Recombination in the open-ended value landscape of digital innovation

May combine two claims.

Innovation fundamentally involves recombination, and new products and services emerge from combining components in novel ways.

“Recombination is at the heart of innovation.”

• Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · plain

  “The idea that novel products and services derive from the carrying out of new combinations of components is enduring across disciplines.”

• cites Schumpeter (1934)Not checked yet

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• cites Yoo et al. (2010) sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Seminal innovation research assumes firms perform recombination, but the digital innovation literature acknowledges that other actors also mix and match.

“While a significant assumption in seminal innovation research is that firms carry out the recombination, however, the emerging digital innovation literature recognizes that firms are not the only actors mixing and matching.”

May combine two claims.

Digital resources can be edited and reprogrammed, and their functionality can be deferred until the point of use.

“At a time when digital resources are readily editable (Kallinikos et al. 2013), reprogrammable (Yoo et al. 2010), and functionality can be procrastinated until the point of use (Eaton et al. 2015;Henfridsson et al. 2014)”

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• cites Yoo et al. 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Eaton et al. 2015 sourceNot checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Use is no longer bounded by predefined products; instead, it involves digital resources that combine from the ground up.

“Consider that use is no longer defined by products with clear and pre-defined boundaries (Yoo et al. 2010), but hosts digital resources that come together and assemble a whole from the ground-up (cf. DeLanda 2006).”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Three types of actors are relevant: firms, individuals, and bots.

“We distinguish between three relevant actors: firms, individuals, and bots.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A cross-space value connection can involve a platform that distributes and enables use of a service.

“A value connection across value spaces (see Figure 1) may also involve a platform that enables a service to be distributed and used.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A value connection within the same value space can involve a horizontal standard that pools digital resources in a way that creates value.

“A value connection within the same value space (see Figure 1) may involve a horizontal (i.e.within the same space) standard that pools digital resources in a way that creates value.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The literature on digital architecture is underpinned by the notion of massive recombination, which gives digital architecture substantial influence in shaping a new value landscape.

“The idea of 'massive recombination' underpins the literature (cf.Flath et al. 2017), attributing to digital architecture much leverage in the formation of a new value landscape.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A digital resource belongs to one value space, can simultaneously participate in multiple value paths, and is generally product-agnostic.

“A digital resource (1) belongs to a specific value space, (2) hosts the potential to simultaneously be part of multiple value paths, and (3) is typically product-agnostic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The open-ended value landscape of digital innovation comprises multiple spaces, each containing many possibilities for value creation and capture.

“The open-ended value landscape of digital innovation is made up of multiple spaces, where each space hosts a multitude of possibilities for value creation and capture.”

May combine two claims.

The value of a digital innovation is not fixed by its original designer and extends beyond the initial offering.

“Yet, the value of the digital innovation is not pre-determined by the original designer but extends beyond the initial proposition (Tilson et al. 2010;Wareham et al. 2014;Yoo et al. 2010).”

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• cites Wareham et al. 2014 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Yoo et al. 2010 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Service innovation research emphasizes that value is created in use by multiple actors, making digital innovation a collaborative process of resource integration.

“The emerging literature on service innovation (Barrett et al. 2015;Lusch and Nambisan 2015), including work on value cocreation (Grover and Kohli 2012;Sarker et al. 2012), underlines how value is created in use by many actors, suggesting that digital innovation is a collaborative effort of integrating resources (see Malhotra et al. 2005).”

• cites Barrett et al. 2015 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Lusch and Nambisan 2015 sourceNot checked yet

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• cites Malhotra et al. 2005 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A digital innovation results from activities that recombine a set of digital resources in both design and use through connections across value spaces.

“We think of a digital innovation as the outcome of the activities by which a set of digital resources are recombined in both design and use through connections across value spaces.”

May combine two claims.

User growth is accompanied by network effects, which raise the marginal value for new users to join.

“The growth of users is accompanied by network effects (Parker and Van Alstyne 2005), that is, it increases the marginal value for new users to join.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The value of a digital innovation can be understood as a desired change in an actor's state within a specific use context, arising from value paths offered through design recombination and built through use recombination.

“This leads us to view the value of a digital innovation as a change in state desired by an actor in a particular use context resulting from the value paths offered by actors doing design recombination and the value paths built by connecting digital resources in use ( use recombination”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Managing such expansion requires new forms of governance, entrepreneurship, and digital innovation management.

“It therefore requires new forms of governance (Tiwana 2016;Tiwana et al. 2010), entrepreneurship (Nambisan 2017), and digital innovation management (Nambisan et al. 2017).”

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May combine two claims.

Path channeling can build information assets by collecting user information at various stages, which can improve targeted advertising and be sold to third parties.

“First, path channeling promises to build information assets by obtaining user information at different stages such a sign-up to use a particular digital resource.Such information assets can be used to improve the precision by which advertising is targeting specific users.The information can also be put on sale to third-parties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Actors carry out value creation and capture activities both within and across value spaces.

