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Molecular Genetics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Although twin studies demonstrate that ADHD is a highly heritable condition, molecular genetic studies suggest that the genetic architecture of ADHD is complex. The handful of genome-wide linkage and association scans that have been conducted thus far show divergent findings and are, therefore, not conclusive. Similarly, many of the candidate genes reviewed here (ie, DBH, MAOA, SLC6A2, TPH-2, SLC6A4, CHRNA4, GRIN2A) are theoretically compelling from neurobiological systems perspective but available data are sparse and inconsistent. However, candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder, with meta-analyses supportive of a role of the genes coding for DRD4, DRD5, SLC6A3, SNAP-25, and HTR1B in the etiology of ADHD.
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“The MID task has been repeatedly shown to elicit a neural response in the VS to both reward anticipation and receipt (for review see 15,18-20).”
From Increased neural responses to reward in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
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Cites
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Items 301–400 of 1,001
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“56 Father’s education level, n (%) Junior high or less 18 (21) Senior high 32 (38) College or higher 34 (40) Mother’s education level, n (%) Junior high or less 15 (18) Senior high 36 (43) College or higher 33 (39) Birth order, n (%) Single child 8 (9) First child 24 (28) Youngest child 44 (52) Middle child 9 (11) IQ,…”
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“However, there are also studies reporting an association with ADHD related behaviors and the long MAOA allele [42], as well as studies in which no association were found [8].”
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“Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the highly heritable mental disorders (1, 2) of complex and unsolved aetiologies (3, 4).”
BackgroundBlanchard, M. M., Chamberlain, S. R., Roiser, J. P., Robbins, T. W., & Müller, U. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171000098x · Cited by 51
“Psychiatric linkage and association studies have often reported contradictory results despite relatively large sample sizes and similar methodologies (Riley & McGuffin, 2000; Faraone et al. 2005 ; Levinson, 2006).”
ResultADHD latent class clusters: DSM-IV subtypes and comorbidity
Elia, J., Arcos-Burgos, M., Bolton, K., Ambrosini, P., Berrettini, W., & Muenke, M. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.008 · Cited by 57
“Twin studies with heritability estimates of 51% to 90% (Faraone et al., 2005) indicate a high genetic contribution to ADHD.”
Oner, P., & Oner, O. (2008) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-007-0095-0 · Cited by 57
“ADHD is associated with genetic alterations in dopamine transporter gene, dopamine receptor 4 and 5 genes [6].”
Further evidence of association between two NET single-nucleotide polymorphisms with ADHD
Kim, J.-W., Biederman, J., McGrath, C., Doyle, A., Mick, E., Fagerness, J., Purcell, S., Smoller, J., Sklar, P., & Faraone, S. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002090 · Cited by 57
Self-citationNijmeijer, J. S., Hartman, C. A., Rommelse, N. N. J., Altink, M. E., Buschgens, C. J. M., Fliers, E. A., Franke, B., Minderaa, R. B., Ormel, J., Sergeant, J. A., et al. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02277.x · Cited by 57
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“With an estimated heritability of approximately 76%, ADHD is generally considered to have a genetic basis (Faraone et al. 2005).”
BackgroundCapusan, A., Kuja-Halkola, R., Bendtsen, P., Viding, E., McCrory, E., Marteinsdóttir, Í., & Larsson, H. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001021 · Cited by 56
Establishing diversity in the dopaminergic system
Bodea, G. O., & Blaess, S. (2015) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2015.09.016 · Cited by 50
Buschgens, C., Swinkels, S., van Aken, M. V., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F., & Buitelaar, J. (2009) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0704-x · Cited by 56
“Different behavior genetic studies have focused on the genetic influences of specific disorders or domains, for instance, heritability estimates for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are of 0.76 [ 15 ], of 0.55 for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and between 0.50‐0.62 for conduct disorder (CD) [12, 1…”
BackgroundInfluentialDing, K., Yang, J., Reynolds, G. P., Chen, B., Shao, J., Liu, R., Qian, Q., Liu, H., Yang, R., Wen, J., et al. (2016) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2016.1224928 · Cited by 55
“…al. 1991), has been widely implicated in the aetiology of neuropsychiatric disease, including ADHD (Li et al. 2006; Lasky-Su et al. 2008; Munafo et al. 2008; Faraone and Mick 2010; Nikolaidis and Grey 2010), and is another strong candidate for the prediction of symptom response to pharmacotherapy.”
