Content Creators Between Platform Control and User Autonomy: The Role of Algorithms and Revenue Sharing

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Revenue-sharing social media platforms allow users to generate income on digital platforms by providing content and receiving payment from advertising revenues.

“Revenue-sharing social media platforms allow users to generate income on digital platforms by providing content and receiving payment from advertising revenues.”

• cites Cutolo and Kenney 2021 sourceCould not verify

  The available indexed copy contains repository metadata and a link to an accepted manuscript, but no article text. Searches for revenue-sharing social media platforms and advertising payments to content creators found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Tang et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

More people are expected to work on digital platforms in the next few years.

“more people are expected to work on digital platforms in the next few years”

• cites European Commission 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mäntymäki et al. 2019 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says an increasing number of people globally obtain income from platform-enabled work. That supports the direction of the claim, but the paper does not make a prediction about the next few years. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Paradoxes arise when two opposing elements are fundamentally linked to each other and coexist.

“paradoxes arise when two opposing elements are fundamentally linked to each other and coexist”

• cites Smith and Lewis 2011 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Other studies have found that content creators are 'leveraging algorithms' and 'working around the algorithm' by constantly uploading, A/B testing, and diversifying their incomes.

“Other studies have found that content creators are ‘leveraging algorithms’ (Kellogg et al. 2020, p. 391) and ‘working around the algorithm’ (Curchod et al. 2020, p. 17) by constantly uploading (Arriagada and Ibáñez 2020), A/B testing (Cotter 2019), and diversifying their incomes (Cutolo and Kenney 2021).”

• cites Kellogg et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Curchod et al. 2020 sourcePartly supported

  The section “Sellers’ Working around the Algorithm” (p. 27) uses that phrase for practices by eBay sellers to mitigate power asymmetries. It does not establish the claim for content creators as a group. The uploading, A/B testing, and income-diversification examples are attached to other citations, not to Curchod et al. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Arriagada and Ibáñez 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Previous literature has identified A/B testing, algorithmic gossip, and leveraging algorithms as coping mechanisms.

“Previous literature has already identified A/B testing (Cotter 2019), algorithmic gossip (Bishop 2019), and leveraging algorithms (Kellogg et al. 2020) as coping mechanisms.”

• cites Cotter 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bishop 2019 sourceSupported
• cites Kellogg et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Regularity-versus-scheduling-autonomy tension connects to techno-invasion of technostress and digital detox because activities regularly required by the platform blur boundaries between work and [cut off].

“Regularity-versus-scheduling-autonomy tension connects to the ‘techno-invasion of technostress’ (Adam et al. 2017, p. 280) and ‘digital detox’ (Mirbabaie et al. 2022, p. 239) because the activities regularly required by the platform (Arriagada and Ibáñez 2020) blur the boundaries between work and”

• cites Adam et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mirbabaie et al. 2022 sourceSupported
• cites Arriagada and Ibáñez 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Algorithmic distribution ties in with other studies of user perception and folk theories about curation algorithms, where users puzzle over distribution of content.

“Algorithmic distribution ties in with other studies of user perception and folk theories about curation algorithms (Alvarado et al. 2020; DeVito et al. 2017; Eslami et al. 2016), where users puzzle over the distribution of content.”

• cites Alvarado et al. 2020 sourceSupported
• cites DeVito et al. 2017 sourceSupported
• cites Eslami et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Our study offers further evidence on strategies for resolving tensions and empirically reinforces some of Cutolo and Kenney's (2021) diversification strategies.

“Our study also offers further evidence on strategies for resolving tensions and empirically reinforces some of Cutolo and Kenney’s (2021) diversification strategies.”

• cites Cutolo and Kenney’s (2021) sourceCould not verify

  The available passages from our copy are repository metadata, not the article’s discussion of strategies. A search for “diversification strategies” and “diversification” returned no passage establishing whether Cutolo and Kenney propose such strategies, so the attributed point cannot be verified from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Gregor's (2006) landmark typology of theories, our study contributes a Type II theory.

“In Gregor’s (2006) landmark typology of theories, our study contributes a Type II theory.”

• cites Gregor (2006) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Both CPM fluctuations and platform unpredictability lead content creators to develop different revenue streams and reduce their engagement with the platform.

“Both issues lead content creators to develop different revenue streams (Cutolo and Kenney 2021) and reduce their engagement with the platform.”

• cites Cutolo and Kenney 2021 sourceCould not verify

  The supplied passages contain a repository listing and a link to the manuscript, but no substantive passage from the paper. Searches for CPM fluctuations, platform unpredictability, and diversified revenue streams found no passage addressing the part attached to this citation: developing different revenue streams. The available copy therefore cannot verify the attribution. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

All interviewees said they take preferred days or frequencies as a rule of thumb and could deviate from them.

“However, all interviewees said they take it as a rule of thumb and could also deviate from them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In spring 2020, when many European countries imposed lockdown regulations due to COVID-19, their CPM fell massively.

