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Molecular Genetics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Although twin studies demonstrate that ADHD is a highly heritable condition, molecular genetic studies suggest that the genetic architecture of ADHD is complex. The handful of genome-wide linkage and association scans that have been conducted thus far show divergent findings and are, therefore, not conclusive. Similarly, many of the candidate genes reviewed here (ie, DBH, MAOA, SLC6A2, TPH-2, SLC6A4, CHRNA4, GRIN2A) are theoretically compelling from neurobiological systems perspective but available data are sparse and inconsistent. However, candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder, with meta-analyses supportive of a role of the genes coding for DRD4, DRD5, SLC6A3, SNAP-25, and HTR1B in the etiology of ADHD.
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“The MID task has been repeatedly shown to elicit a neural response in the VS to both reward anticipation and receipt (for review see 15,18-20).”
From Increased neural responses to reward in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
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Cites
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13 of the 170 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 10
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Brain morphology in school-aged children with prenatal opioid exposure: A structural MRI study.
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“(Faraone & Mick 2010) compared with adults (30–50”
ResultSelf-citationGenome-wide analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Norway
Zayats, T., Athanasiu, L., Sonderby, I., Djurovic, S., Westlye, L. T., Tamnes, C. K., Fladby, T., Aase, H., Zeiner, P., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122501 · Cited by 83
“Despite the high heritability of 70–80% [1, 10, 11], the genetic architecture of ADHD is still largely unknown.”
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Skogheim, T. S., Villanger, G. D., Weyde, K. V. F., Engel, S. M., Surén, P., Øie, M. G., Skogan, A. H., Biele, G., Zeiner, P., Øvergaard, K. R., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.10.003 · Cited by 105
Richardson, M. A., Moore, D. A., Gwernan‐Jones, R., Coon, J. T., Ukoumunne, O. C., Rogers, M., Whear, R., Newlove-Delgado, T. V., Logan, S., Morris, C., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19450 · Cited by 112
“Heritability is a major factor and appears to contribute approximately 75% of the aetiology of ADHD.(6) Although no large single gene effect has been isolated, the DRD2, DRD4 and DRD5 dopamine receptors appear to be involved.”
BackgroundInfluentialSkills and compensation strategies in adult ADHD – A qualitative study
Canela, C., Buadze, A., Dube, A. R., Eich, D., & Liebrenz, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184964 · Cited by 104
Fetal Exposure to Perfluorinated Compounds and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Childhood
Ode, A., Källén, K., Gustafsson, P., Rylander, L., Jönsson, B., Olofsson, P., Ivarsson, S. A., Lindh, C. H., & Rignell‐Hydbom, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095891 · Cited by 88
“Epidemiological findings have shown that prevalence of ADHD is higher among males [20].”
BackgroundCommon obesity risk alleles in childhood attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Albayrak, Ö., Pütter, C., Volckmar, A., Cichon, S., Hoffmann, P., Nöthen, M. M., Jöckel, K., Schreiber, S., Wichmann, H. ‐., Faraone, S. V., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32144 · Cited by 94
“8 [for reviews see: Albayrak et al., 2008; Franke et al., 2009; Faraone and Mick, 2010; Freitag et al., 2010].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA longitudinal twin study on the association between ADHD symptoms and reading
Greven, C., Rijsdijk, F., Asherson, P., & Plomin, R. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02445.x · Cited by 82
“Twin studies have shown that ADHD symptoms and reading are highly heritable (Faraone et al., 2005; Olson, 2006) and analysis of cross-sectional twin data suggests that their association is largely attributable to genetic influences shared between reading and inattentive symptoms of ADHD (Greven,…”
BackgroundA meta-analysis of the association between birth weight and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Momany, A. M., Kamradt, J. M., & Nikolas, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0371-9 · Cited by 82
“Additionally, twin studies investigating the genetic and environmental contributions to ADHD and birth weight have consistently demonstrated that both traits have a high heritability (70% and 50%, respectively; Derks et al. 2009; Faraone et al. 2005; Lunde et al. 2007; Nikolas and Burt 2010).”
