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Molecular Genetics of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Although twin studies demonstrate that ADHD is a highly heritable condition, molecular genetic studies suggest that the genetic architecture of ADHD is complex. The handful of genome-wide linkage and association scans that have been conducted thus far show divergent findings and are, therefore, not conclusive. Similarly, many of the candidate genes reviewed here (ie, DBH, MAOA, SLC6A2, TPH-2, SLC6A4, CHRNA4, GRIN2A) are theoretically compelling from neurobiological systems perspective but available data are sparse and inconsistent. However, candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder, with meta-analyses supportive of a role of the genes coding for DRD4, DRD5, SLC6A3, SNAP-25, and HTR1B in the etiology of ADHD.
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“The MID task has been repeatedly shown to elicit a neural response in the VS to both reward anticipation and receipt (for review see 15,18-20).”
From Increased neural responses to reward in adolescents and young adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
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Cites
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13 of the 170 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 10
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease
Leech, R., & Sharp, D. J. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt162 · Cited by 2,247
“ADHD has a strong hereditary component, and a number of candidate genes have been identified (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundDiscovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for ADHD
(2017) · doi:10.1101/145581 · Cited by 2,203
Self-citationGenetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Faraone, S. V., & Larsson, H. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0 · Cited by 1,338
Self-citationKooij, S. J., Bejerot, S., Blackwell, A., Caci, H., Casas-Brugué, M., Carpentier, P. J., Edvinsson, D., Fayyad, J., Foeken, K., Fitzgerald, M., et al. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-67 · Cited by 928
“genetic factors) of around 76% [56], indicating that”
The genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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“First degree relatives of those with ADHD are two to eight times more likely than relatives of unaffected individuals to also show ADHD (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundAttention‐Deficit‐Hyperactivity Disorder: An Update
Dopheide, J. A., & Pliszka, S. R. (2009) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.29.6.656 · Cited by 653
“A review of studies in twins showed that about 75% of the variance in ADHD traits is attributable to genetics.(20) Although several studies have identified many different chromosomal regions associated with ADHD, there is often minimal overlap among studies in terms of specific genes indentified.”
BackgroundCorbett, B. A., Constantine, L. J., Hendren, R., Rocke, D., & Ozonoff, S. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.02.005 · Cited by 584
“The etiology of both neurodevelopmental disorders has a strong genetic basis with heritability estimates for autism to be 0.9 (Baron-Cohen & Belmonte, 2005; Zafeiriou et al., 2006) and estimates for ADHD to be 0.7 (Faraone et al., 2005).”
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(2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.001 · Cited by 576
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“Having a DAT 10-repeat allele has been found to increase the risk to develop ADHD (for meta-analyses, see Faraone et al., 2005; Maher, Marazita, Ferrell, & Vanyukov, 2002).”
BackgroundTripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.026 · Cited by 492
“In addition there is statistically significant evidence of association with DBH, HTR1B and SNAP-25 genes (Faraone et al., 2005), see also (Gizer et al.”
BackgroundStergiakouli, E. (2010) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s11322 · Cited by 78
“4.(1) It is interesting that half siblings of children with ADHD have a lower risk of developing the disorder than full siblings, further highlighting the important role of inherited factors in ADHD.”
InfluentialThe neuropharmacology of impulsive behaviour
Pattij, T., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2008) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.01.002 · Cited by 479
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Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Neale, B. M., Medland, S. E., Ripke, S., Asherson, P., Franke, B., Lesch, K.-P., Faraone, S. V., Nguyen, T. T., Schäfer, H., Holmans, P., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.008 · Cited by 450
“Previous work in ADHD has established a strongly heritable component to the phenotype, with genetic factors, across 20 twin studies, explaining approximately 76% of the phenotypic variance.(5-7) There appears to be substantial overlap between the two ADHD symptom dimensions hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, a review
on behalf of the International Multicentre persistent ADHD CollaboraTion (IMpACT), Franke, B., Faraone, S. V., Asherson, P., Buitelaar, J., Bau, C. H. D., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Mick, E., Grevet, E. H., Johansson, S., et al. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.138 · Cited by 432
Self-citationPlichta, M. M., & Scheres, A. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.012 · Cited by 424
“In summary, the moderator model is interesting because it explicitly includes the genetic dimension that has been shown to be of great importance in ADHD (Faraone and Mick, 2010).”