BackgroundGenome-wide copy number variation analysis in adult attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder
Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Sánchez‐Mora, C., Casas, M., Iris Garcia-martinez, A., Bosch, R., Nogueira, M., Montse Corrales, F., Gloria Palomar, A., Vidal, R., Coll-Tané, M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.10.022 · Cited by 57
“Family, twin and adoption studies suggest an essential contribution of genetic factors in the etiology of the disorder, with an estimated heritability of 76% (Biederman, 2005; Biederman and Faraone, 2005; Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundGenetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: current findings and future directions
Akutagava‐Martins, G. C., Salatino‐Oliveira, A., Kieling, C., Rohde, L. A., & Hutz, M. H. (2013) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.13.30 · Cited by 64
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“Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common children’s disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention and/or impulsivity and hyperactivity (4, 17).”
BackgroundAdult ADHD and comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders: a review of etiology and treatment
Fu, X., Wu, W., Wu, Y., Liu, X., Liang, W., Wu, R., & Li, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1597559 · Cited by 54
“Twin studies estimate ADHD heritability at 0.76 (34).”
InfluentialSudre, G., Choudhuri, S., Székely, E., Bonner, T., Goduni, E., Sharp, W., & Shaw, P. (2017) · JAMA psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3072 · Cited by 54
“T here has been limited progress in identifying the specific genes contributing to the established high heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).(1,2) The use of heritable, brain-based phenotypes pertinent to the disorder might accelerate progress in part because they lie closer to genes than th…”
Ivanchak, N., Fletcher, K., & Jicha, G. A. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0305-8 · Cited by 54
Relationship of DAT1 and adult ADHD to task-positive and task-negative working memory networks
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“These findings are contrary to the association of the 10R allele to ADHD in children, which have also been confirmed with metaanalysis (Faraone et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2007; Gizer et al., 2009).”
Self-citationCaci, H. M., Döepfner, M., Asherson, P. J., Donfrancesco, R., Faraone, S. V., Amaia Hervas, G., & Fitzgerald, M. (2013) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.10.007 · Cited by 60
“ADHD heritability is similar across Europe, North America and Australia [19], but geographic variation in ADHD prevalence rates has been * Corresponding author.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarpentier, P. J., Vásquez, A. A., Hoogman, M., Onnink, A. M. H., Kan, C. C., Kooij, J. J. S., Makkinje, R. R., Iskandar, S., Kiemeney, L. A. L. M., de Jong, C. A. J., et al. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.003 · Cited by 43
“This is because the impact of each variant is quite small, attesting to the polygenic nature of the two disorders (Faraone and Mick, 2010; Wong and Schumann, 2008).”
Bruxel, E. M., Salatino-Oliveira, A., Genro, J., Zeni, C., Polanczyk, G. V., Chazan, R., Rohde, L., & Hutz, M. (2012) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/tpj.2012.25 · Cited by 53
Ehli, E. A., Abdellaoui, A., Hu, Y., Hottenga, J., Kattenberg, M. V., van Beijsterveldt, T., Bartels, M., Althoff, R. R., Xiao, X., Scheet, P. A., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/ejhg.2012.49 · Cited by 51
McLoughlin, G., Asherson, P. J., Albrecht, B., Banaschewski, T., Rothenberger, A., Brandeis, D., & Kuntsi, J. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-7-26 · Cited by 38
“Twin studies indicate that the familial risk for ADHD results from genetic influences with heritability estimates averaging around 76% during childhood and adolescence [10].”