BackgroundMartin, J., Hamshere, M., Stergiakouli, E., O'Donovan, M., & Thapar, A. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12336 · Cited by 81
Misiak, B., Wójta-Kempa, M., Samochowiec, J., Schiweck, C., Aichholzer, M., Reif, A., Samochowiec, A., & Stańczykiewicz, B. (2022) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110581 · Cited by 93
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“ADHD is highly heritable suggesting a significant genetic component to the disease, however, there is relatively little evidence suggesting a role for catecholamine gene alleles in the aetiology of ADHD (Faraone and Mick 2010).”
BackgroundThe use of α-2A adrenergic agonists for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Arnsten, A. F. T. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.133 · Cited by 83
Nomura, Y., Marks, D. J., & Halperin, J. (2010) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181ef3489 · Cited by 80
“As heritability for ADHD is reported to be high (Faraone et al., 2005), elucidating the relationship with maternal and paternal smoking could provide important insights as to whether exposure to smoking is, in fact, most detrimental in utero.”
BackgroundIs the Inattentive Subtype of ADHD Different From the Combined/Hyperactive Subtype?
Grizenko, N., Paci, M., & Joober, R. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709347200 · Cited by 82
“It is estimated that 70% to 80% of the risk of developing ADHD can be attributed to genetic factors (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWalther, C. A. P., Cheong, J., Molina, B. S. G., Pelham, W. E., Wymbs, B. T., Belendiuk, K. A., & Pedersen, S. L. (2012) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0026818 · Cited by 80
“…rates of antisocial personality disorder, alcoholism, depression, and ADHD (Biederman et al., 1995; Chronis et al., 2003; Cummings & Davies, 1994; Faraone et al., 2005; Marshal, Molina, & Pelham, under review; Minde et al., 2003; Nigg & Hinshaw, 2003; Pelham et al., 1997; Pelham et al., 1998;…”
BackgroundGenetic variations influence brain changes in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Yadav, S. K., Bhat, A. A., Hashem, S., Nisar, S., Kamal, M., Syed, N., Temanni, M.-R., Gupta, R. K., Kamran, S., Azeem, M. W., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01473-w · Cited by 108
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Codevelopment of ADHD and externalizing behavior from childhood to adulthood
Kuja‐Halkola, R., Lichtenstein, P., D'Onofrio, B. M., & Larsson, H. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12340 · Cited by 90
Drosophila strategies to study psychiatric disorders
van Alphen, B., & van Swinderen, B. (2011) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.09.007 · Cited by 77
“Many candidate genes have been described in recent years, which have led to the discovery of disease pathways involving dopamine and serotonin [16,53,54,127].”
BackgroundAssociation of the dopamine transporter (SLC6A3/DAT1) gene 9–6 haplotype with adult ADHD
Franke, B., Hoogman, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Heister, J. G. A. M., Savelkoul, P. J., Naber, M., Scheffer, H., Kiemeney, L. A., Kan, C. C., Kooij, J. J. S., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30861 · Cited by 77
“Meta-analysis of both familybased and case–control association studies in children with ADHD has indicated overrepresentation of the 10-repeat allele of the VNTR in ADHD [Faraone et al., 2005].”
MethodADHDgene: a genetic database for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Zhang, L., Chang, S., Li, Z., Zhang, K., Du, Y., Ott, J., & Wang, J. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr992 · Cited by 77
“Although the etiology of ADHD is still incompletely understood, results from family, twin and adoption studies, as well as molecular genetic studies consistently indicate the strong genetic influence on ADHD with estimated heritability ranging from 75% to 91% (5).”