BackgroundPotential adverse effects of amphetamine treatment on brain and behavior: a review
Berman, S. M., Kuczenski, R. T., McCracken, J. T., & London, E. D. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.90 · Cited by 263
Self-citationA computational model of inhibitory control in frontal cortex and basal ganglia.
Wiecki, T. V., & Frank, M. J. (2013) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0031542 · Cited by 423
Lee, B., London, E. D., Poldrack, R. A., Farahi, J., Nacca, A., Monterosso, J. R., Mumford, J. A., Bokarius, A. V., Dahlbom, M., Mukherjee, J., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3765-09.2009 · Cited by 374
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“58 ) M Z M ,M on oz yg ot ic m al e; M Z F, m on oz yg ot ic fe m al e; D Z M ,d iz yg ot ic m al e; D Z F, di zy go tic fe m al e. teacher ratings (Faraone et al. 2005; Burt, 2009), and the few studies that have explored the genetic impact on categorically defined ADHD (Sherman et al. 1997; Thapar…”
BackgroundInfluentialTripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01851.x · Cited by 368
“In addition there is statistically significant evidence of association with DBH, HTR1B and SNAP-25 genes (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundCortese, S. (2012) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.009 · Cited by 335
Comorbidity of ADHD and dyslexia
Germanò, E., Gagliano, A., & Curatolo, P. (2010) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.494748 · Cited by 331
“Heritability estimates of ADHD are generally in the range of 70–80% (Faraone et al., 2005); the mean heritability for ADHD was shown to be 77% (Biederman, 2005).”
BackgroundGut microbiome in ADHD and its relation to neural reward anticipation
Aarts, E., Ederveen, T. H. A., Naaijen, J., Zwiers, M. P., Boekhorst, J., Timmerman, H. M., Smeekens, S. P., Netea, M. G., Buitelaar, J. K., Franke, B., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183509 · Cited by 361
“ADHD is highly heritable [8, 9], and genetic studies have pointed to a role of dopamine-, noradrenaline-, and serotonin-related genes in ADHD [8], but these studies showed small effects suggesting that environmental factors also play a role in the etiology of ADHD.”
BackgroundA POPULATION-SPECIFIC HTR2B STOP CODON PREDISPOSES TO SEVERE IMPULSIVITY
Bevilacqua, L., Doly, S., Kaprio, J., Yuan, Q., Tikkanen, R., Paunio, T., Zhou, Z.-F., Wedenoja, J., Maroteaux, L., Diaz, S., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09629 · Cited by 321
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“The catecholamine hypothesis is further supported by genetic studies (Faraone et al., 2005) and by knock-out and lesion animal models (Arnsten & Li, 2005; Madras, Miller, & Fischman, 2005).”
MethodThe Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS)
Anckarsäter, H., Lundström, S., Kollberg, L., Kerekes, N., Palm, C., Carlström, E., Långström, N., Magnusson, P. K. E., Halldner, L., Bölte, S., et al. (2011) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.14.6.495 · Cited by 300
“…ADHD, the heritability of the categorical condition was estimated at 91% (Levy et al., 1997), that of both the category and the trait at 75% according to a meta-analysis (Faraone et al., 2005), and that of ADHD-related traits in a large Dutch study by parent reports at 75% (Hudziak et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultNeuroinflammation as a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Dunn, G. A., Nigg, J. T., & Sullivan, E. L. (2019) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2019.05.005 · Cited by 299
“Ample evidence indicates that ADHD is highly heritable (Brikell et al., 2015; Faraone and Doyle, 2001; Faraone et al., 2005; Larsson et al., 2014; Martin et al., 2002) with one recent estimate putting heritability at 0.”
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Williams, N. M., Franke, B., Mick, E., Anney, R. J. L., Freitag, C. M., Gill, M., Thapar, A., O'Donovan, M. C., Owen, M. J., Holmans, P., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11060822 · Cited by 290
“The effect sizes of most associated genetic variants identified have been small (4, 5).”
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“When viewed from this perspective, the importance of intervening early at all relevant levels of analysis becomes clear (Beauchaine et al., 2013; Beauchaine, Neuhaus, et al., 2008).”
BackgroundGenome‐wide association scan of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Neale, B. M., Lasky-Su, J. A., Anney, R., Franke, B., Zhou, K., Maller, J., Vásquez, A. A., Asherson, P. J., Chen, W., Banaschewski, T., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30866 · Cited by 262
“, 2008] and that the heritability of ADHD is in the region of 60–90% with an average across studies of 76%, makes this condition a promising target for molecular genetic studies [Faraone, 2004; Faraone et al., 2005].”