“In the spring of 2020, when many European countries had imposed lockdown regulations due to the COVID-19 pandemic, their CPM fell massively.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some content creators focused on the search algorithm because it mainly used keywords and was easiest to control.

“Some reported that they focused on the search algorithm because it mainly used keywords and was the easiest to control.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Content creators noted it was important to plan content for the long term because videos could still be picked up after years and offered to the target group.

“Content creators also noted that it was important to plan content for the long term because videos could still be picked up after years and offered to the target group:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

CPM-related fluctuations are ascribed to topics, geography, seasons, advertising and other industries, technical problems, and unknown causes.

“CPM-related fluctuations are additionally ascribed to topics, geography, seasons, advertising and other industries, technical problems, and unknown causes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One content creator's successful video suddenly stopped generating revenue.

“One content creator’s successful video suddenly stopped generating revenue.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

As content creators built a community, optimisation of metrics lost importance and they could fall back on experience.

“As content creators built a community, the optimisation of metrics lost more and more importance, and content creators could now fall back on their experience:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A content creator told us that the most critical games in the gaming industry are released between October and December, which is why they earn the most income at this time.

“A content creator told us that the most critical games in the gaming industry are released between October and December, which is why they earn the most income at this time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

After changing the channel name, although content and style did not change, views and subscriber growth halved.

“Although the content and style of the channel had not changed, the number of views and the growth of subscribers halved.”

May combine two claims.

One content creator described how YouTube regularly informed them about changes on the platform and would demonetise or delete critical content that violated their policies.

“One described how YouTube regularly informed them about changes on the platform and would also demonetise or delete critical content that violated their policies.”

May combine two claims.

For content creators, it was increasingly difficult to stand out because competition increased, but content quality also improved.

“For content creators, it was increasingly difficult to stand out because the competition increased, but the quality of the content also improved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Several content creators emphasised that competition was crucial and the algorithm favoured the best overall quality video.

“Several content creators emphasised that competition was also crucial, and the algorithm favoured the best overall quality video.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some content creators used external analysis tools to obtain suggestions for titles.

“To obtain suggestions for titles, they used external analysis tools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When content was regularly uploaded, content creators noticed each video received more traffic, which they attributed to algorithmic distribution.

“When content was regularly uploaded to the platform, they noticed that each of their videos received more traffic, which they attributed to the distribution of the algorithm.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Content creators could not explain why old videos suddenly gained views and suspected a threshold had been exceeded, causing the algorithm to capture and distribute the video.

“Content creators could not explain this phenomenon and suspected a threshold had been exceeded, which was why the algorithm captured the video and distributed it on the platform.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

When expanding channel variety, videos received consistently lower views and only reached more users after two years.

“When expanding channel variety, the videos received consistently lower views and only reached more users after two years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Content creators were asked to complete a questionnaire before each upload indicating whether graphic violence, sexual content, or the like occurred in the video.

“Content creators were also asked to complete a questionnaire before each upload indicating whether graphic violence, sexual content, or the like occurred in the video.”

May combine two claims.

Some content creators looked at metrics but did not aim for in-depth analysis and regularly checked just a few metrics.

“Some told us that they looked at the metrics but did not aim for an in-depth analysis of the numbers and regularly checked just a few metrics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many content creators were on several platforms.

“Many content creators were on several platforms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Content creators felt different platforms had different preferences and therefore algorithms were designed differently.

“They felt that the different platforms had different preferences and therefore that the algorithms were designed differently.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Content creators reported compensation was higher in technology-driven and business channels.

“Content creators reported that compensation would be higher in technology-driven and business channels.”

May combine two claims.

On YouTube, some content creators saw themselves as confronted with one algorithm, while others spoke of multiple algorithms: home page, suggested videos, and search results.

“On YouTube, some content creators saw themselves as confronted with one algorithm, while others spoke of multiple algorithms: home page, suggested videos, and search results.”

May combine two claims.

All content creators described similar routines and aimed for a frequency that repeated daily, weekly, or monthly.

“All content creators described similar routines to us and aimed for a frequency that repeated daily, weekly, or monthly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

It is reported that measures could be taken retroactively through the platform, and content was demonetised even though it had been on the platform for several months or years.

“It is also reported that measures could be taken retroactively through the platform, and content was demonetised even though it had been on the platform for several months or years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Content creators who ran their own businesses often bundled certain tasks and used certain times to produce multiple videos, called 'batch recording' or 'batch editing'.

“Content creators who ran their own businesses in particular often bundled certain tasks and used certain times to produce multiple videos. They called this ‘batch recording’ or ‘batch editing’ (CC05, Amateur).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A content creator told us that the click-through rate dropped by 30 per cent for two days; a bug caused this and the platform later fixed it.