BackgroundPalladino, V. S., McNeill, R. V., Reif, A., & Kittel‐Schneider, S. (2019) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000220 · Cited by 123
“As common variants only explain approximately one-third of ADHD heritability, rare genetic variants need to be explored to determine whether they may contribute to this ‘missing heritability’ (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundLPHN3 and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a susceptibility and pharmacogenetic study
Bruxel, E. M., Salatino-Oliveira, A., Akutagava-Martins, G. C., Tovo-Rodrigues, L., Genro, J., Zeni, C., Polanczyk, G. V., Chazan, R., Schmitz, M., Arcos-Burgos, M., et al. (2015) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12224 · Cited by 77
“Although environment plays a relevant role, genetic factors contribute substantially for ADHD development with an average heritability of 76% (Faraone et al. 2005).”
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“Heritability estimates exceeding 70% indicate a strong genetic impact on the expression of the disorder, despite weak associations between ADHD and each individual risk allele, and a limited understanding of developmental pathways from genetic and environmental factors (Castellanos & Tannock, 2002 ; Banaschewski et al…”
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“clinical syndrome [31, 95], it has been proposed that the use of simpler phenotypes as endophenotypes might”
BackgroundDopamine transporter gene variation modulates activation of striatum in youth with ADHD
Bedard, A., Schulz, K. P., Cook, E. H., Fan, J., Clerkin, S. M., Ivanov, I., Halperin, J. M., & Newcorn, J. H. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.041 · Cited by 70
“Genetic studies have demonstrated that ADHD is highly heritable, with estimates ranging from 0.60 to 0.90 (Faraone et al., 2005).”
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“76 [4].”
Brain Plasticity and Genetic Factors
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“Considerable effort has been devoted to the identification of the molecular genetic basis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), which is one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders in children and adults [Goldman et al., 1998; Faraone et al., 2005; Waldman and Gizer, 2006].”
InfluentialGau, S. S.-F., & Huang, W.-L. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000640 · Cited by 74
Empirically-informed guidelines for first-time adult ADHD diagnosis
Sibley, M. H. (2021) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2021.1923665 · Cited by 91
“Research solidified conceptualization of ADHD as a chronic, lifespan disorder with biological origins (Faraone et al., 2005; Li et al., 2006; Nigg, 2001; Swanson et al., 2000; Yu-Feng et al., 2007).”
BackgroundCan familial risk for ADHD be detected in the first two years of life?
Miller, M. R., Iosif, A.-M., Bell, L. J., Farquhar-Leicester, A., Hatch, B., Hill, A., Hill, M., Solis, E., Young, G., & Ozonoff, S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1709196 · Cited by 74
Transgenic mouse models for ADHD
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“…is among the most common neuropsychiatric disorders in children, affecting 5%–7% of children worldwide (Polanczyk et al. 2007; Faraone et al. 2003; Faraone and Mick 2010; Willcutt 2012) and often leads to adverse consequences in adult life including drug abuse, delinquency, anxiety and…”
BackgroundBiederman, J., Petty, C., Spencer, T., Woodworth, K., Bhide, P., Zhu, J.-M., & Faraone, S. (2012) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12011 · Cited by 74
“001 Counseling 66 (29) 10 (4) ,*** 1 (7) v(2)(1) = 38.”
Self-citationNeurobiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Purper‐Ouakil, D., Ramoz, N., Lepagnol-Bestel, A.-M., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., & Simonneau, M. (2011) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318212b40f · Cited by 160
“They have consistently shown that genetic factors explain a large proportion of ADHD variance with pooled data from 20 twin studies providing a mean heritability estimate of 76% in children and adolescents (5).”
BackgroundEsposito-Smythers, C. L., Spirito, A., Rizzo, C. J., McGeary, J. E., & Knopik, V. S. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.03.012 · Cited by 76
“Similar to that found with substance use, recent studies also suggest a relationship between the dopamine transporter gene and ADHD (Faraone et al., 2005; Todd et al., 2005).”