Brown, A., Biederman, J., Valera, E. M., Doyle, A. E., Bush, G., Spencer, T. J., Monuteaux, M. C., Mick, E. O., Whitfield, S., Makris, N., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31022 · Cited by 56
“Although the genetic underpinnings of ADHD are complex, molecular genetic studies have identified several candidate genes associated with the disorder, most within catecholamine systems [Faraone et al., 2005].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMonuteaux, M., Seidman, L. J., Faraone, S., Makris, N., Spencer, T., Valera, E. M., Brown, A. B., Bush, G., Doyle, A., Hughes, S. R., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30870 · Cited by 53
“Also, family, twin, and adoption studies support the hypothesis that ADHD has a prominent genetic component [Faraone and Khan, 2006], with a heritability estimated at 80% [Faraone et al., 2005].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPurper-Ouakil, D., Wohl, M., Orejarena, S., Cortese, S., Boni, C., Asch, M., Mouren, M., & Gorwood, P. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30809 · Cited by 53
“, 2006] or a modest effect [Faraone et al., 2005] of the 480-bp allele, suggesting that this marker might either be in linkage disequilibrium with another risk allele, or that liability of ADHD is conferred by gene–gene or gene–environment interactions [Kahn et al.”
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Genetic associations with reflexive visual attention in infancy and childhood
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Mindfulness Training as an Adjunct to Evidence-Based Treatment for ADHD Within Families
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“The overall genetic heritability of ADHD has been estimated to range from between 70% to 90% in recent reviews (Faraone et al., 2005; Polderman et al., 2007).”
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“In addition, associations are suggested in several other genes following the metaanalysis of association findings reported in three or more studies, although further independent replications are still required (4).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHigh Heritability for a Composite Index of Children’s Activity Level Measures
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“There has been moderate success in identifying candidate gene associations, in particular involving genetic variants within or near to the dopamine D4 and D5 receptor genes, although the effect sizes are small (Asherson, 2004; Faraone et al., 2005; Kuntsi, Neale, Chen, Faraone, & Asherson, 2006).”
Lasky-Su, J. A., Lange, C., Biederman, J., Tsuang, M. T., Doyle, A. E., Smoller, J. W., Laird, N. M., & Faraone, S. V. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30567 · Cited by 49
“Several association studies have examined different mutations of SNAP-25 with positive findings [Faraone et al., 2005].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGenetic Susceptibility and Neurotransmitters in Tourette Syndrome
Paschou, P., Fernandez, T. V., Sharp, F. R., Heiman, G. A., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2013) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-411546-0.00006-8 · Cited by 61
“It should be noted that the 10-repeat DAT1 allele has also been suggested as a genetic risk factor for ADHD (Faraone et al., 2005), and internalizing disorders (Rowe et al., 1998), whereas externalizing behavior problems were linked to the 9-repeat allele (Young et al., 2002).”
BackgroundXia, W.-P., Shen, L.-X., & Zhang, J.-S. (2015) · Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215115 · Cited by 51
“8.[7,8] Other studies suggest a negative feedback loop by which critical feedback from parents about a child’s ADHD behaviors strains family relationships and, thus, worsens ADHD symptoms and increases the risk that the child develops comorbid mental disorders.”
BackgroundGunnar, M. R., Wenner, J. A., Thomas, K. M., Glatt, C. E., McKenna, M. C., & Clark, A. G. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941200065x · Cited by 55
“Nonetheless, despite high heritability estimates, the search for genes associated with ADHD risk has been elusive, whether one adopts a candidate gene or genome-wide association approach (Branaschewski, Becker, Scherag, Franke, & Coghill, 2010; Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundD’Souza, U. M., & Craig, I. (2008) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00904-7 · Cited by 50
“Faraone et al. (2005) have provided an evaluation of the evidence for the association of the 3uUTR with ADHD and, on the basis of the pooled odds ratio (OR) across studies, found a small, but statistically significant OR in favour of this association.”