“A content creator told us that the click-through rate dropped by 30 per cent for two days. A bug caused this, and the platform later fixed it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

If the target group is a demographic with little to no income, such as children, the CPM was lower.

“However, if the target group is a demographic with little to no income, such as children, the CPM was also lower.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A content creator with broader reach reported greatest variance was geographical and they received less for a video most viewed in India than for the same views in the United States.

“A content creator with a broader reach told us that their greatest variance was geographical and that they received less for a video that was most viewed in India than for the same number of views in the United States of America.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The role of algorithmic control may depend on the number of subscribers.

“There are also statements suggesting that the role of algorithmic control could depend on the number of subscribers.”

May combine two claims.

Fluctuations in income only occurred when content creators had not posted any content, and they could explain these slumps with their inactivity.

“Fluctuations in income only occurred when the content creators had not posted any content, and they could explain these slumps with their inactivity.”

May combine two claims.

Two types of monetary control were detected: CPM-related fluctuations and advertiser-friendliness.

“Two types of monetary control were detected: Cost per mille (CPM)-related fluctuations and advertiser-friendliness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

They refrained from taking up serious topics and did not consider them because sophisticated content did not appeal to the audience enough.

“They refrained from taking up serious topics and did not consider them because sophisticated content did not appeal to the audience enough:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A content creator compared YouTube to streaming platforms such as Twitch and added that streamers experience a disadvantage due to absence.

“A content creator compared YouTube to streaming platforms such as Twitch and added that streamers experience a disadvantage due to absence.”

May combine two claims.

Revenue sharing is perceived as unreliable in encouraging content creation, which is why content creators rely on other sources of income.

“Revenue sharing is perceived as unreliable in encouraging content creation, which is why content creators rely on other sources of income.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Content creators feel the need to become more professional, design their content independently, and develop work routines and habits individually.

“Content creators feel the need to become more professional, design their content independently, and develop work routines and habits individually (Polites and Karahanna 2013).”

• cites Polites and Karahanna 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Two of the content creators interviewed had already dealt with the question of what would happen to their channels if they had an accident or could no longer shoot videos due to illness.

“Two of the content creators interviewed had already dealt with the question of what would happen to their channels if they had an accident or could no longer shoot videos due to illness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This step had to be planned and done slowly so the audience could become accustomed to it.

“However, this step had to be planned and done slowly so the audience could become accustomed to it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

They reiterated that finding the right target group for their content was crucial.

“They reiterated that finding the right target group for their content was crucial.”

May combine two claims.

The research observed that content creators strive to be pioneers and try out new features and platforms.

“Our research also observed that content creators strive to be pioneers and try out new features and platforms.”

May combine two claims.

Because none of the content creators described such specifications and the platform's instructions confirmed this, work methods autonomy is evidently irrelevant to the research focus.

“Because none of the content creators described such specifications and the instructions for use on the platform’s website (YouTube Help: Upload videos. https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/57407?hl=en&ref_topic=9257439, Accessed 13 May 2022) confirmed this, work methods autonomy is evidently irrelevant to our research focus.”

• cites YouTube Help: Upload videos. https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/57407?hl=en&ref_topic=9257439, Accessed 13 May 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

More established content creators do without external tools and tests or draw on their experience.

“In contrast, more established content creators do without it or draw on their experience.”

May combine two claims.

Apart from the community guidelines, platforms do not provide rules for content, which is why content creators remain relatively free in their content creation.

“Apart from the community guidelines, platforms do not provide rules (Cotter 2019) for content, which is why content creators remain relatively free in their content creation.”

• cites Cotter 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Content creators had interrupted their holidays to produce up-to-the-minute content or worked through the night to enable timely content creation.

“One of the most striking examples was that content creators had interrupted their holidays to produce up-to-the-minute content or that they worked through the night to enable timely content creation.”

May combine two claims.

This content was less up to date, but it was important to content creators that the algorithm would notice they were still active.

“This content was less up to date, but it was important to the content creators that the algorithm would notice that they were still active.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Content creators can be divided into three groups depending on how they adjust their content: search algorithm-driven, recommendation algorithm-driven, and community-driven.

“In general, content creators can be divided into three groups depending on how they adjust their content: search algorithm-driven, recommendation algorithm-driven, and community-driven.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A content creator described that they had reduced their workload and introduced new presenters on their channel.

“A content creator described that they had reduced their workload and introduced new presenters on their channel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These strategies are not applied consistently and have varying degrees of effectiveness.

“These strategies are not applied consistently and have varying degrees of effectiveness.”

May combine two claims.

Content quality increases through the content creators' experience over time and is not promoted by incentivisation.

“Our findings show that the content quality increases through the content creators’ experience over time and is not promoted by incentivisation.”

May combine two claims.

Thematically similar content is promoted, and diversity is limited.

“Thematically similar content is promoted, and diversity is limited.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Viewers would not adapt to new people quickly, which is why they were still shooting videos but not as often as before.