A comparison of molecular alterations in environmental and genetic rat models of ADHD: A pilot study
DasBanerjee, T., Middleton, F. A., Berger, D. F., Lombardo, J. P., Sagvolden, T., & Faraone, S. V. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30877 · Cited by 81
“A review of 20 twin studies indicates that ADHD has an estimated heritability of 0.76, and meta-analyses of linkage and association studies have implicated several candidate genes [Faraone et al., 2005].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationZhao, Y., & Castellanos, F. X. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12503 · Cited by 63
“…for example, 75–90% of the phenotypic variance related to ADHD is ascribable to additive genetic factors and their interactions (Levy et al., 1997, Faraone et al., 2005, Hawi et al., 2015), and corresponding values are ~80% for ASD (Bailey et al., 1995, O’Roak and State, 2008) and 60–85% for SZ…”
BackgroundDances with black widow spiders: Dysregulation of glutamate signalling enters centre stage in ADHD
Lesch, K., Merker, S., Reif, A., & Novak, M. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.013 · Cited by 76
“Although association studies investigating genes encoding GLU receptors and transporters have reported inconsistent results (for review: (Faraone and Mick, 2010), a GWA study examining the MPH response in children with ADHD found an association with a SNP in GRM7 (Mick et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultvan Soelen, I. L. C., Brouwer, R. M., Peper, J. S., van Leeuwen, M., Koenis, M. M. G., van Beijsterveldt, T. C. E. M., Swagerman, S. C., Kahn, R. S., Pol, H. E. H., & Boomsma, D. I. (2012) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2012.4 · Cited by 56
“Nearly all psychiatric disorders have a genetic origin, whether they originate in childhood (e.g., Faraone et al., 2005; Muhle et al., 2004), or in adolescence/adulthood (e.g., Bienvenu et al., 2011).”
Söderqvist, S., McNab, F., Peyrard‐Janvid, M., Matsson, H., Humphreys, K., Kere, J., & Klingberg, T. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.036 · Cited by 68
Neural basis of reward anticipation and its genetic determinants
Jia, T., Macare, C., Desrivières, S., Gonzalez, D. A., Tao, C., Ji, X., Ruggeri, B., Nees, F., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1503252113 · Cited by 70
Psychiatric gene discoveries shape evidence on ADHD’s biology
Thapar, A., Martin, J., Mick, E. O., Vásquez, A. A., Langley, K., Scherer, S. W., Schachar, R. J., Crosbie, J., Williams, N. M., Franke, B., et al. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.163 · Cited by 70
Self-citationNemoda, Z., Lyons‐Ruth, K., Székely, A., Bertha, E. A., Faludi, G., & Sasvári‐Székely, M. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-6-4 · Cited by 77
“Although several impulsive behaviors (e.g. ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or substance abuse) have been linked to altered dopamine function, involvement of the dopamine system in BPD has been circumstantial.”
BackgroundInfluentialKhoshbakht, Y., Bidaki, R., & Salehi‐Abargouei, A. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmx002 · Cited by 81
Reduced SNAP‐25 alters short‐term plasticity at developing glutamatergic synapses
Antonucci, F., Corradini, I., Morini, R., Fossati, G., Menna, E., Pozzi, D., Pacioni, S., Verderio, C., Bacci, A., & Matteoli, M. (2013) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2013.75 · Cited by 71
“Also, case control or family-based studies indicated that the SNAP-25 gene is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [15,11] and, indeed, reduced SNAP-25 expression has been found to mediate hyperactivity in mice [16,17].”
