats.
Vorobyov, V., Schibaev, N., Kaptsov, V., Kovalev, G., & Sengpiel, F. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.107 · Cited by 17
The possible involvement of genetic variants of NET 1 in the etiology of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder
Liu, L., Cheng, J. R., Li, H., Yang, L., Qian, Q., & Wang, Y. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12278 · Cited by 21
“The heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is approximately 0.76 (Faraone & Mick, 2010), which indicates the important role of genetic factors on the predisposition to ADHD.”
Influential
Validez del diagnóstico de trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad: de lo fenomenológico a lo neurobiológico (I)
Trujillo, N., Salazar, D. A. P., & Uribe, L. H. (2012) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.5405.2011144 · Cited by 11
“Sin embargo, al igual que los estudios previamente descritos, se ha observado baja posibilidad de replicación [84].”
Background
Antibiotic exposure and childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis
Ai, Y., Zhao, J., Shi, J., & Zhu, T.-T. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05989-3 · Cited by 16
“Although genetic and biological factors play important roles in ADHD development (Faraone et al. 2005), multiple environmental risk factors have also been identified.”
Background
Altered dopaminergic firing pattern and novelty response underlie ADHD-like behavior of SorCS2-deficient mice
Olsen, D., Wellner, N., Ollendorff, M. K., de Jong, I. E. M., Sotty, F., Didriksen, M., Glerup, S., & Nykjær, A. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01199-9 · Cited by 21
Effect of disease-associated SLC9A9 mutations on protein–protein interaction networks: implications for molecular mechanisms for ADHD and autism
Zhang‐James, Y., Vaudel, M., Mjaavatten, O., Berven, F. S., Haavik, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2019) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-018-0281-x · Cited by 26
Self-citation
Prevalence and effect of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on school performance among primary school pupils in the Hohoe Municipality, Ghana
Afeti, K., & Nyarko, S. (2017) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-017-0135-5 · Cited by 16
“The major etiological factor has been identified to be genetic [7].”
Background
Expanding the toolbox of ADHD genetics. How can we make sense of parent of origin effects in ADHD and related behavioral phenotypes?
Zayats, T., Johansson, S., & Haavik, J. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-015-0078-4 · Cited by 18
“This includes attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is one of the most common and most heritable childhood-onset mental disorders [2, 3].”
Background
No Evidence for Association Between Norepinephrine Transporter-3081 (A/T) Polymorphism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Iranian Population
Amirabadi, M. R. E., Davari-Ashtiani, R., Khademi, M., Rajeziesfahani, S., Emamalizadeh, B., Movafagh, A., Arabgol, F., Sadr, S., Darvish, H., & Razjouyan, K. (2015) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/ircmj.229961v2 · Cited by 16
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibition in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates paradoxical amphetamine action in a mouse model of ADHD
Yen, Y.-C., Gassen, N. C., Zellner, A., Rein, T., Landgraf, R., Wotjak, C. T., & Anderzhanova, E. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00067 · Cited by 16
“Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent psychiatric disorder with a prevalence of up to 8% in Western populations (Faraone and Mick, 2010).”
Background
Are Bottom-Up and Top-Down Traits in Dual-Systems Models of Risky Behavior Genetically Distinct?
Ellingson, J. M., Verges, A. J., Littlefield, A. K., Martin, N. G., & Slutske, W. S. (2013) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-013-9615-9 · Cited by 18
“1996) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (5-HTR1B; Faraone and Mick 2010).”
