Anomalous bodily experiences and perceived social isolation in schizophrenia: An extension of the Social Deafferentation Hypothesis
Open accessAbstract
Background Disturbances of the bodily self are fundamental to the phenomenological experience of individuals with schizophrenia, a population at risk for social isolation. Both proprioception and exteroception contribute to a sense of consistent body boundary that contains the self across time and space, and this process is influenced by self-other (social) interactions. However, the relationship between social isolation, exteroception, and in-the-moment changes in body representation has not been elucidated. We investigated susceptibility to anomalous bodily experiences with a phantom nose induction procedure that elicits a sensation that one's nose is changing (Pinocchio Illusion: PI) in relation to exteroceptive awareness and social isolation.Methods 25 individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) and 15 matched controls (CO) participated in a PI induction procedure to quantify susceptibility to bodily aberrations and a tactile discrimination task to assess exteroception. Clinical symptoms in SZ and schizotypy in CO were assessed, in addition to a self-report measure of perceived social isolation.Results Compared to CO, SZ showed increased PI and impaired tactile discriminability. SZ reported greater loneliness than CO. PI scores were correlated with increased loneliness and decreased tactile discriminability.Conclusions Greater susceptibility to anomalous bodily experiences, together with reduced exteroceptive awareness and increased loneliness, is compatible with the framework of Hoffman's Social Deafferentation Hypothesis, which posits that a functional "amputation" from one's social environment could lead to a reorganization of the social brain network, resulting in hallucinations and delusions. These findings underscore the importance of the relationship between social isolation and self-disturbances in schizophrenia.
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Thomas, L., Torregrossa, L., Reniers, R. L. E. P., & Humpston, C. S. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Böge, K., Catena, D., & Hahn, E. W. (2022) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000524534 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kelsall-Foreman, I., Bucks, R. S., Weinborn, M., & Badcock, J. C. (2023) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2023.2174841 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Altered representation of peripersonal and interpersonal space in psychopathology
Lee, H.-S., Holt, D. J., & Park, S. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102509 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of age and proprioceptive illusion susceptibility on gait
Morris, A. K., Masegian, C., Zhang, A., Carrillo, M., Szekely, B. J., Murray, N. G., & Jiang, F. (2024) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114717 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Psychometric evaluation of the Pinocchio Illusion Questionnaire
Purcell, J. R., Chen, J., Moussa‐Tooks, A. B., & Hetrick, W. P. (2020) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-020-02011-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Abnormal Bodily Phenomena in First Episode Psychosis: A Preliminary Exploratory Cohort Study
Röhricht, F., Eranti, S. V., Ballerini, M., Mancini, M., Neale, J., Tsoumpris, A., & Stanghellini, G. (2020) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000506880 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Felt-Presence and Psychosis-Risk in the General Population
Baxter, T., & Park, S. (2025) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000548612 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBöge, K., Catena, D., & Hahn, E. (2022) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000523900 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jørgensen, L. M., Jørgensen, H. P., Thranegaard, C., & Wang, A. G. (2023) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2023.2255177 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Recent social stress and severity of auditory hallucinations
Farina, E. A., Mourgues, C., Sibarium, E., & Powers, A. R. (2024) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2024.04.024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Paredes, R., Ferri, F., Romei, V., & Seriès, P. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.06.007 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
de Gortari, A. B. O. (2023) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.102095 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Proprioception and Tactile Perception in Schizophrenia
Nandhakumar, S. (2023) · Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal · doi:10.15695/vurj.v13i1.5449 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Loneliness and psychosis: an integrative review
Grunfeld, G., Park, S. K., & Fulford, D. (2026) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000001058 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationParedes, R., Grigoraș, V., Ferroni, F., Ardizzi, M., Ferri, F., & Seriès, P. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.06.014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Carrico, S., Fan, L., & Pinkham, A. E. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.07.029 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schizophrenia in the mind, the brain and the body
Park, S. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115547 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationIs there Proprioceptive Comfort?
Morris, A. K., & Jiang, F. (2025) · Journal of Kinesiology & Wellness · doi:10.56980/jkw.v14i1.161
A systematic review of the bidirectional relationship between psychosis and loneliness
Ortiz-Tallo, A., Izquierdo, A., Ortiz-Tallo, A., Lara, E., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & Cabello, M. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.02.018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lee, H.-S., Rbeiz, K. S., Gui, Y., Babbitt, K., Baxter, T., Sangimino, M., Bruni, P., Felsenheimer, A. K., Jelsma, O., LI, M., et al. (2026) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgag017
Self-citationGroup synchrony and pain: investigating the interplay between social bonding and affective states
Ayache, J., Laroche, J., Caraminot, O., Pistre, C., Pla, S., Bieńkiewicz, M. M. N., & Bardy, B. G. (2026) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2026.0814
Dodell‐Feder, D., Gibbs, K., Silverstein, S. M., & Tamir, D. (2026) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916261479653
Hubbe, I., Ferreira, A. L. S., Rizzotto, N. L., Carvalho, M., de Oliveira, N. B., Canever, L., da Silva, G. P., Rohling, J. P. V., Valvassori, S. S., Mastella, G. A., et al. (2026) · Bratislavské lekárske listy/Bratislava medical journal · doi:10.1007/s44411-026-00921-7
- Authors
- Michael, J., & Park, S.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Sohee
- ORCID
- Park, Sohee
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 392-397
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8070733
- OpenAlex
- W2460489516
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 4.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH073028)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, social isolation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Awareness, Body Image, Discrimination, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male, Perception, Proprioception, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, Social Isolation, Touch, Self Report
About these checks
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