Durston, S. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.071 · Cited by 77
“Meta-analytic studies have consistently supported the involvement of the DRD4 gene in ADHD (Faraone et al., 2005; Li et al., 2006), but have been more equivocal in terms of the DAT1 gene, with three negative results from meta-analyses (Li et al., 2006; Maher et al., 2002; Purper-Ouakil et al.,…”
InfluentialVizzini, L., Popovic, M., Zugna, D., Vitiello, B., Trevisan, M., Pizzi, C., Rusconi, F., Gagliardi, L., Merletti, F., & Richiardi, L. (2018) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796018000185 · Cited by 69
“(Goodman & Stevenson, 1989; Thapar et al. 1999; Thapar et al. 2000; Faraone et al. 2005), several environmental risk factors (Thapar & Cooper, 2016) and gene–environment interactions (Nigg et al. 2010; Harold et al. 2013).”
BackgroundStergiakouli, E., Martin, J., Hamshere, M. L., Heron, J., Pourcain, B. S., Timpson, N. J., Thapar, A., & Smith, G. D. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw216 · Cited by 65
“ADHD is a highly heritable complex disorder, with twin study estimates of heritability at 76%.(5) Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) investigate the contribution of common genetic variants to complex disorders and require large sample sizes to detect the usually small effects of common genetic variants.”
miRNA genes and the brain: implications for psychiatric disordersa
Forero, D. A., van der Ven, K., Callaerts, P., & Del‐Favero, J. (2010) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.21344 · Cited by 71
“For example, the heritability for BP, SZ, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is estimated to be 0.59, 0.64, and 0.76, respectively [Faraone et al., 2005; Lichtenstein et al., 2009].”
BackgroundInfluentialLinkage Analysis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Faraone, S., Doyle, A., Lasky-Su, J., Sklar, P., D'Angelo, E., Gonzalez-Heydrich, J., Kratochvil, C., Mick, E., Klein, K. L., Rezac, A. J., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30631 · Cited by 69
“This feature, along with early observations that family members of children with ADHD were at elevated risk for ADHD [Morrison and Stewart, 1971], and that the heritability of ADHD is about 76%, made ADHD an attractive target for genetic studies [Faraone, 2004b; Faraone et al., 2005].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMachine learning classification of ADHD and HC by multimodal serotonergic data
Kautzky, A., Vanicek, T., Philippe, C., Kranz, G., Wadsak, W., Mitterhauser, M., Hartmann, A., Hahn, A., Hacker, M., Rujescu, D., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0781-2 · Cited by 68
“Genetics were expected to resolve disparate fi ndings and explain heterogeneity, especially in ADHD with heritability estimated to exceed 70% 4,5 .”
BackgroundLangley, K., Turic, D., Rice, F. J., Holmans, P., van den Bree, M. B. M., Craddock, N. J., Kent, L., Owen, M. J., O’Donovan, M. C., & Thapar, A. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30571 · Cited by 87
“, 2004]; and a 44 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the Serotonin Transporter gene (5HTTLPR) [Faraone et al., 2005].”
BackgroundInfluentialBiederman, J., Mick, E., Fried, R., Wilner, N., Spencer, T. J., & Faraone, S. V. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.11.005 · Cited by 67
“Although its etiology remains unknown, there is mounting evidence for genetic transmission (Faraone and Mick, 2010; Mick and Faraone, 2008) and abnormalities in brain structure and function (Seidman, 2006; Valera et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHuman microglia maturation is underpinned by specific gene regulatory networks
Han, C. Z., Li, R. Z., Hansen, E., Trescott, S., Fixsen, B. R., Nguyen, C. T., Mora, C. M., Spann, N. J., Bennett, H. R., Poirion, O., et al. (2023) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2023.07.016 · Cited by 84
Recent advances in psychoradiology
Luo, L., You, W., DelBello, M. P., Gong, Q., & Li, F. Y. (2022) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac9d1e · Cited by 77
“Many studies have confirmed a number of genes that contribute to the generation of psychiatric disorders and discovered candidate genes that are associatedwith brain structural and functional endophenotypes (Faraone et al 2005, Kremen et al 2012, Thyme et al 2019).”