Correlations of gene expression with ratings of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in tourette syndrome: a pilot study
Tian, Y.-F., Stamova, B., Ander, B., Jickling, G., Gunther, J. R., Corbett, B., Bos-Veneman, N., Hoekstra, P., Schweitzer, J., & Sharp, F. (2012) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/1755-8794-5-49 · Cited by 16
“551 [21]”
Animal Models of Human Anxiety Disorders: Reappraisal From a Developmental Psychopathology Vantage Point
Lampis, V., Maziade, M., & Battaglia, M. (2011) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318212b42e · Cited by 16
Intra‐individual variability in genetic and environmental models of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Perry, G. M. L., Sagvolden, T., & Faraone, S. V. (2010) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31070 · Cited by 18
“The latter seems more likely; the 10-repeat allele at the dopamine transporter (DAT), previously associated with ADHD [Faraone et al., 2005], has also been associated with IIV in specific behavioral [Bellgrove et al., 2005] and neurological [Loo et al., 2003] phenotypes.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Genomewide Association Studies: History, Rationale, and Prospects for Psychiatric Disorders
Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Coordinating Committee (2010) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.8.3.foc417 · Cited by 13
Systematic review of mitochondrial genetic variation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Giannoulis, S. V., Müller, D., Kennedy, J. L., & Gonçalves, V. (2022) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02030-6 · Cited by 15
The SNP-set based association study identifies ITGA1 as a susceptibility gene of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Han Chinese
Liu, L., Zhang, L., Li, H. M., Wang, Z. R., Xie, X. F., Mei, J., Jin, J., Shi, J., Sun, L., Li, S. C., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.156 · Cited by 17
Cdh13 and AdipoQ gene knockout alter instrumental and Pavlovian drug conditioning
King, C. P., Militello, L., Hart, A., Pierre, C. L. S., Leung, E., Versaggi, C. L., Roberson, N. L., Catlin, J. P., Palmer, A. A., Richards, J. B., et al. (2017) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12382 · Cited by 12
“2012), including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Faraone et al. 2005; Hinney et al. 2011; Larsson et al. 2013; Morrison & Stewart 1971; Stergiakouli et al. 2015) and substance use disorders (SUDs) (Bienvenu et al.”
Family-based association study of DRD4 gene in methylphenidate-responded Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Leung, P. W. L., Chan, J. K.-Y., Chen, L. H., Lee, C. C., Hung, S. F., Ho, T. P., Tang, C. P., Moyzis, R. K., & Swanson, J. M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173748 · Cited by 16
“Following the first association study between ADHD and DRD4 exon 3 7R allele published in 1996 [24], several subsequent meta-analyses have consistently confirmed an increase of the 7R allele in ADHD probands, based upon both case-control and family studies in European-ancestry population [6,25,26].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Genetic Variations in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Subtypes and Treatment Resistant Cases
Unal, D., Unal, M., Alikaşifoğlu, M., & Cetinkaya, A. (2016) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2016.13.4.427 · Cited by 15
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The past 50 years
Efron, D. (2015) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12809 · Cited by 18
Potential Contribution of Monoamine Oxidase A Gene Variants in ADHD and Behavioral Co-Morbidities: Scenario in Eastern Indian Probands
Karmakar, A., Maitra, S., Verma, D., Chakraborti, B., Goswami, R., Ghosh, P., Sinha, S., Mohanakumar, K. P., Rajamma, U., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2014) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-014-1276-4 · Cited by 17
“Due to high heritability of the disorder, role of different candidate genes in the etiology of ADHD have been reviewed at length [26–28] and it was hypothesized that multiple genes contribute to the total genetic effect in ADHD [8, 29, 30].”
Background
Do SNPs of DRD4 gene predict adult persistence of ADHD in a Chinese sample?
Li, Y.-L., Baker-Ericzén, M. J., Ji, N., Chang, W., Guan, L., Qian, Q., Zhang, Y., Faraone, S., & Wang, Y.-F. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.016 · Cited by 15
“The heritability of ADHD was estimated at approximately 76% in studies involving children (Faraone and Mick, 2010) and approximately 30–40 % in adults (Schultz et al.”
Self-citation
Prioritization of candidate genes for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by computational analysis of multiple data sources
Chang, S., Zhang, W., Gao, L., & Wang, J. (2012) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1007/s13238-012-2931-7 · Cited by 13
Restless legs syndrome as a possible predictor for psychiatric disorders in parents of children with ADHD
Steinlechner, S., Bruggemann, N., Sobottka, V., Benthien, A., Behn, B., Klein, C., Schmid, G., & Lencer, R. (2011) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-010-0140-z · Cited by 15
“Several family studies in ADHD confirmed its strong familial association [5, 6] with a two- to eightfold increased risk for ADHD in parents and siblings of children with ADHD S.”
Background
Neurobiology and Genetics of ADHD in Adults
Spencer, T. J. (2008) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900026833 · Cited by 10
El trastorno por déficit de atención con y sin hiperactividad (TDA/H) y la violencia: Revisión de la bibliografía
Araiza, J. F. R. (2014) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2014.009 · Cited by 15
Network analysis of 18 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms suggests the importance of “Distracted” and “Fidget” as central symptoms: Invariance across age, gender, and subtype presentations
Liu, L., Wang, Y., Chen, W., Gao, Y., Li, H., Wang, Y., Chan, R. C. K., & Qian, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.974283 · Cited by 18
“Subtypes, gender and age groups have been suggested to be potential confounding factors in ADHD studies, which would increase the sample heterogeneity (36).”