“Actors perform value creation and capture activities within and across value spaces.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Actors engage in at least three activities: design recombination, use recombination, and paths channeling.

“These actors engage in at least three types of activities: design recombination, use recombination, and paths channeling.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Value spaces correspond to four loosely coupled layers of digital architecture: contents, service, networks, and device.

“As outlined in Figure 1, these spaces map onto the four loosely coupled layers of digital architecture (Benkler 2006;Yoo et al. 2010), namely: contents, service, networks, and device.”

• cites Benkler 2006Not checked yet

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May combine two claims.

Expanding across digital technology layers involves nascent or non-existent markets and creates value-creation opportunities that are difficult to identify beforehand.

“Such expansion involves non-existent, or nascent, markets and presents new opportunities for value creation (Bharadwaj et al. 2013), which cannot be easily identified ex ante.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The intersection of design recombination and use recombination can be conceptualized as a multidimensional space of possible value.

“In doing this, we draw on the non-essentialist view of digital resources (cf.DeLanda 2006) to think of the meeting point between design recombination and use recombination as a multidimensional space of possible value.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the actor controlling a digital resource, value intensity offers a rough estimate of how successful they have been in generating value in use.

“For the actor controlling a particular digital resource, this provides a rough estimate of how successful they have been in generating value in use for actors consuming that resource.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is possible to aggregate many users' use recombinations into a single measure.

“This could be done by identifying aggregated measures, where many users' use recombinations are collected into a single measure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The analysis can be extended to cover recombination with resources belonging to other actors' offerings.

“Such analysis can be further expanded to include how recombination is done with resources belonging to other actors' offerings.”

May combine two claims.

Attempts to capture value from another actor's user base are possible and have become an important aspect of competitive strategies.

“Since relations between digital resources are only contingently obligatory (Delanda 2006;Um 2016), such attempts to capture value from someone else's user base are not only possible, but have emerged as an important aspect of competitive strategies.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Firms aim to capture value from digital innovation.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The value spaces framework is a tool for understanding the open-ended landscape of digital innovation.

“We propose the value spaces framework as a tool with which to understand the new open-ended landscape of digital innovation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Value scope indicates how agnostic a digital resource is and its potential to expand into different functional areas.

“This will indicate both the digital resource's degree of agnosticism (Yoo et al. 2010), and its potential to branch out into different functional areas.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Recombination creates and captures new value by combining components in novel ways.

“Recombination is essentially about creating and capturing new value by weaving components together in new ways.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Representing each use recombination as a string of binary variables allows a recombinatorial analysis of a design offering.

“For instance, treating each use recombination as a string of binary variables, it would be possible to do a recombinatorial investigation of #D1 in Figure 4.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Platform envelopment is described as a firm leveraging shared relationships from overlapping user bases to envelop an existing provider's service by replicating functionality in a multiplatform bundle.

“Platform envelopment is described in the literature as a firm leveraging the shared relationships created by overlapping user bases to envelop the service offered by an existing provider by, for example, replicating the functionality of their existing platform as part of a multiplatform bundle.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Such analysis improves the ability to decide pricing and monetization of digital innovations.

“This will significantly improve the possibility to decide upon pricing and ways to monetize digital innovations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Greater latitude for different uses through value connections corresponds to greater generative potential.

“The greater the latitude for different uses through value connections, the greater their generative potential.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The framework extends layered modular architecture research by providing terminology to describe ensembles as interaction between design and use recombination.

“Our framework extends the research on layered modular architecture by offering a straightforward terminology to describe and explain the emergence of such ensembles in terms of interaction between design recombination and use recombination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Once a firm offers a value path, it is important to attract users engaged in use recombination to include parts or the entire offering in their value path based on other actors' offerings.

“important to identify ways to attract users engaged in use recombination to include parts, or ideally the entire, offering in their value path based on some other actors' offering(s).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Users recombine digital resources from different offerings into individual value paths.

May combine two claims.

Value intensity can be increased by lowering the threshold for connecting through a digital resource, which can be supported by designing boundary resources.

“One way to increase the value intensity would be to decrease the threshold for a making a connection through the digital resource.Such support can be facilitated by designing support resources, such as boundary resources (Ghazawneh and Henfridsson 2013), that improve access and make the resource more attractive.”

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Boundary resources like APIs can be purposefully designed with broader appeal to extend scope beyond the innovation's original functional area.

“Boundary resources, such as APIs, can be purposefully designed to have a broader appeal so as to increase scope beyond the original functional area of the innovation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Resources in envelopment seek to substitute a competitor-dominated value path with an alternative linked to a wider array of resources, giving greater value scope.

“These resources seek to substitute a value path currently dominated by a competitor with an alternative value path which is linked to a wider array of resources and therefore enjoys greater value scope than the competitor's path.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The design-use overlap measure gives a more detailed view of a digital service and how adoption is distributed across its constituent digital resources.