BackgroundDifferentiating Behavioral Ratings of Inattention, Impulsivity, and Hyperactivity in Children
Pham, A. V. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712473833 · Cited by 63
“ADHD is highly inheritable, with an average heritability of around 75% (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundRole of COMT in ADHD: a Systematic Meta-Analysis
Sun, H., Yuan, F.-F., Shen, X., Xiong, G., & Wu, J. (2013) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-013-8516-5 · Cited by 70
“Twins studies have estimated that the mean heritability of ADHD is around 70–80 %, average 76 %, with environmental risk factors accounting for nearly 20–30 % [18, 20, 21].”
Berry, D., Deater-Deckard, K. D., McCartney, K., Wang, Z., & Petrill, S. A. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941200106x · Cited by 52
“It is interesting that, to some degree, these findings are also consistent with prior work considering the main effects of the DRD4 7þ genotype on inattention (Faraone et al., 2005; Gizer et al., 2009; Li et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDervola, K.-S. N., Roberg, B., Wøien, G., Bogen, I. L., Sandvik, T., Sagvolden, T., Drevon, C. A., Johansen, E. B., & Walaas, S. I. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-8-56 · Cited by 44
“The etiology of ADHD is unknown, but meta-analyses suggest a strong genetic component based on hereditary estimates in twin-studies of ~76% [4].”
BackgroundDoyle, A. E., Ferreira, M. A. R., Sklar, P. B., Lasky-Su, J. A., Petty, C. R., Fusillo, S. J., Seidman, L. J., Willcutt, E. G., Smoller, J. W., Purcell, S., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30868 · Cited by 44
“Several genes that are good biological candidates for the disorder have been implicated in meta-analyses of association studies [Faraone et al., 2005], but polymorphisms in these genes explain only a small proportion of the variance in liability.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAmphetamine-induced dopamine release and neurocognitive function in treatment-naive adults with ADHD
Cherkasova, M. V., Faridi, N., Casey, K. F., O'Driscoll, G. A., Hechtman, L., Joober, R., Baker, G. B., Palmer, J., Dagher, A., Leyton, M., et al. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.349 · Cited by 49
“Converging indirect evidence from clinical, preclinical, neuroimaging, and genetic research implicates catecholamine, particularly dopamine (DA), neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Faraone and Mick, 2010; Sontag et al, 2010; Spencer et al, 1996).”
BackgroundFaraone, S. V., Ghirardi, L., Kuja‐Halkola, R., Lichtenstein, P., & Larsson, H. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.11.011 · Cited by 55
Self-citationFamily Functioning, Psychological Distress, and Well-Being in Parents with a Child Having ADHD
Moen, Ø. L., Hedelin, B., & Hall‐Lord, M. (2016) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244015626767 · Cited by 57
“Twin studies estimate a heritability of 76%, which is influenced by both biological-and family-environmental factors (Faraone et al., 2005), and that children with ADHD are more likely to have a parent with ADHD than other children.”
BackgroundProtective effect of breastfeeding with regard to children’s behavioral and cognitive problems
Park, S., Kim, B.-N., Kim, J.-W., Shin, M., Yoo, H. J., & Cho, S.-C. (2014) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-111 · Cited by 70
“With an estimated heritability of approximately 75%, ADHD is generally regarded as having a genetic basis [26].”
Field, S. S. (2014) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.02.021 · Cited by 60
“Research focusing on genes for neurotransmitters in ADHD has shown that many genes are probably involved, each with small effect [58].”
BackgroundAnimal models to guide clinical drug development in ADHD: lost in translation?
Wickens, J. R., Hyland, B. I., & Tripp, G. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01412.x · Cited by 45
“Since 2004, this list has grown with statistically significant evidence of association with DBH, HTR1B and SNAP-25 genes (Faraone et al., 2005; Gizer et al., 2009).”