“Viewers would not adapt to new people quickly, which is why they were still shooting videos but not as often as before.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Content creators seek to shine a light inside the black box by trying out new content, improving metrics, and professionalising the presentation of their content.

“They seek to shine a light inside the black box by trying out new content, improving metrics, and professionalising the presentation of their content.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Content creators who earn their income on platforms try to illuminate the complex control mechanisms with various measures to discover which strategies help them.

“Because platforms and their control mechanisms represent a complex environment, content creators who earn their income on these platforms try to illuminate the complex control mechanisms with various measures to discover which strategies help them.”

May combine two claims.

Content creators reported that new content received fewer views than their other content and was detected by the algorithm only with a time delay.

“Content creators reported that new content received fewer views than their other content and was detected by the algorithm only with a time delay.”

May combine two claims.

Punishments continue to be effective and content creators deliberately try to be classified as advertiser friendly.

“We also reinforce Lin et al.’s (2022) study that punishments continue to be effective and content creators deliberately try to be classified as advertiser friendly (Caplan and Gillespie 2020, p. 4).”

• cites Lin et al. (2022) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Caplan and Gillespie 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Whether intervention in leisure time was perceived as disturbing could not be determined because some also perceived it as part of their personality.

“Whether this intervention in leisure time was perceived as disturbing by the content creators could not be determined because some also perceived it as part of their personality.”

May combine two claims.

Platforms do not distinguish content that serves to educate people, such as news coverage, sex education, and war crimes, which means that this content is also negatively affected.

“For example, the platforms do not distinguish content that serves to educate people, such as news coverage, sex education, and war crimes, which means that this content is also negatively affected.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Others emphasised that it is very important to look for reliable partners outside of YouTube in order to establish long-term collaborations and derive income streams from several sources.

“Others also emphasised that it is very important to look for reliable partners outside of YouTube in order to establish long-term collaborations and derive income streams from several sources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Over time, they could continue to withdraw because the new presenters had established themselves and even built up fanbases.

“Over time, they could continue to withdraw because the new presenters had established themselves and even built up fanbases.”

May combine two claims.

Established content creators are also exposed to fluctuations in the numbers of views and could not explain certain developments in the numbers.

“Nevertheless, established content creators are also exposed to fluctuations in the numbers of views and could not explain certain developments in the numbers to us.”

May combine two claims.

Incentivisation still certainly promotes or punishes content.

“However, incentivisation still certainly promotes or punishes content (Caplan and Gillespie 2020; Lin et al. 2022).”

• cites Caplan and Gillespie 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lin et al. 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Once a certain reach had been built, the search algorithm played a less important role, and content creators could rely on views by subscribers.

“Once a certain reach had been built, the search algorithm played a less important role, and the content creators could rely on the number of views by the subscribers.”

May combine two claims.

According to content creators, the algorithm rewards regularity, which was why many felt obliged to upload content regularly.

“According to the content creators, the algorithm rewards regularity, which was why many felt obliged to upload content regularly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

They switched to English, which a much larger audience could understand and thus boosted the reception of their content.

“They switched to English, which a much larger audience could understand and thus boosted the reception of their content.”

May combine two claims.

Although content creators could see through analytics which content was positively received and had large reach, some decided to disregard these metrics.

“Although content creators were able to see through the analytics which content was positively received by the users and had gained a large reach, some decided to disregard these metrics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

They reported that their viewers would better receive more concise information and that their metrics also supported this perception.

“They reported that their viewers would better receive more concise information and that their metrics also supported this perception.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The community guidelines of the social media platforms are culturally characterised mainly by a US-centred or Americentric worldview, which may restrict content with contrasting perspectives and opinions from other cultures and countries.

“In addition, the community guidelines of the social media platforms are also culturally characterised mainly by a US-centred or Americentric worldview, which may restrict content with contrasting perspectives and opinions from other cultures and countries.”

May combine two claims.

If they could not determine what led to poorer reception, they would try out new ideas to keep their audience interested.

“If they could not determine what led to a poorer reception of the content, they would try out new ideas to keep their audience interested in their content.”

May combine two claims.

Content creators appealed to different audiences; either they built a community linearly and steadily, or they targeted a foreign audience with a specific algorithm.

“Content creators appealed to different audiences. Either they could build a community, which happened linearly and steadily, or they could try to target a foreign audience with a specific algorithm (i.e. home page, suggested videos, and search results).”

May combine two claims.

It was striking that many content creators had various income streams, and many ran their own businesses or sold their own products.

“It was striking that many content creators had various income streams, and many ran their own businesses or sold their own products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Self-centred measures include improving metrics, pre-production, and being a pioneer.

“Self-centred measures include improving metrics, pre-production, and being a pioneer.”

May combine two claims.

These paradoxical tensions involve algorithm versus audience, regularity versus scheduling autonomy, and analytics versus decision-making autonomy.

