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Bridging differing perspectives on technological platforms: Toward an integrative framework
Open accessAbstract
An integrative framework is proposed to advance management research on technological platforms, bridging two theoretical perspectives: economics, which sees platforms as double-sided markets, and engineering design, which sees platforms as technological architectures. While the economic perspective informs our understanding of platform competition, the engineering design perspective informs our view of platform innovation. The article argues that platforms can be usefully conceptualized as evolving organizations or meta-organizations that: (1) federate and coordinate constitutive agents who can innovate and compete; (2) create value by generating and harnessing economies of scope in supply or/and in demand; and (3) entail a modular technological architecture composed of a core and a periphery. In support of this conceptualization, a classification system is presented, indicating that technological platforms appear in a variety of organizational forms: within firms, across supply chains, and across industry innovation ecosystems. As an illustration, the framework is then applied to derive a simple model highlighting patterns of interaction between platform innovation and competition, yielding hypotheses that could be tested empirically by future scholars.
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“Because of their central role in encouraging project development, they are often thought to foster an ecosystem under the sponsorship of a platform leader which develops and provides specific functionality to smaller projects (Gawer, 2014).”
From The sustainability of open source commons (2023) · cites this paper as Gawer, 2014
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“It also shows that content creators face a ‘winner-take-all’ situation (Cennamo and Santalo 2013, p. 1331; Gawer 2014, p. 1241).”
From Content Creators Between Platform Control and User Autonomy: The Role of Algorithms and Revenue Sharing (2023) · cites this paper as Gawer 2014
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“Even in the service innovation literature (Barrett et al. 2015;Lusch and Nambisan 2015), where value-in-use is emphasized, and in the platform and network effects literature (Gawer 2014;Parker et al. 2016), where demand and user adoption are important, there is a lack of a vocabulary and coherent framework for dealing with use recombination and how it relates to value creation and capture in digit”
From Recombination in the open-ended value landscape of digital innovation (2018) · cites this paper as Gawer 2014
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“…on internal product integration and interfaces with complementary products, while network effects are studied from the perspective of industrial economics through topics about pricing, inter-platform competition, and market adoption (Gawer, 2014; Jacobides et al., 2018; Poniatowski et al., 2022).”
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Looking for resource density in the platform supply network
Wei, R.-Q., & Pardo, C. (2024) · Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management · doi:10.1016/j.pursup.2024.100938 · Cited by 13
Ammann, J., & Heß, T. (2025) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-025-00775-x · Cited by 11
“Hereby, digital platforms enable the interaction of multiple market sides, such as supply and demand (de Reuver et al., 2018; Gawer, 2014).”
Pour un management paradoxal de nos pratiques de recherche
de Vaujany, F. (2017) · Revue française de gestion · doi:10.3166/rfg.2017.00175 · Cited by 11
Digital platforms as the basis of a new ecological system of socio-economic development
Ablyazov, T. K., & Rapgof, V. (2019) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/497/1/012002 · Cited by 11
Firm-Level Strategy and Global Value Chains
Sako, M., & Zylberberg, E. (2018) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3163210 · Cited by 11
Platform competition: A research outline for modelling and simulation research
Papachristos, G. (2020) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2020.101567 · Cited by 11
Regulação de plataformas digitais: mapeando o debate internacional
de Lima, M. F. U. M., & Valente, J. C. L. (2020) · Liinc em Revista · doi:10.18617/liinc.v16i1.5100 · Cited by 11
平台经济的背面：拆分就业与加剧不平等——基于经济学、管理学、法学最新理论的对策探究
南开大学, & 顾, 嘉. (2022) · 新经济与金融研究 · doi:10.55375/jonef.2022.2.3 · Cited by 11
Alacrity: a new model for venture acceleration
Spigel, B., Khalid, F., & Wolfe, D. A. (2022) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-022-00817-2 · Cited by 11
“Business ecosystems are value-creation networks in which one firm develops a common platform that connects users and producers, with the focal firm profiting from these connections (Gawer, 2014).”
BackgroundMeta-organizations and environmental sustainability: an overview in African context
Alo, O. A., & Arslan, A. (2023) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.1080/00208825.2023.2184119 · Cited by 11
“Gawer (2014) and Gawer and Cusumano (2014) also believe that through collaborative structures, a meta-organization can create a system of assets for members to benefit from.”