BackgroundGervin, K., Nordeng, H., Ystrøm, E., Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T., & Lyle, R. (2017) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-017-0376-9 · Cited by 80
“Although candidate gene studies have identified genes associated with ADHD [2], numerous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) [3–9] and meta-analyses [10] have not found any significant ADHD risk variants [11].”
BackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during adulthood
Magnin, É., & Maurs, C. (2017) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2017.07.008 · Cited by 90
Bundgaard‐Nielsen, C., Lauritsen, M. B., Knudsen, J. K., Rold, L. S., Larsen, M. H., Hindersson, P., Villadsen, A. B., Leutscher, P. D. C., Hagstrøm, S., Nyegaard, M., et al. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2211923 · Cited by 69
Nymberg, C., Jia, T., Lubbe, S. J., Ruggeri, B., Desrivières, S., Barker, G. J., Büchel, C., Fauth‐Bühler, M., Cattrell, A., Conrod, P., et al. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.027 · Cited by 64
“Because the mean heritability of ADHD is estimated at 76% (22), we hypothesized that these determinants might include genetic factors (23).”
BackgroundLoo, S., Hale, T., Hanada, G., Macion, J., Shrestha, A., McGough, J., McCracken, J., Nelson, S., & Smalley, S. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.01.002 · Cited by 66
“between-subjects effects emerged, suggesting that DRD4-7 repeat allele (7R) carriers had significantly increased frontal theta power (frontal: F(1,206) 5.”
InfluentialDifferential parental investment in families with both adopted and genetic children
Gibson, K. (2009) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.01.001 · Cited by 66
ADHD, learning, and academic performance in phenylketonuria
Antshel, K. M. (2009) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.09.013 · Cited by 70
“thought to have its basis in dopaminergic abnormalities [4], ADHD is currently categorized into three subtypes with varying rates of”
BackgroundDifferential Brain Development with Low and High IQ in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
de Zeeuw, P., Schnack, H. G., van Belle, J., Weusten, J., van Dijk, S., Langen, M., Brouwer, R. M., van Engeland, H., & Durston, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035770 · Cited by 69
“ADHD and IQ are both highly heritable phenotypes, with heritability estimates between 70–80% for both [5,6].”
BackgroundA polymorphism associated with entrepreneurship: evidence from dopamine receptor candidate genes
Nicolaou, N., Shane, S. A., Adi, G., Mangino, M., & Harris, J. M. (2010) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-010-9308-1 · Cited by 67
“We also examined the association of being an entrepreneur with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in four genes consistently associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ( Faraone and Mick 2010; Oades et al. 2008 )( SLC6A3, SNAP25, HTR1B, HTR1E) because ADHD is more common among entrepreneurs th…”
BackgroundCholine transporter gene variation is associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
English, B. A., Hahn, M. K., Gizer, I., Mazei-Robison, M., Steele, A., Kurnik, D., Stein, M., Waldman, I., & Blakely, R. (2009) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-009-9033-8 · Cited by 65
“Molecular genetic studies in patients with ADHD have identified candidate genes that may contribute to the pathophysiology of ADHD [6, 7].”
BackgroundTreatment of adult ADHD: a clinical perspective
Geffen, J., & Forster, K. (2018) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125317734977 · Cited by 65
Althaus, M., Groen, Y., Wijers, A. A., Mulder, L. J. M., Minderaa, R. B., Kema, I. P., Dijck-Brouwer, J., Hartman, C. A., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.10.012 · Cited by 58
“This may be explained by the large heterogeneity and complexity of clinical phenotypes that are based on rather global diagnostic criteria (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundKieling, C., Genro, J. P., Hutz, M. H., & Rohde, L. A. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30636 · Cited by 65
“59) was obtained after pooling together all published family-based studies [Faraone et al., 2005].”