“These paradoxical tensions involve algorithm versus audience, regularity versus scheduling autonomy, and analytics versus decision-making autonomy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Extraneous measures include creating other businesses, selling products, and accepting sponsorships.

“Extraneous measures include creating other businesses, selling products, and accepting sponsorships.”

May combine two claims.

Revenue sharing has an impact on the behaviour of content creators but is not sufficient to earn a living.

“Our study shows that revenue sharing has an impact on the behaviour of content creators but that it is not sufficient to earn a living.”

May combine two claims.

We conducted interviews with content creators and found conflicts of interest in paradoxical tensions between control and autonomy.

“We conducted interviews with content creators and found conflicts of interest in paradoxical tensions between control and autonomy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

When resolving tensions, content creators first resort to self-centred factors that they can influence themselves before considering extraneous elements.

“When resolving tensions, content creators first resort to self-centred factors that they can influence themselves before considering extraneous elements.”

May combine two claims.

Although some fluctuations, such as those caused by seasonal changes and advertising and other industries, are repeated, the proximity to the advertiser unsettles the content creators.

“Although some fluctuations, such as those caused by seasonal changes and advertising and other industries, are repeated, the proximity to the advertiser unsettles the content creators.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

On social media platforms, content creators may achieve various aspects of autonomy.

“On social media platforms, content creators may achieve various aspects of autonomy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Previous studies have not consistently shown that the quality of content changes as a result of revenue sharing.

“previous studies have not consistently shown that the quality of content changes as a result of revenue sharing”

• cites Chen et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Liu and Feng 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Job autonomy is a multidimensional construct composed of scheduling autonomy, decision-making autonomy, and work methods autonomy.

“Job autonomy can be understood as a multidimensional construct (Weber et al. 2020) which is composed of three dimensions: scheduling autonomy, including scheduling, planning, and prioritising of tasks; decision-making autonomy, using personal initiative or judgment to make decisions; and work methods autonomy, choosing procedures and methods for performing tasks”

• cites Breaugh 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Morgeson and Humphrey 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ye and Kankanhalli 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The direct effect of algorithmic control is the distribution of content on the platform.

“The direct effect of algorithmic control is the distribution of content on the platform.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Job autonomy describes a job's freedom, independence, and the discretion an employee has in planning and executing their activities.

“job autonomy describes a job’s freedom, independence, and the discretion an employee has in planning and executing their activities”

• cites Hackman and Oldham 1975 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Both platform and tension literature acknowledge control and autonomy as a paradox.

“Both platform and tension literature acknowledge control and autonomy as a paradox”

• cites Mini and Widjaja 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The study applied two types of theoretical sampling: classical theoretical sampling to verify main categories and a light form of theoretical sampling throughout data collection.

“We applied two types of theoretical sampling according to grounded theory and theory building.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

To ensure that findings are reliable and differentiated, stereotypic personas for different types of content creators were defined.

“To ensure that our findings are reliable and differentiated, we defined stereotypic personas for different types of content creators.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Paradoxes have been described as being managed by three response strategies: either-or, both-and, and more-than.

“Paradoxes have been described as being managed by three response strategies: First, ‘either-or’ approaches consider the elements of the paradox to be independent of each other and try to resolve the tension by favouring one element over the other”

• cites Putnam et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Content creators may have decision-making autonomy if the platform does not restrict certain content.

“Content creators may also have decision-making autonomy if the platform does not restrict certain content.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Perceived autonomy is divided into scheduling autonomy and decision-making autonomy.

“Table 6 summarises the findings of perceived autonomy, which in turn is divided into scheduling autonomy and decision-making autonomy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

To further prevent preconceptions, the interviews were discussed within the research team and each other's codes were reviewed in a double-coding step.

“To further prevent preconceptions, we discussed the interviews within the research team and reviewed each other’s codes in a double-coding step.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Decision-making autonomy includes how content creators design their content, what they show or discuss, and which audience they want to address.

“Decision-making autonomy includes how content creators design their content, what they show or discuss in their videos, and which audience they want to address.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Content creators are exposed to dynamic pricing, expressed by the cost per thousand impressions or the cost per mille (CPM).

“content creators are exposed to dynamic pricing, expressed by the cost per thousand impressions or the cost per mille (CPM)”

• cites Asdemir et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Choi et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Data collection was completed and theoretical saturation was reached when no new properties and only more instances of the core categories appeared.

“We completed our data collection and reached theoretical saturation when no new properties and only more instances of the core categories appeared (Charmaz 2014; Urquhart 2022).”

• cites Charmaz 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Urquhart 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Content creators strive for autonomy in the generation and uploading of their content.

“they strive for autonomy in the generation and uploading of their content”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Content creators are subject to the influences of algorithmic control of the platform.

“Content creators are subject to the influences of algorithmic control of the platform.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

How content creators experience algorithmic control and incentivisation and whether they feel restricted in their autonomy and adapt their behaviour accordingly is poorly understood.