BackgroundComplexity Management in Service Businesses through Platform Adoption
Ardolino, M., Saccani, N., & Eloranta, V. (2018) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.08.347 · Cited by 11
“platforms in matching supply and demand (Gawer 2014; Gawer and Cusumano, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialDigital Platform Establishment: Navigating Competing Concerns in Emerging Ecosystems
Ofe, H., & Sandberg, J. (2019) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2019.173 · Cited by 11
“For the provider, a key strength of the platform as an organizing logic is the ability to unite and coordinate agents in the ecosystem towards its strategic goals [8].”
BackgroundThe Strategies of Technology Startups Within and Between Business Ecosystems
Tukiainen, T., Burström, T., & Lindell, M. (2019) · Technology Innovation Management Review · doi:10.22215/timreview/1247 · Cited by 11
“In practice, we believe that organizations develop networks that result in competitive advantage, new innovations, or both (Dyer & Singh, 1998; Gawer, 2014; Sharma & Henriques, 2005).”
BackgroundA typology of digital building technologies: Implications for policy and industry
Meuer, J., Toetzke, M., Nakhle, C., & Windeck, S. (2019) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/323/1/012053 · Cited by 11
“Second, to understand the technological, managerial, and regulatory challenges associated with digital trends in the building industry, we distinguish complementary from platform technologies and software-based from cyber-physical digital building technologies [5, 11].”
BackgroundUniversity Technology Platform of Anticipatory Learning
Gitelman, L. D., Sandler, D. G., & Kozhevnikov, M. V. (2016) · Economy of Regions · doi:10.17059/2016-1-20 · Cited by 11
Positioning Strategies in Emerging Industrial Ecosystems for Industry 4.0
Piller, F. T., Dyck, M. V., Lüttgens, D., & Diener, K. (2021) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2021.743 · Cited by 11
“Openness in general supports value creation (and, hence, is increasing platform value) by actively allowing the integration of innovations from third-party complementors [6, 19].”
BackgroundHow to Design IIoT-Platforms Your Partners are Eager to Join: Learnings from an Emerging Ecosystem
Guggenberger, T. M., Hunke, F., Möller, F., Eimer, A.-C., Satzger, G., & Otto, B. (2021) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86800-0_34 · Cited by 12
“Depending on the discipline, a platform can either refer to technological or economic models [22].”
BackgroundInfluentialAssessing the relationship between non-cash payments and various economic indicators
Kredina, A. A., Nurymova, S., Satybaldin, A. A., & Kireyeva, A. A. (2022) · Banks and Bank Systems · doi:10.21511/bbs.17(1).2022.06 · Cited by 11
“Moreover, with the help of these and other platforms, e-commerce of food, delivery, taxi, and other related areas flourished (De et al., 2020; Gawer, 2014).”
BackgroundArgyres, N., Nickerson, J. A., & Ozalp, H. (2022) · Industrial and Corporate Change · doi:10.1093/icc/dtac027 · Cited by 12
Reinventing the Platform Core Through Acquisition: A Case Study
Toppenberg, G. N., Henningsson, S., & Eaton, B. A. (2016) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2016.575 · Cited by 11
“Interpreting the collected data we draw on Gawer and Cusumano’s [13] concept of product coring as the strategy to transform a product into a platform to develop the notion of ‘coring acquisition’.”
BackgroundInfluentialDigitális átalakulás és a feldolgozóipari értékláncok új szereplői
Szalavetz, A. (2021) · Külgazdaság · doi:10.47630/kulg.2021.65.1-2.137 · Cited by 11
“A digitális korszakra leginkább jellemző üzletimodell-innováció a platformala - pú szerveződés, amelyben a központ a szolgáltatásai segítségével összefogja és koor - dinálja a hozzá kapcsolódó cégeket (Gawer, 2014).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Gawer, A.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gawer, Annabelle
- ORCID
- Gawer, Annabelle
- Venue
- Research Policy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1239-1249
- ISSN
- 0048-7333 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2052419127
- Cited by
- 1,869
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 184 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 193 · 2023: 213 · 2022: 223 · 2021: 274 · 2020: 197 · 2019: 137 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 153.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Research Policy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- EPSRC NEMODE Network+
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management of Technology and Innovation › Product Development and Customization
- Keywords
- technology platforms, technical architecture, platform competition, platform innovation, meta-organizations, economies of scope, modular architecture, core-periphery, platform classification, supply chain platforms, innovation ecosystems, integrative framework
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