BackgroundLoss of the serum response factor in the dopamine system leads to hyperactivity
Parkitna, J., Bilbao, A., Rieker, C., Engblom, D., Piechota, M., Nordheim, A., Spanagel, R., & Schütz, G. (2010) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.09-151423 · Cited by 49
Brookes, K., Xu, X.-H., Anney, R., Franke, B., Zhou, K., Chen, W., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Ebstein, R., Eisenberg, J., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30782 · Cited by 49
Self-citationYang, H., Liu, Y., Cai, R., Li, Y., & Gu, B. (2021) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-20-1365 · Cited by 58
“Despite the evidence supporting the use of prebiotics for GI neurotic dysfunction, immune function, and neuroprotection, their use has never been investigated in patients with ADHD.”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of neurotrophic factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Tsai, S. (2016) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.11.003 · Cited by 51
Fortier, M., Sengupta, S. M., Grizenko, N., Choudhry, Z., Thakur, G., & Joober, R. (2012) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-012-8202-1 · Cited by 62
Somatosensory functioning and experienced pain in ADHD-families: A pilot study
Scherder, E., Rommelse, N. N. J., Bröring, T., Faraone, S. V., & Sergeant, J. A. (2008) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.11.004 · Cited by 46
“Research has shown that the disorder is highly heritable.(23,24) This may lead to siblings of children with ADHD having an enhanced risk for developing the disorder themselves(24) and its associated deficits.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognitive functioning in affected sibling pairs with ADHD: familial clustering and dopamine genes
Loo, S. K., CARPENTER, E. M., Ishii, J., McGough, J. J., McCracken, J. T., Nelson, S. F., & Smalley, S. L. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01928.x · Cited by 42
“Recent meta-analyses suggest statistically significant yet small effect sizes for several genes and ADHD, including the dopamine transporter (DAT1), dopamine receptors D4 (DRD4) and D5 (DRD5) (1.13, 1.45 and 1.24 respectively; Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialPathway analysis in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ensemble approach
Mooney, M. A., McWeeney, S. K., Faraone, S. V., Hinney, A., Hebebrand, J., IMAGE2 Consortium, German ADHD GWAS Group, Nigg, J. T., & Wilmot, B. (2016) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32446 · Cited by 48
“also highlighted the genetic heterogeneity among ADHD patients [Faraone et al., 2005; Faraone and Khan, 2006; Kebir et al., 2009; Gizer et al., 2009; Stergiakouli and Thapar, 2010].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLangley, K., Fowler, T. A., Grady, D. L., Moyzis, R. K., Holmans, P. A., van den Bree, M. B. M., Owen, M. J., O’Donovan, M. C., & Thapar, A. (2009) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0698-4 · Cited by 47
“However, the findings with DAT1 are less consistent, with one metaanalysis yielding a small but significant association [13] and four other meta-analyses reporting no association [6, 24, 26, 30].”
BackgroundResultPersistence and Subtype Stability of ADHD Among Substance Use Disorder Treatment Seekers
Kaye, S. S., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., van de Glind, G., LEVIN, F. R., Faraone, S. V., ALLSOP, S. J., Degenhardt, L. J., Moggi, F., Barta, C., Konstenius, M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716629217 · Cited by 55
“ADHD is a highly heritable disorder, with data from twin studies indicating that approximately 70% to 80% of the phenotypic variability is due to genetic influences (Faraone et al., 2005; Franke et al., 2012; Todd et al., 2001) and that heritability of clinically diagnosed ADHD remains high across the life span (Larss…”
BackgroundSelf-citationGenetics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recent Updates and Future Prospects
Schachar, R. (2014) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-013-0004-0 · Cited by 47
Role of gene-gene/gene-environment interaction in the etiology of eastern Indian ADHD probands.