“How content creators experience algorithmic control and incentivisation and whether they feel restricted in their autonomy and adapt their behaviour accordingly is as yet poorly understood.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Scheduling autonomy for content creators includes upload frequency, working hours, and scheduling tasks and workdays.

“Scheduling autonomy for content creators includes upload frequency, working hours, and scheduling tasks and workdays.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Algorithms influence how successful particular content will be.

“The algorithms influence how successful particular content will be.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Platforms must satisfy several interests and distribute content that is conducive to the interests, policies, and goals of platform owners and advertisers.

“Platforms must therefore satisfy several interests. They not only weigh the interests of users but also distribute content that is conducive to the interests, policies, and goals of platform owners and advertisers.”

May combine two claims.

Content is rewarded or punished by incentivisation, which may limit content creators' autonomy.

“content is certainly rewarded or punished by incentivisation (Caplan and Gillespie 2020), which may limit content creators’ autonomy”

• cites Caplan and Gillespie 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Monetary incentives seem to increase the number of stock recommendations but reduce content contribution in online review communities.

“Monetary incentives seem to increase the number of stock recommendations (Chen et al. 2019) but reduce content contribution in online review communities (Sun et al. 2017).”

• cites Chen et al. 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sun et al. 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Content creators may have work methods autonomy if they specify the equipment, such as studio, camera, sound, and image resolution, entirely themselves.

“content creators may have work methods autonomy if they specify the equipment, such as studio, camera, sound, and image resolution, entirely themselves”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Incentivisation is a common means of mitigating the principal-agent problem by aligning the actions of the agents with the goals of the principals.

“Incentivisation is a common means of mitigating the principal–agent problem (Arthur and Jelf 1999; Atkinson et al. 1988; Black and Lynch 2004; Mortimer 2008) by aligning the actions of the agents with the goals of the principals.”

• cites Arthur and Jelf 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Atkinson et al. 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Black and Lynch 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

CPM changes and is determined by time, place, and display.

“It is in the nature of CPM that it changes and is determined by time, place, and display”

• cites Choi et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Autonomy is one of the three psychological needs that increase self-motivation and improve well-being in self-determination theory.

“autonomy being one of the three psychological needs that increase self-motivation and improve well-being”

• cites Ryan and Deci 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A demonetised video is still available and can be watched, but it has violated YouTube's content policies and does not generate advertising revenue.

“If a video is demonetised, it is still available and can be watched, but it has violated YouTube’s content policies for inappropriate language, violence, or adult content”

• cites YouTube HelpNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Knowing the nature of the algorithm is crucial for content creators to align their content with the platform owners' interests.

“Knowing the nature of the algorithm is crucial for them to align their content with the platform owners’ interests.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

An important aspect of algorithmic control is the distribution of content.

“An important aspect of algorithmic control is the distribution of content.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Advertiser-friendly content complies with YouTube's content policies and is approved for advertising revenue.

“The content complies with YouTube’s content policies and is approved for advertising revenue”

• cites Caplan and Gillespie 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

YouTube uses different levels of compensation, ranging from demonetised to advertiser friendly.

“YouTube uses different levels of compensation, ranging from ‘demonetised’ to ‘advertiser friendly’.”

• cites Caplan and Gillespie 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Content creators have scheduling autonomy because they may plan and create content independently.

“They have scheduling autonomy because they may plan and create content independently.”

May combine two claims.

Directing content creators in the desired way remains critical to platforms, which is how incentivisation becomes a strategic instrument to foster the quality of the content.

“Directing content creators in the desired way remains critical to platforms, which is how incentivisation becomes a strategic instrument to foster the quality of the content”

• cites Tang et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To increase the generalisability of the theory, clustering, theoretical coding, theoretical sorting, and diagramming were used to organise codes and memos visually and test possible relationships between codes.

“To increase the generalisability of our theory, what Urquhart et al. (2010, p. 372) refer to as ‘scaling up the theory’, we used a combination of clustering (Charmaz 2014), theoretical coding (Charmaz 2014; Urquhart 2022), theoretical sorting (Charmaz 2014), and diagramming (Charmaz 2014; Urquhart 2022) to organise the codes and memos visually and tested various possible relationships between the”

• cites Urquhart et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Charmaz 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Urquhart 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

It is unclear whether advertiser-friendly content is displayed more frequently.

“It is unclear whether advertiser-friendly content is displayed more frequently.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Competition crowding out was found by YouTube when they introduced revenue sharing: user-generated content slowly declined while professionally generated content from media companies increased.

“Competition crowding out was found by YouTube when they introduced revenue sharing: user-generated content slowly declined while professionally generated content from media companies increased”

• cites Kim 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Content creators cannot bypass algorithmic control and ask questions about it because there is no room for negotiation.

“Content creators cannot bypass algorithmic control and ask questions about it because there is no room for negotiation.”