MethodResultInfluentialBohland, J. W., Saperstein, S., Pereira, F., Rapin, J., & Grady, L. (2012) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2012.00078 · Cited by 64
“The biology of ADHD, including its genetics (Faraone et al., 2005; Banaschewski et al., 2010) and neurobiology (Tripp and Wickens, 2009), has received considerable attention but remains relatively poorly understood (see, e.”
BackgroundInfluentialKambeitz, J., Romanos, M., & Ettinger, U. (2014) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/tpj.2013.9 · Cited by 64
Edwards, A. C., & Kendler, K. (2012) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2012.73.185 · Cited by 64
A review and analysis of the relationship between neuropsychological measures and DAT1 in ADHD
Rommelse, N. N. J., Altink, M. E., Vásquez, A. A., Buschgens, C. J. M., Fliers, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Buitelaar, J. K., Sergeant, J. A., Franke, B., & Oosterlaan, J. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30848 · Cited by 64
“The most widely studied polymorphism is a 40 base pair variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism located in the 30 untranslated region (UTR) of the gene [Maher et al., 2002; Faraone et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2007].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGenro, J. P., Polanczyk, G. V., Zeni, C., Salatino‐Oliveira, A., Roman, T., Rohde, L. A., & Hutz, M. H. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30863 · Cited by 56
“Although its etiology remains unclear, there is strong evidence supporting the role of genes in the disorder [Faraone et al., 2005].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCausal Factors of Increased Smoking in ADHD: A Systematic Review
van Amsterdam, J., van der Velde, B., Schulte, M. H. J., & van den Brink, W. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1334066 · Cited by 70
“Moreover, ADHD and smoking share a number of candidate genes, suggesting shared aberrations in some neurobiological pathways (Faraone & Mick, 2010; Gizer, Ficks, & Waldman, 2009; Tanner, Chenoweth, & Tyndale, 2015; Ware & Munafo, 2015).”
BackgroundNeurodevelopmental Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders
Jeste, S. (2015) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.con.0000466661.89908.3c · Cited by 71
“Evidence from genome-wide association studies, copy number variation, and family-based studies of susceptibility to ADHDhas identified at least 18ADHD-susceptibility genes, including dopamine receptor, dopamine transporter, and serotonin receptorgenes.(8) The dopamine receptorD4 (DRD4) is the most strongly implicated…”
BackgroundVisser, J., & Jehan, Z. (2009) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632750902921930 · Cited by 63
“For example, Faraone et al. (2005) conducted genome scan studies and identified eight genes which showed a statistically significant correlation with the causality of ADHD.”
BackgroundInfluentialKnecht, C., de Alvaro, R., Martı́nez-Raga, J., & Balanzá‐Martínez, V. (2014) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2015-5007 · Cited by 73
“The precise underlying etio-physiology of ADHD remains unknown, but molecular genetic studies have revealed that genes play a key role, with heritability about 75–80% (123, 124).”
de Zeeuw, E. L., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Glasner, T. J., Bartels, M., Ehli, E. A., Davies, G. E., Hudziak, J. J., Rietveld, C. A., Groen‐Blokhuis, M. M., Hottenga, J., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32254 · Cited by 48
“ADHD in children is approximately 75 per cent heritable [Faraone et al., 2005] and several candidate genes have been identified [Neale et al.”
BackgroundDevelopments and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD
Dias, T. G. C., Kieling, C., Graeff-Martins, A. S., Moriyama, T. S., Rohde, L. A., & Polanczyk, G. V. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-s103 · Cited by 62
Stressful Life Events, ADHD Symptoms, and Brain Structure in Early Adolescence
Humphreys, K. L., Watts, E. L., Dennis, E. L., King, L. S., Thompson, P. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0443-5 · Cited by 71
Silk, T. J., Beare, R. J., Malpas, C. B., Adamson, C. L., Vilgis, V., Vance, A. L. A., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.012 · Cited by 57
Predict Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? Evidence -Based Medicine
Bener, A., & Kamal, M. (2013) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v6n2p47 · Cited by 61
“…understood and remains under scientific study (Bener et al., 2006; Bener et al., 2008; Sayal et al., 2006a), meanwhile, the pathology and physiology aspect of ADHD is complex and not completely understood (Lahat et al., 2011; Bener et al., 2006; Swanson et al., 2007; Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialADHD in old age: a review of the literature and proposal for assessment and treatment
Kooij, J. J. S., Michielsen, M., Kruithof, H. C., & Bijlenga, D. (2016) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2016.1204914 · Cited by 69
“In monozygotic twins, 60–80% of the variance for ADHD is explained by genetic factors [5].”