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“42 Twin studies indicate 76% heritability in ADHD, but none of the candidate genes studied to date fully account for the risk of ADHD, suggesting that heritability results from a combination of genetic variations and interactions.”
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“Genetics in ADHD have focused on the dopamine and serotonin systems (e.g., DAT, DRD4, 5- HTT; Faraone et al., 2005), whereas studies of dyslexia have identified several candidate genes that are thought to be involved in early brain development, particularly neuronal migration (e.g., DYX1C1, DCDC2,…”
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“In addition to a strong genetic predisposition to ADHD, environmental influences are estimated to account for 10 to 40% of the variance in liability for the disorder (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundKarama, S., Grizenko, N., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Doyle, A. E., Biederman, J., Mbékou, V., Polotskaia, A., Ter-Stepanian, M., de Guzman, R., Bellingham, J., et al. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-45 · Cited by 33
“While environmental risk factors such as pregnancy complications [3], family dysfunction [4] and drug abuse during pregnancy [5] have all been implicated in the etiology of ADHD, there is overwhelming evidence from twin studies that genes also contribute to the development of ADHD [2,6,7].”
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Attention Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Feldman, H. M., & Reiff, M. I. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1307215 · Cited by 245
Autism and ADHD: how far have we come in the comorbidity debate
Gargaro, B. A., Rinehart, N. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Tonge, B. J., & Sheppard, D. M. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.002 · Cited by 244
Cadmium Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in U.S. Children
Ciesielski, T. H., Weuve, J., Bellinger, D., Schwartz, J., Lanphear, B., & Wright, R. (2012) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1104152 · Cited by 239
Biomarkers and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses
Scassellati, C., Bonvicini, C., Faraone, S. V., & Gennarelli, M. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.015 · Cited by 235
Self-citationAttention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ): an updated review of the essential facts
Tarver, J., Daley, D., & Sayal, K. (2014) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12139 · Cited by 234
“With heritability estimates of around 0.7, ADHD is considered one of the most heritable psychiatric conditions (Faraone et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialGau, S. S., & Shang, C. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02215.x · Cited by 220
“Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been recognized as a common, early-onset, impairing, and heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorder with high heritability (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMill, J. S., & Petronis, A. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01909.x · Cited by 217
“Family, twin, and adoption studies provide overwhelming evidence for an inherited contribution to the pathogenesis of ADHD, with heritability estimated to be about 70% (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundPoelmans, G., Pauls, D. L., Buitelaar, J. K., & Franke, B. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10070948 · Cited by 223
ADHD and the Prefrontal Cortex
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The familial co-aggregation of ASD and ADHD: a register-based cohort study
Ghirardi, L., Brikell, I., Kuja-Halkola, R., Freitag, C. M., Franke, B., Asherson, P., Lichtenstein, P., & Larsson, H. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.17 · Cited by 220
Investigating the Contribution of Common Genetic Variants to the Risk and Pathogenesis of ADHD
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Preterm birth and poor fetal growth as risk factors of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
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Artificial Food Colors and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms: Conclusions to Dye for
Arnold, L., Lofthouse, N., & Hurt, E. A. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0133-x · Cited by 218
Potential Therapeutic Interest of Adenosine A2A Receptors in Psychiatric Disorders
Cunha, R. A., Ferré, S., Vaugeois, J., & Chen, J. (2008) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161208784480090 · Cited by 195
“Thus, the heritability of ADHD has been estimated to be between 0.5 and 0.9, which makes it the most heritable mental disorder among children.”
BackgroundInfluentialBonvicini, C., Faraone, S. V., & Scassellati, C. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.74 · Cited by 244
Self-citationLarsson, H., Rydén, E., Boman, M., Långström, N., Lichtenstein, P., & Landén, M. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.120808 · Cited by 199
Oxidative Stress and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis
Joseph, N., Zhang-James, Y., Perl, A., & Faraone, S. V. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713510354 · Cited by 203
“Although details about the pathogenesis of ADHD remain to be worked out, family, twin, and molecular genetic disorders suggest that it has a strong genetic component (Faraone & Mick, 2010).”
Self-citationRussell, G., Ford, T. J., Rosenberg, R., & Kelly, S. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12170 · Cited by 202
“An average estimate of heritability of ADHD was derived at 76%, from 20 twin studies (Faraone et al., 2005) although the effect of gene-environment interactions are hard to separate from purely genetic influences.”