May combine two claims.

Although analytics support decision-making autonomy, there can be tension with the incentive for longer videos that is not completely resolved by the content creator.

“Although the analytics support decision-making autonomy, in this case, there can be tension with the incentive for longer videos that is not completely resolved by the content creator.”

May combine two claims.

Even with new content, this tension will remain or develop into a new field of tension: analytics versus decision-making autonomy.

“Even with new content, this tension will remain or develop into a new field of tension: analytics versus decision-making autonomy.”

May combine two claims.

This measure is mainly aimed at the audience to ensure viewers remain interested and engagement is maintained.

“This measure is mainly aimed at the audience to help ensure that the viewers remain interested and their engagement with the content is maintained.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Measures are taken as a direct response to tensions and are divided into self-centred and extraneous.

“The right side of Fig. 1 presents the measures taken as a direct response to the tensions. The measures are divided into self-centred and extraneous.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The algorithm needs time to classify content in such cases, which in the worst case entails a long wait until classification is done flawlessly.

“The algorithm needs time to classify the content in such cases too, which in the worst case entails a long wait until the classification is done flawlessly.”

May combine two claims.

Pre-production can contribute to scheduling autonomy, thus reducing the tension between regularity and scheduling autonomy.

“Pre-production can contribute to scheduling autonomy, thus reducing the tension between regularity and scheduling autonomy.”

May combine two claims.

Although these measures are often taken, they do not completely resolve the tension between the algorithm and the audience, which means the algorithm remains a black box for content creators.

“Although these measures are often taken, they do not completely resolve the tension between the algorithm and the audience, which means the algorithm remains a black box for content creators.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Within algorithmic control is algorithmic distribution, which is a direct effect of algorithmic control.

“Within algorithmic control is algorithmic distribution, which is a direct effect of algorithmic control.”

May combine two claims.

This tension manifests itself in three areas: analytics, incentives, and decision-making autonomy.

“This tension manifests itself in three areas: analytics, incentives, and decision-making autonomy.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The model shows how four aggregated dimensions-perceived control, perceived autonomy, tensions, and measures-are related.

“The model presented in Fig. 1 shows how the four aggregated dimensions of perceived control, perceived autonomy, tensions, and measures are related to each other.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Work methods autonomy describes the format in which content creators are allowed to create their contributions, including camera, sound, and image resolution.

“Work methods autonomy describes the format in which content creators are allowed to create their contributions. This includes camera, sound, and image resolution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Self-centred measures enable content creators to directly influence and control their behaviour; extraneous measures arise through external support.

“Self-centred measures enable content creators to directly influence and control their behaviour. In contrast, extraneous measures arise through external support.”

May combine two claims.

The algorithm distributes content to some users and sets the pendulum in motion; users react, swinging the pendulum back; intensity of reaction determines momentum; if users interact intensively, the algorithm suggests content to others, repeating until interaction diminishes and the algorithm stops.

“The algorithm distributes content to some of the users and sets the pendulum in motion. Then, these users react to the content, thus swinging the pendulum back. The power of the momentum with which it returns is determined by the intensity of the users’ reaction. If they interact intensively with the content with likes, comments, and playback time, the algorithm suggests the content to other users”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Perceived control includes algorithmic control and monetary control.

“Perceived control is located on the upper left side and includes algorithmic control and monetary control.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This might lead to longer videos being uploaded in general because a single video can generate higher advertising revenues.

“This might lead to longer videos being uploaded in general because a single video can generate higher advertising revenues.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: At the time of the interviews, YouTube allowed a second advertisement to be placed in videos after 8 minutes.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Möhlmann et al. (2021) show bypassing and switching on labour market platforms as market-like behaviour and striking and embracing as organisational-like behaviour.

“Möhlmann et al. (2021) show bypassing and switching on labour market platforms as market-like behaviour and striking and embracing as organisational-like behaviour.”

• cites Möhlmann et al. (2021) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The paper provides in-depth insights about monetary control and perceptions of CPM-related fluctuations that extend existing concepts of dynamic pricing.

“We also provide in-depth insights about monetary control and perceptions of CPM-related fluctuations that extend the existing concepts of dynamic pricing, which is dependent on time, place, and display (Asdemir et al. 2012; Choi et al. 2020; Möhlmann et al. 2021).”

• cites Asdemir et al. 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Choi et al. 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Möhlmann et al. 2021 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

For content creators, a balancing act remains between change and stability.

“For content creators, a balancing act remains between change and stability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For content creators, these are attempts to demystify the behaviour of the algorithm and the audience.

“For content creators, these are attempts to demystify the behaviour of the algorithm and the audience.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Findings about scheduling autonomy and decision-making autonomy tie in with existing literature and expand it with the perspective of content creators on social media platforms.