BackgroundParental age and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Mikkelsen, S. H., Olsen, J., Bech, B., & Obel, C. (2016) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw073 · Cited by 60
“Twin studies have found higher concordance rates for ADHD among monozygotic twin than dizygotic twin pairs, with a heritability estimate around 80%.(13,14) However, heritability estimates include not only genetic influences, but also the effects of gene-environment interaction.”
BackgroundWood, A. C., & Neale, M. C. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.006 · Cited by 54
“In 2005 an influential review of behavioral ratings scale data concluded that 76% of the variance was due genetic influences, with the rest being attributable to E.(2) However, this review used an average of “broad sense” heritability estimates across just 20 studies, unweighted for sample sizes.”
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the Light of the Epigenetic Paradigm
Schuch, V., Utsumi, D. A., Costa, T. V. M. M., Kulikowski, L. D., & Muszkat, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00126 · Cited by 60
“In addition, those studies showed that the risk of adopted relatives of children with ADHD was similar to that of the relatives of the children in the control group (4, 37, 39).”
ResultUribe, E. A. A. (2019) · Revista de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias de la Salud · doi:10.46634/riics.21 · Cited by 59
Factor Structure of Autistic Traits in Children with ADHD
Martin, J., Hamshere, M. L., O’Donovan, M. C., Rutter, M. L., & Thapar, A. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1865-0 · Cited by 54
“Moreover, given the high heritability of both conditions (Faraone et al. 2005; Freitag 2006), it is of note that family and twin studies show co-heritability (Lichtenstein et al. 2010; Lundström et al. 2011; Mulligan et al. 2009a; Nijmeijer et al. 2009; Taylor et al. 2012).”
BackgroundGenetic Influences on Neural Plasticity
Pearson‐Fuhrhop, K. M., & Cramer, S. C. (2010) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.09.011 · Cited by 59
Maternal cell phone use during pregnancy and child behavioral problems in five birth cohorts
Birks, L., Guxens, M., Papadopoulou, E., Alexander, J., Ballester, F., Estarlich, M., Gallastegi, M., Ha, M., Haugen, M., Huss, A., et al. (2017) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.03.024 · Cited by 58
“…problems were more likely to make more cell phone calls or cordless phone calls and also passed hyperactivity/inattention problems to their child through genetics, as hyperactivity/inattention problems are some of the most heritable psychiatric traits (Faraone and Mick, 2010).”
Bonaventura, J., Quiroz, C., Cai, N., Rubinstein, M., Tanda, G., & Ferré, S. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601631 · Cited by 58
Metadata
- Authors
- Faraone, S. V., & Mick, E.
- Affiliations
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Faraone, Stephen V.
- Venue
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 159-180
- ISSN
- 0193-953X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2847260
- OpenAlex
- W2168200222
- Cited by
- 411
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 5.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066877, R13MH059126)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, genetic etiology, heritability, genome-wide linkage analysis, genome-wide association study, candidate genes, DBH, monoamine oxidase A, norepinephrine transporter, serotonin transporter, CHRNA4, GRIN2A, DRD4, DRD5, dopamine transporter, SNAP-25, 5-HT1B receptor, dopamine, monoamine transporters, neurotransmitter systems
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Molecular Biology, Twins, Gene Expression, Prevalence, Genome-Wide Association Study
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