Das, M., Bhowmik, A. D., Bhaduri, N., Sarkar, K., Ghosh, P., Sinha, S., Ray, A., Chatterjee, A., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.027 · Cited by 47
“Since ADHD was found to be highly heritable (~76%), a strong genetic component has been indicated (Faraone et al., 2005) and several genes have been investigated in association with the disorder.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGenetic heterogeneity in ADHD: DAT1 gene only affects probands without CD
Zhou, K., Chen, W., Buitelaar, J. K., Banaschewski, T., Oades, R. D., Franke, B., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Ebstein, R. P., Eisenberg, J., Gill, M., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30644 · Cited by 41
“31)) but significant effect in a metaanalysis that pooled family based studies together [Faraone et al., 2005].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBoonstra, A. M., Kooij, J. J. S., Buitelaar, J. K., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J. A., Heister, J. G. A. M., & Franke, B. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30595 · Cited by 47
“The DRD4 48 bp 7-repeat allele is over-represented in ADHD [Faraone et al., 2005].”
Hoogman, M., Rijpkema, M., Janss, L., Brunner, H., Fernandez, G., Buitelaar, J., Franke, B., & Arias-Vásquez, A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031273 · Cited by 46
“In addition, ADHD is a highly heritable disorder [13] yet genefinding approaches have been relatively unsuccessful in ADHD to date [14] potentially due to its diagnostic/phenotypic and genetic complexity, and given the high heritability of brain structure [15], this study might aid in characterizing total brain volume…”
Parental asthma occurrence, exacerbations and risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Liu, X., Dalsgaard, S., Munk‐Olsen, T., Li, J., Wright, R. J., & Momen, N. C. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.198 · Cited by 50
Rommelse, N. N. J., van der Kruijs, M., Damhuis, J., Hoek, I., Smeets, S., Antshel, K. M., Hoogeveen, L., & Faraone, S. V. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.032 · Cited by 52
Self-citationd-Cycloserine Facilitates Extinction of Cocaine Self-Administration in Rats
Thanos, P. K., Bermeo, C., Wang, G.-J., & Volkow, N. D. (2011) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20922 · Cited by 46
“preclinical and clinical models (Ressler et al., 2004; Faraone et al., 2005; Parnas, 2005; Davis et al., 2006; Guastella et al., 2007; Vervliet, 2008); furthermore, recent findings showed that DCS facilitated extinction of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats (Botreau et al.”
Neuropsychological Performance Patterns of Adult ADHD Subtypes
LeRoy, A., Jacova, C., & Young, C. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718773927 · Cited by 45
Brignani, S., & Pasterkamp, R. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2017.00055 · Cited by 47
“These effects are mediated by the receptor Frizzled3 (Fenstermaker et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialPuurunen, J., Sulkama, S., Tiira, K., Araujo, C. L., Lehtonen, M., Hanhineva, K., & Lohi, H. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-016-0112-1 · Cited by 45
“the genetic complexity and interactions between genetic and environmental factors [3, 4, 6].”
BackgroundADHD History of the Concept: the Case of the Continuous Performance Test
Albrecht, B., Uebel, H., Wiedmann, K., & Rothenberger, A. (2015) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-014-0035-1 · Cited by 50
Schmiedeler, S., Niklas, F., & Schneider, W. (2013) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-013-0208-z · Cited by 42
“The evidence strongly suggests that the disorder is neurobiologically based (Faraone et al. 2005).”
BackgroundJohansson, J., Landgren, M., Fernell, E., Vumma, R., Åhlin, A., Bjerkenstedt, L., & Venizelos, N. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-7-40 · Cited by 45
Sexual Differentiation of the Brain and ADHD: What Is a Sex Difference in Prevalence Telling Us?
Waddell, J., & McCarthy, M. M. (2010) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2010_114 · Cited by 53
“ADHD is a complex developmental disorder characterized by a high degree of heritability (Faraone et al. 2005).”