“Our findings about scheduling autonomy and decision-making autonomy tie in with existing literature and expand it with the perspective of content creators on social media platforms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Neither Möhlmann et al.'s concepts offers a direct response to our tensions and cannot be transferred.

“However, neither concept offers a direct response to our tensions and cannot be transferred.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Tensions arise from perceived control and perceived autonomy.

“At the centre of Fig. 1 are the tensions arising from perceived control and perceived autonomy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It also affects the algorithm, which in turn has to classify the new idea.

“It also affects the algorithm, which in turn has to classify the new idea.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The measures are assigned to either-or, both-and and more-than responses.

“Additionally, they are assigned to either-or, both-and and more-than responses (Putnam et al. 2016).”

• cites Putnam et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Pre-production seeks to satisfy both demands at the same time, equivalent to a both-and response strategy to manage tensions.

“Pre-production seeks to satisfy both demands at the same time, which is equivalent to a both-and response strategy to manage tensions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The research contributes to complementarity of algorithmic control, including new construct algorithmic distribution, scheduling and decision-making autonomy, resulting tensions, and concrete measures.

“Our research contributes to the complementarity of algorithmic control, including the new construct of algorithmic distribution, scheduling, and decision-making autonomy for social media platforms, the resulting tensions affecting content creators, and the concrete measures associated with these tensions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The various measures can be directed inwards or outwards, which is why the paper distinguishes between self-centred and extraneous measures.

“The various measures can be directed inwards or outwards, which is why we distinguish between self-centred and extraneous measures.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These tensions are divided into three areas: regularity versus scheduling autonomy, algorithm versus audience, and analytics versus decision-making autonomy.

“These tensions are divided into three areas: regularity versus scheduling autonomy, algorithm versus audience, and analytics versus decision-making autonomy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Our depth of findings about self-centred and extraneous measures is unique.

“Our depth of findings about self-centred and extraneous measures is unique.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Our findings expand the platform literature by applying multilevel thinking and providing a cross-level theory of transaction platforms because we provide insights into how organisational factors influence the behaviour of individuals.

“Our findings expand the platform literature by applying multilevel thinking and providing a cross-level theory of transaction platforms because we provide insights into how organisational factors influence the behaviour of individuals (Klein et al. 1994).”

• cites Klein et al. 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Established and successful content creators may rely more on their follower base and on their experience of what works and what does not.

“Established and successful content creators may rely more on their follower base and, of course, on their experience of what works and what does not.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Our efforts portray as many different voices as possible to reflect the heterogeneity of the field.

“Our efforts portray as many different voices as possible to reflect the heterogeneity of the field (Myers and Newman 2007).”

• cites Myers and Newman 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

These measures do not always have to be effective, but they are coping mechanisms for content creators to counteract the powerlessness caused by the paradoxical tensions of algorithmic control and incentivisation.

“These measures do not always have to be effective, but they are coping mechanisms (cf. Putnam et al. 2016) for content creators to counteract the powerlessness caused by the paradoxical tensions of algorithmic control and incentivisation.”

• cites Putnam et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Our respondents are generally tech-savvy thanks to their work.

“Moreover, our respondents are generally tech-savvy thanks to their work.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

We interpret the world that the subjects have previously described to us, which means the subjects interpret their world, and we then interpret their interpretation.

“Although we have increased reliability and intersubjectivity through double-coding, we interpret the world that the subjects have previously described to us, which means the subjects interpret their world, and we then interpret their interpretation (Myers and Newman 2007).”

• cites Myers and Newman 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Our findings shed light on content creators' perception of control and autonomy and enrich the tension literature with insights into social media platforms.

“Furthermore, our findings shed light on content creators’ perception of control and autonomy and enrich the tension literature with insights into social media platforms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Our findings only cover the period from May 2021 to July 2022.

“Second, platforms are constantly and rapidly changing, so our findings only cover the period from May 2021 to July 2022.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

We propose a model that shows how and why tensions occur in revenue-sharing social media platforms and what measures are applied.

“We propose a model that shows how and why tensions occur in revenue-sharing social media platforms and what measures are applied.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

We estimate that our findings may reflect the situation across several years.

“Because YouTube and Twitch, the central platforms of our research, were founded in 2005 and 2011 and were operated by tech giants Google LLC/Alphabet Inc. and Amazon.com, Inc. at the time of the study, we estimate that our findings may reflect the situation across several years.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Our findings provide valuable insights into the actions and views of content creators and contribute to the existing literature on platforms, control, extrinsic motivation, and tension.

“Our findings provide valuable insights into the actions and views of content creators and contribute to the existing literature on platforms, control, extrinsic motivation, and tension.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Our efforts provide implications for the growing industry of platform work and indicate how society is affected by algorithms.

“Our efforts provide implications for the growing industry of platform work and indicate how society is affected by algorithms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

We may have been given answers that satisfy social desirability or maintain conformity.

“For example, we may have been given answers that satisfy social desirability or maintain conformity.”