BackgroundA Review of Neurofeedback Treatment for Pediatric ADHD
Lofthouse, N., Arnold, L. E., Hersch, S., Hurt, E. A., & deBeus, R. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711427530 · Cited by 200
“Etiology is not firmly established, but the preponderance of evidence suggests that ADHD is a highly heritable disorder (heritability estimate = 76%; Faraone et al., 2005), with abnormalities of neuroanatomy (reduced cortical white and gray matter volume; Sowell et al., 2003), neurochemistry…”
BackgroundInfluentialOades, R. D., Lasky-Su, J., Christiansen, H., Faraone, S. V., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Banaschewski, T., Chen, W., Anney, R. J. L., Buitelaar, J. K., Ebstein, R. P., et al. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-4-48 · Cited by 200
“In particular, this article focuses on serotonin activity, [4]) and heritable features of ADHD, where a 70–80% heritability has been clearly demonstrated [5].”
Self-citationGreven, C. U., Bralten, J., Mennes, M., O’Dwyer, L., van Hulzen, K. J. E., Rommelse, N., Schweren, L. J. S., Hoekstra, P. J., Hartman, C. A., Heslenfeld, D., et al. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3162 · Cited by 198
Self-citationAssociations between Maternal Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Parenting
Chronis-Tuscano, A. M., Raggi, V. L., Clarke, T. L., Rooney, M. E., Diaz, Y., & Pian, J. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9246-4 · Cited by 220
“Mothers were not selected on the basis of an ADHD diagnosis, but were expected to display a broader rage of ADHD symptoms than would be expected in the general population given the strong heritability of ADHD (Faraone et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialRecent Developments in Neuropsychological Models of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders
Willcutt, E. G., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Nigg, J. T., & Sergeant, J. A. (2008) · Advances in Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000118526 · Cited by 193
Instanes, J. T., Halmøy, A., Engeland, A., Haavik, J., Furu, K., & Klungsøyr, K. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.024 · Cited by 192
Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Linkage Scans of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Zhou, K., Dempfle, A., Arcos-Burgos, M., Bakker, S., Banaschewski, T., Biederman, J., Buitelaar, J., Castellanos, F., Doyle, A., Ebstein, R. P., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30878 · Cited by 191
“Family and twin studies have consistently shown that genetic factors play an important role in ADHD etiology with heritability estimated around 76% [Faraone et al., 2005].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe neurobiological basis of ADHD
Curatolo, P., D'Agati, E., & Moavero, R. (2010) · Italian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1824-7288-36-79 · Cited by 189
“Candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder, with meta-analyses supportive of a role of the genes coding for DRD4, DRD5, SLC6A3, SNAP-25, and HTR1B [ 20 ].”
Martin, J., Hamshere, M. L., Stergiakouli, E., O’Donovan, M. C., & Thapar, A. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.013 · Cited by 187
Groman, S. M., James, A. S., & Jentsch, J. D. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.008 · Cited by 184
“Moreover, genetic variation in the gene encoding the dopamine transporter may play a role in the hyperactive and impulsive behavior of SHR rats (Mill et al. 2005), an effect notable due to the fact that variation in the dopamine transporter gene associates with ADHD in humans (Faraone et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialBuske-Kirschbaum, A., Schmitt, J., Plessow, F., Romanos, M., Weidinger, S., & Roessner, V. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.017 · Cited by 179
“Meta-analyses point to a particular role of the candidate genes coding for DRD4, DRD5, SLC6A3, SNAP-25, HTR1B and NET which are associated with neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic system (Faraone and Mick, 2010; Gizer et al., 2009).”
Maternal Smoking and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Offspring: A Meta-analysis
Huang, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Zheng, Z., Zhu, T., Qu, Y., & Mu, D. (2018) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2465 · Cited by 179
SNAP-25, a Known Presynaptic Protein with Emerging Postsynaptic Functions
Antonucci, F., Corradini, I., Fossati, G., Tomasoni, R., Menna, E., & Matteoli, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00007 · Cited by 202
Socioeconomic Associations with ADHD: Findings from a Mediation Analysis
Russell, A., Ford, T., & Russell, G. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128248 · Cited by 175
ADHD-like behavior and entrepreneurial intentions
Verheul, I., Block, J., Burmeister–Lamp, K., Thurik, R., Tiemeier, H. W., & Turturea, R. (2015) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-015-9642-4 · Cited by 181
“2014) with genetics contributing to about 60–75 % of cases (Cortese 2012; Faraone et al. 2005).”