Background
Methods to Develop an in silico Clinical Trial: Computational Head-to-Head Comparison of Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate
Gutiérrez-Casares, J. R., Quintero, J., Jorba, G., Junet, V., Martínez, V., Pozo-Rubio, T., Oliva, B., Daura, X., Mas, J. M., & Montoto, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.741170 · Cited by 23
“ADHD and its associated comorbid psychiatric disorders present a high genetic and signaling overlap (126, 127), which could act as confounding factors at the clinical and molecular levels.”
Background
Impulsive and Omission Errors: Potential Temporal Processing Endophenotypes in ADHD
Acosta-López, J. E., Suárez, I., Pineda, D. A., Cervantes-Henríquez, M. L., Martínez-Banfi, M. L., Lozano-Gutiérrez, S. G., Ahmad, M., Pineda‐Alhucema, W., Noguera-Machacón, L. M., Hoz, M. D. L., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091218 · Cited by 16
“In particular, first and second degree relatives of patients with ADHD have markedly higher prevalence of symptoms [10].”
Background
DRD4 exon 3 genotype and ADHD: Randomised pharmacodynamic investigation of treatment response to methylphenidate
Naumova, D., Grizenko, N., Sengupta, S. M., & Joober, R. (2019) · World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2017.1410221 · Cited by 14
“Pharmacological agents, such as methylphenidate (MPH), strongly modulate dopamine signalling in the brain and are known to affect behaviour and improve ADHD symptoms (Faraone and Mick 2010).”
Background
Cingulate Cortical Thickness and Dopamine Transporter ( DAT1 ) Genotype in Children and Adolescents With ADHD
Fernández‐Jaén, A., Albert, J., Fernández-Mayoralas, D. M., López‐Martín, S., Fernández‐Perrone, A. L., de la Peña, M. J., Calleja‐Pérez, B., Rodríguez, M. R., & Arribas, S. L. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716647483 · Cited by 17
“Notably, meta-analyses of molecular genetic studies indicate an overrepresentation of the 10R allele in children and adolescents with ADHD (Faraone & Mick, 2010; Faraone et al., 2014).”
Background
Use of glucocorticoids during pregnancy and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a nationwide Danish cohort study
Laugesen, K., Byrjalsen, A., Frøslev, T., Olsen, M., & Sørensen, H. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016825 · Cited by 14
“An important risk factor for ADHD is heritability.(12) Other proposed risk factors include preterm birth and prenatal exposure to smoking or alcohol.”
Lack of association of polymorphisms in six candidate genes in colombian adhd patients
Fonseca, D. J., Mateus, H., Gálvez, J. M., Forero, D. A., Talero‐Gutiérrez, C., & Vélez-van-Meerbeke, A. (2015) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.5214/ans.0972.7531.220405 · Cited by 16
Moderator effects of working memory on the stability of ADHD symptoms by dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms during development
Trampush, J. W., Jacobs, M. M., Hurd, Y., Newcorn, J., & Halperin, J. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12131 · Cited by 14
The effect of serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism on adolescent and adult ADHD symptoms and educational attainment: A longitudinal study
Kiive, E., & Harro, J. (2012) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.04.004 · Cited by 12
“ADHD is a highly heritable condition, with the average heritability estimate of 76% [13], which is polygenic in nature [9].”
Background

Authors: Faraone, S. V., & Mick, E.
Affiliations: SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Faraone, Stephen V.
ORCID: Faraone, Stephen V.
Mick, Eric
Venue: Psychiatric Clinics of North America
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2010-03
Volume: 33
Issue: 1
Pages: 159-180
ISSN: 0193-953X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.12.004
PMC: PMC2847260
OpenAlex: W2168200222
Cited by: 411
References: 170
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 5.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066877, R13MH059126)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, genetic etiology, heritability, genome-wide linkage analysis, genome-wide association study, candidate genes, DBH, monoamine oxidase A, norepinephrine transporter, serotonin transporter, CHRNA4, GRIN2A, DRD4, DRD5, dopamine transporter, SNAP-25, 5-HT1B receptor, dopamine, monoamine transporters, neurotransmitter systems
MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Molecular Biology, Twins, Gene Expression, Prevalence, Genome-Wide Association Study

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Molecular Genetics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks