The effects of individually tailored formulation-based cognitive behavioural therapy in auditory hallucinations and delusions: A meta-analysis
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There is no meta-analysis of cognitive behavioural therapy for delusions and hallucinations separately. The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the end-of-treatment effects of individually tailored case-formulation cognitive behavioural therapy on delusions and auditory hallucinations using symptom-specific outcome measures. A systematic search of the trial literature was conducted in MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO and EMBASE. Eighteen studies were selected with symptom specific outcome measures. Hedges' g was computed and outcomes were pooled meta-analytically using the random-effects model. Our main analyses were with the selected studies with CBT using individually tailored case-formulation that aimed to reduce hallucinations and delusions. The statistically significant effect-sizes were 0.36 with delusions and 0.44 with hallucinations, which are modest and in line with other recent meta-analyses. Contrasted with active treatment, CBT for delusions lost statistical significance (0.33), but the effect-size for CBT for hallucinations increased (0.49). Blinded studies reduced effect-size in delusions (0.24) and gained some in hallucinations (0.46). There was no heterogeneity in hallucinations and moderate heterogeneity in delusion trials. We conclude that CBT is effective in treating auditory hallucinations. CBT for delusions is also effective, but the results must be interpreted with caution, because of heterogeneity and the non-significant effect-sizes when compared with active treatment.
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Psychological therapies are effective for patients with psychotic symptoms and are recommended by treatment guidelines in the acute illness and treatment phase.
“Psychological therapies have demonstrated to be effective for patients experiencing psychotic symptoms (1, 2) and are recommended by treatment guidelines already in the acute illness and treatment phase (3, 4).”
From Developing a mechanism-based therapy for acute psychiatric inpatients with psychotic symptoms: an Intervention Mapping approach (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- van der Gaag, M., Valmaggia, L. R., & Smit, F.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Trimbos Institute (NL)
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 156
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-37
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2085488608
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 3.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, case formulation
- MeSH terms
- Delusions, Hallucinations, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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