BackgroundIqbal, Z., Vandeweyer, G., van der Voet, M., Waryah, A., Zahoor, M., Besseling, J., Roca, L. T., Silfhout, A. T. V.-V., Nijhof, B., Kramer, J. M., et al. (2013) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt043 · Cited by 175
“Both ADHD and ASD show a high estimated heritability of 76% (9) and 90% (8), respectively.”
BackgroundCase-Control Genome-Wide Association Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Neale, B. M., Medland, S. E., Ripke, S., Anney, R., Asherson, P. J., Buitelaar, J. K., Franke, B., Gill, M., Kent, L., Holmans, P., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.007 · Cited by 169
“That is not to say that these genes should be rejected from consideration, but rather that the effect sizes for each of these variants must be small if they are real effects, which is consistent with the meta-analyses of candidate gene studies.(10,11,16) We have considered the pathophysiological and clinical implicati…”
ResultSelf-citationChen, W., Zhou, K., Sham, P., Franke, B., Kuntsi, J., Campbell, D., Fleischman, K., Knight, J., Andreou, P., Arnold, R., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30672 · Cited by 173
“Molecular genetic studies using candidate gene association approaches have yielded positive findings with dopamine and related monoamine neurotransmitter genes, in particular with genetic variants of the dopamine transporter, dopamine D4 and D5 receptor genes [reviewed in Asherson and The Image Consortium, 2004; Farao…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationDistinguishing comorbidity and successful management of adult ADHD
Kooij, J. J. S., Huss, M., Asherson, P., Akehurst, R., Beusterien, K., French, A., Sasané, R., & Hodgkins, P. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711435361 · Cited by 172
“ADHD has been demonstrated to have a neurobiological basis with 60% to 90% heritability (Faraone & Mick, 2010).”
BackgroundDopamine–serotonin interactions in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Oades, R. D. (2008) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00926-6 · Cited by 167
Lesch, K.-P., Selch, S., Renner, T. J., Jacob, C., Nguyen, T. T., Hahn, T., Romanos, M., Walitza, S., Shoichet, S., Dempfle, A., et al. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.29 · Cited by 167
Jackson, J. N. S., & MacKillop, J. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.01.007 · Cited by 167
“There is extensive evidence of the heritability of ADHD (42), including family, twin, and adoption studies (60-62).”
BackgroundMarta Ribasés, A., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Amaia Hervas, G., Bosch, R., Bielsa, A., Gastaminza, X., Artigas-Pallarés, J., Rodriguez-Ben, S., Estivill, X., Casas, M., et al. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002100 · Cited by 154
Checa-Ros, A., Jeréz-Calero, A., Molina-Carballo, A., Campoy, C., & Muñoz-Hoyos, A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010249 · Cited by 164
Reiersen, A. M., Constantino, J. N., Grimmer, M., Martin, N. G., & Todd, R. D. (2008) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.11.6.579 · Cited by 163
“We cannot be certain whether our young adult selfreport SRS and ADHD items truly measure the same problems as ratings by outside observers; however, the genetic structure of our self-report SRS and ADHD scores is basically consistent with studies of SRS (Constantino & Todd, 2003) and ADHD (Faraone et al., 2005) sympto…”
Abbott, L. C., & Winzer‐Serhan, U. H. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2012.658506 · Cited by 175
“…dopamine β-hydroxylase, serotonin transporter, serotonin 5HT1B receptor, α2A adrenergic receptor, and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 gene (SNAP25) (Faraone et al�, 2005; Schmitz et al�, 2006; Becker et al�, 2008)� In addition, environmental factors contribute to the manifestation of ADHD� A…”
BackgroundKuntsi, J., Wood, A. C., Johnson, K. A., Andreou, P., Arias-Vasquez, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Rommelse, N. N. J., Sergeant, J. A., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Uebel, H., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.139 · Cited by 162
“Because of the high heritability of ADHD, which averages around 76%, etiological research has focused in particular on the role of genetic factors and the neurobiological processes that mediate genetic effects on behavior.(4) One approach to understanding the neurobiology of ADHD is to investigate brain function throu…”
Self-citationUebel, H., Albrecht, B., Asherson, P., Börger, N. A., Butler, L., Chen, W., Christiansen, H., Heise, A., Kuntsi, J., Schäfer, U., et al. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02139.x · Cited by 161
“Twin and adoption studies yielded heritability rates of 76% (Faraone et al., 2005), but single risk-alleles contribute only slightly to the overall risk for ADHD (Castellanos & Tannock, 2002; Faraone et al.”
Self-citationPreventive Interventions for ADHD: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective
Halperin, J. M., Bedard, A., & Curchack, J. T. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0123-z · Cited by 151
A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from the perspective of brain networks
De La Fuente, A., Xia, S., Branch, C., & Li, X. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00192 · Cited by 159
“Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is considered one of the most hereditable disorders with an estimated mean heritability of 75% (Faraone, 2005).”
BackgroundMcClernon, F. J., & Kollins, S. H. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1441.016 · Cited by 195
Tye, C., Asherson, P., Ashwood, K. L., Azadi, B., Bolton, P., & McLoughlin, G. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001049 · Cited by 158
“2011), which, combined with limited evidence of shared environmental effects on ADHD (Faraone et al. 2005; Burt, 2009; Wood et al. 2010; Burt et al. 2012), suggests that they are a marker of genetic risk in ADHD (Tye et al.”
BackgroundMiller, M. R., Musser, E. D., Young, G. S., Olson, B. F., Steiner, R. D., & Nigg, J. T. (2018) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4076 · Cited by 112
Prevalence of psychopathology in children of parents with mental illness and/or addiction
Leijdesdorff, S. M. J., van Doesum, K. T. M., Popma, A., Klaassen, R. M. C., & van Amelsvoort, T. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000341 · Cited by 205
A Neurogenetic Approach to Impulsivity
Congdon, E. L., & Canli, T. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00528.x · Cited by 150
“Results suggest that the association between the 10allele of the DAT and a diagnosis of ADHD is tenuous, showing only a small but significant main effect of DAT on ADHD (Faraone et al., 2005).”
BackgroundClaussen, A. H., Holbrook, J. R., Hutchins, H. J., Robinson, L. R., Bloomfield, J., Meng, L. M., Bitsko, R. H., O’Masta, B., Cerles, A. A., Maher, B. S., et al. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01358-4 · Cited by 193
“…directly or through gene-environment interactions, are likely to play a significant role in whether symptoms become severe and impairing, thus warranting diagnosis and treatment (Faraone & Larsson, 2019; Faraone & Mick, 2010; Faraone et al., 2021; Freitag & Retz, 2010; Humphreys & Zeanah, 2015).”
Chronis-Tuscano, A., O'Brien, K., Johnston, C., Jones, H. A., Clarke, T. L., Raggi, V. L., Rooney, M. E., Diaz, Y., Pian, J., & Seymour, K. E. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9518-2 · Cited by 152
“Mothers were not selected on the basis of an ADHD diagnosis, but were expected to display a broader range of ADHD symptoms than would be present in the general population given the strong heritability of ADHD (Faraone et al. 2005).”
The comorbidity of ADHD and autism spectrum disorder
Antshel, K. M., Zhang-James, Y., & Faraone, S. V. (2013) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2013.840417 · Cited by 147
Self-citationHodgkins, P., Shaw, M., Coghill, D., & Hechtman, L. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0286-5 · Cited by 147
“The aetiology of ADHD is complex, with multiple genetic and non-genetic factors implicated [22, 41].”
BackgroundFamily-Based Genome-Wide Association Scan of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Mick, E. O., Todorov, A. A., Smalley, S. L., Hu, X., Loo, S. K., Todd, R. D., Biederman, J., Byrne, D., DeChairo, B. M., Guiney, A., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.02.014 · Cited by 138
Self-citationInsights into multimodal imaging classification of ADHD
Colby, J. B., Rudie, J. D., Brown, J. A., Douglas, P. K., Cohen, M. S., & Shehzad, Z. (2012) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2012.00059 · Cited by 144
“ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 16 August 2012 doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00059 Insights into multimodal imaging classification of ADHD”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Faraone, S. V., & Mick, E.
- Affiliations
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Faraone, Stephen V.
- Venue
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 159-180
- ISSN
- 0193-953X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2847260
- OpenAlex
- W2168200222
- Cited by
- 411
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 5.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatric Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066877, R13MH059126)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, genetic etiology, heritability, genome-wide linkage analysis, genome-wide association study, candidate genes, DBH, monoamine oxidase A, norepinephrine transporter, serotonin transporter, CHRNA4, GRIN2A, DRD4, DRD5, dopamine transporter, SNAP-25, 5-HT1B receptor, dopamine, monoamine transporters, neurotransmitter systems
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Molecular Biology, Twins, Gene Expression, Prevalence, Genome-Wide Association Study
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