BackgroundClock genes, ADHD and aggression
Mogavero, F., Jager, A., & Glennon, J. C. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.002 · Cited by 44
Kanarik, M., Grimm, O., Mota, N. R., Reif, A., & Harro, J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104757 · Cited by 53
Cimino, S., Cerniglia, L., Ballarotto, G., Marzilli, E., Pascale, E., D’Addario, C., Adriani, W., Maremmani, A. G. I., & Tambelli, R. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16142567 · Cited by 47
“Furthermore, the international research reported mixed findings regarding DAT1 polymorphism associated with negative developmental outcomes [29,43,63,65].”
BackgroundSalatino‐Oliveira, A., Genro, J. P., Polanczyk, G. V., Zeni, C., Schmitz, M. D., Kieling, C., Anselmi, L., Menezes, A. M. B., Barros, F. C., Polina, E. R., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32293 · Cited by 42
“Ameta-analysis of twin studies estimatedanaverageADHD heritability of 76% [Faraone et al., 2005].”
MethodReward modulation of cognitive function in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Aarts, E., van Holstein, M., Hoogman, M., Onnink, A. M. H., Kan, C. C., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Cools, R. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000116 · Cited by 45
“, 1999), and several dopaminergic genes, including the DAT1 genotype, have been implicated in ADHD (Faraone et al., 2005; Brookes et al., 2008; Franke et al., 2008; for a review, see Durston et al., 2009; Gizer et al., 2009; Franke et al., 2010).”
BackgroundADHD pharmacogenetics across the life cycle: New findings and perspectives
Bruxel, E. M., Akutagava-Martins, G. C., Salatino-Oliveira, A., Contini, V., Kieling, C., Hutz, M., & Rohde, L. (2014) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32240 · Cited by 44
“However, it is known that MPH also blocks efficiently the norepinephrine transporter (NET) [Faraone and Mick, 2010; Hannestad et al., 2010].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe associations between ADHD and asthma in Korean children
Kwon, H., Lee, M.-Y., Ha, M., Yoo, S., Paik, K., Lim, J.-H., Sakong, J., Lee, C., Kang, D., Hong, S.-J., et al. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-70 · Cited by 44
“Genetic polymorphisms involved in dopamine neurotransmission is associated ADHD [32].”
BackgroundGenetics of preparation and response control in ADHD : the role of DRD 4 and DAT 1
Albrecht, B., Brandeis, D., Uebel, H., Valko, L., Heinrich, H., Xu, X., Drechsler, R., Heise, A., Kuntsi, J., Müller, U. C., et al. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12212 · Cited by 45
“Heritability estimates of more than 70% favour amodel of strong genetic impact on the expression of the disorder (Faraone & Mick, 2010).”
Media Violence and Children's ADHD-Related Behaviors: A Genetic Susceptibility Perspective
Nikkelen, S. W. C., Vossen, H. G. M., Valkenburg, P. M., Velders, F. P., Windhorst, D. A., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2014) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12073 · Cited by 43
“First, the heritability of ADHD-related behaviors is among the highest compared to other behaviors (Bergen, Gardner, & Kendler, 2007), with estimates around 76% (e.g., Faraone et al., 2005; Nikolas & Burt, 2010; Thapar, Harrington, Ross, & McGuffin, 2000).”
BackgroundMcCracken, J., Badashova, K., Posey, D., Aman, M., Scahill, L., Tierney, E., Arnold, L., Vitiello, B., Whelan, F., Chuang, S. Z., et al. (2013) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/tpj.2013.23 · Cited by 44
Biochemical and genetic analyses of childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Çaylak, E. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32077 · Cited by 47
“Several meta-analyses have demonstrated a substantial evidence for the 7R allele ofDRD4 (Table I) [Faraone et al., 2001, 2005; Li et al., 2006; Gizer et al., 2009].”