“This measure provides a more detailed look at a digital service (as a combination of digital resources) and the way in which its adoption is actually distributed across its digital resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The research direction complements existing thinking on massive recombination and resource integration.

“The research direction posed by this research commentary complements existing thinking on massive recombination (Flath et al. 2017;Yoo et al. 2010;Yoo et al. 2012) and resource integration (e.g.Lusch and Nambisan 2015).”

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• cites Lusch and Nambisan 2015 sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Using digital resources as the unit of analysis, the value spaces framework helps clarify how resources assemble a whole from the ground up.

“Using digital resources as the unit of analysis, the value spaces framework helps to make clear how such resources come together and assemble a whole from the ground-up.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The value spaces framework offers concepts for assessing outcomes: value intensity, value scope, and design-use value paths overlap.

“The value spaces framework offers a set of concepts for assessing the outcomes of digital innovation: value intensity, value scope, and design-use value paths overlap.”

May combine two claims.

Simply pursuing larger numbers of users as a way to create network effects, or using user numbers as a success metric, may be profoundly misleading.

“That analysis suggests that simply pursuing larger numbers of users as a way of creating network effects, or using such numbers as a metric of success, may be profoundly misleading.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The value spaces framework provides an artifact-centered vocabulary with explanatory potential for models of digital innovation.

“The value spaces framework seeks to stimulate further thinking in this direction by providing an artifactcentered vocabulary that nevertheless offers explanatory potential for models of digital innovation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Research using sequence analysis epitomizes the advance of computational methods by importing theoretical backdrops from evolutionary theory and complexity science.

“While still in its early stages, research using sequence analysis (Gaskin et al. 2014), for instance, epitomizes this advance, as it seeks to import new theoretical backdrops from evolutionary theory and complexity science (Yoo 2012).”

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The value spaces framework leverages the design/use distinction to meet theoretical and practical concerns as actors face a disorienting open-ended value landscape.

“The value spaces framework leverages this distinction to meet both theoretical and practical concerns, as a growing range of actors now find themselves in a new but also often disorienting and complex open-ended value landscape of digital innovation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

It allows forensic examination of how adoption is distributed across digital resources via the one-to-many relationship for any design recombination.

“In particular, it allows for a more forensic examination of how the innovation's adoption is distributed across digital resources, by facilitating analysis of the one-to-many relationship for any design recombination.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Value unfolding extends over time and across value space as new value connections and paths evolve in the open-ended landscape.

“Value unfolding extends over time and across value space as new value connections and value paths evolve in the open-ended landscape.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Even actors in established industries such as automotive confront troubling valuation challenges.

“In fact, even actors in extant industries such as the automotive sector, characterized by established models of value creation and capture, confront troubling valuation challenges.”

May combine two claims.

As digital innovation spans organizational and industry boundaries and involves multi-vectored value paths, there is a strong case for viewing the digital resource or artifact as a key object of value connections and a crucial point for data collection.

“As digital innovation spans organizational, and even industry, boundaries and involves multi-vectored value paths, there is a strong case for viewing the digital resource, or the artifact, not only as a key object of value connections but as a crucial point for data collection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Such overlap signals points where access to user value paths by different actors could be monetized.

“Such an overlap effectively signals points at which the access to user value paths by different actors (users and firms) could be monetized.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Firms aim to capture value from digital innovation.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It adopts a vocabulary allowing a more granular and combinatorial understanding of value.

“It does so by adopting a vocabulary that allows a more granular and combinatorial understanding of value.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Actors in an open-ended value landscape will seek to develop the attractiveness of their digital resource for actors seeking new value connections and generating value paths.

“With this in mind, actors in an open-ended value landscape will seek to develop the attractiveness of their digital resource for actors seeking new value connections and generating value paths.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Firms aim to capture value from digital innovation.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Design-use value paths overlap offers traction for assessing a digital innovation as a combination of digital resources.

“The notion, described earlier (Figure 4), of design-use value paths overlap offers significant traction for anyone intending to conduct a detailed assessment of a digital innovation as a combination of digital resources.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

These outcome measures flow from the distinction and interplay between design and use recombination.

“This set of measures of the outcome of digital innovation flow from the distinction and interplay between design recombination and use recombination.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In contrast to the service-dominant view, the digital spaces framework takes digital resources rather than actors as a starting-point for exploring outcomes of digital innovation.

“Lastly, in contrast to, for instance, the service-dominant view, the digital spaces framework takes digital resources rather than actors as a starting-point in exploring the outcomes of digital innovation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Detailed analysis of the meeting-point of an offering and its uses opens the possibility of new forms of valuation for digital innovation.

“Moreover, detailed analysis of the meeting-point of an offering and the many uses of the digital resources in the offering opens up the possibility of new forms of valuation for digital innovation.”