BackgroundMick, E., Kim, J.-W., Biederman, J., Wozniak, J., Wilens, T., Spencer, T., Smoller, J. W., & Faraone, S. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30745 · Cited by 44
“1Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 2Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 3Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience & Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New Y…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPreliminary report of familial clustering of EEG measures in ADHD
Loo, S. K., & Smalley, S. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30575 · Cited by 44
“Family and twin studies of ADHD have yielded heritability estimates that range between 0.6 and 1, with an average heritability of 0.76 [Faraone et al., 2005].”
BackgroundInfluentialPassarotti, A. M., & Pavuluri, M. N. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.11.71 · Cited by 44
Janner, D. E., Gomes, N. S., Poetini, M., Poleto, K. H., Musachio, E., de Almeida, F. P., Amador, E. C. D. M., Reginaldo, J. C., Ramborger, B., Roehrs, R., et al. (2021) · Neurotoxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2021.05.006 · Cited by 43
Heinrich, H., Grunitz, J., Stonawski, V., Frey, S., Wahl, S., Albrecht, B., Goecke, T. W., Beckmann, M. W., Kornhuber, J., Fasching, P. A., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03326-3 · Cited by 51
“Heritability estimates of more than 70% suggest a genetic component in ADHD 16 .”
Association of Impulsivity and Polymorphic MicroRNA-641 Target Sites in the SNAP-25 Gene
Németh, N., Kovács-Nagy, R., Székely, A., Sasvári-Székely, M., & Rónai, Z. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084207 · Cited by 43
“A number of association studies as well as meta-analyses suggested the role of DRD4, DRD5, HTR1B and SLC6A3 genes, reviewed by Faraone [10].”
BackgroundResultPredictors of treatment outcome in adults with ADHD treated with OROS® methylphenidate
Buitelaar, J. K., Kooij, J. J. S., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Dejonckheere, J., Casas, M., van Oene, J. C., Schäuble, B., & Trott, G.-E. (2010) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.016 · Cited by 39
“Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous and highly heritable disorder, manifesting itself in symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity that arise during childhood, frequently persistent throughout development into adulthood, and result in impairment in multiple domains of func…”
BackgroundCheon, K.-A. A., Jun, J.-Y., & Cho, D.-Y. (2008) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0b013e328306a977 · Cited by 45
“…some early suggestive findings (Eisenberg et al., 1999), most studies that have investigated the possible association between COMT genes and ADHD have subsequently yielded negative etiological findings, despite the apparent role of COMT in the dopamine metabolism of the PFC (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBonvicini, C., Faraone, S. V., & Scassellati, C. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.128 · Cited by 42
Self-citationEEG Dynamics of a Go/Nogo Task in Children with ADHD
Baijot, S., Cevallos, C., Zarka, D., Leroy, A., Slama, H., Colin, C., Deconinck, N., Dan, B., & Cheron, G. A. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7120167 · Cited by 46
“Pathophysiology involves genetics [6,7] and neurobiological factors [8–12].”
BackgroundCOMT × DRD4 Epistasis Impacts Prefrontal Cortex Function Underlying Response Control
Heinzel, S., Dresler, T., Baehne, C. G., Heine, M., Boreatti‐Hümmer, A., Jacob, C., Renner, T., Reif, A., Lesch, K., Fallgatter, A. J., et al. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs132 · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Faraone, S. V., & Mick, E.
- Affiliations
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Faraone, Stephen V.
- Venue
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 159-180
- ISSN
- 0193-953X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2847260
- OpenAlex
- W2168200222
- Cited by
- 411
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 5.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066877, R13MH059126)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, genetic etiology, heritability, genome-wide linkage analysis, genome-wide association study, candidate genes, DBH, monoamine oxidase A, norepinephrine transporter, serotonin transporter, CHRNA4, GRIN2A, DRD4, DRD5, dopamine transporter, SNAP-25, 5-HT1B receptor, dopamine, monoamine transporters, neurotransmitter systems
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Molecular Biology, Twins, Gene Expression, Prevalence, Genome-Wide Association Study
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