From part- to whole-body ownership in the multisensory brain
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The question of how we experience ownership of an entire body distinct from the external world is a fundamental problem in psychology and neuroscience [1-6]. Earlier studies suggest that integration of visual, tactile, and proprioceptive information in multisensory areas [7-11] mediates self-attribution of single limbs. However, it is still unknown how ownership of individual body parts translates into the unitary experience of owning a whole body. Here, we used a "body-swap" illusion [12], in which people experienced an artificial body to be their own, in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging to reveal a coupling between the experience of full-body ownership and neural responses in bilateral ventral premotor and left intraparietal cortices, and left putamen. Importantly, activity in the ventral premotor cortex reflected the construction of ownership of a whole body from the parts, because it was stronger when the stimulated body part was attached to a body, was present irrespective of whether the illusion was triggered by stimulation of the hand or the abdomen, and displayed multivoxel patterns carrying information about full-body ownership. These findings suggest that the unitary experience of owning an entire body is produced by neuronal populations that integrate multisensory information across body segments.
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Body ownership and self-location are implemented in rather distinct neural substrates, located respectively in the premotor cortex and in the temporo-parietal junction.
“Here we review recent neuroimaging studies suggesting that at least two of these components-body ownership and self-location-are implemented in rather distinct neural substrates, located, respectively, in the premotor cortex and in the temporo-parietal junction.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
The two neuroimaging studies by Ionta et al. (2011) and Petkova et al. (2011) provide evidence that body ownership and self-location are distinct components of bodily self-consciousness.
“Taken together, these two neuroimaging studies seem to provide a case for validating the assumption that there are at least two components of bodily self-consciousness, i.e., self-location and body ownership, that are distinct from one another.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
In Petkova et al. (2011), participants experienced ownership for a virtual body but did not modify their perceived self-location.
“Petkova's manipulation resulted in a sense of ownership for the virtual body, but did not modify the perceived location of the self in space.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
While it is possible to alter the experience of owning a body without any shift in experienced self-location, it has not been shown experimentally that one can experience a change in self-location without a change in body ownership.
“Therefore, while it is possible to alter the experience of owning a body without any shift in experienced self-location (Petkova et al., 2011), it has not been shown experimentally that one can experience a change in self-location without a change in body ownership.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
Visuo-tactile integration in the vPMc is critical for the experience of owning a body.
“Taken together, they provide evidence that visuo-tactile integration in the vPMc appears critical for the experience of owning a body, whereas the integration of visual, tactile and vestibular signals at the TPJ reflects selflocation and visuo-spatial perspective.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
In Petkova et al. (2011), neural activity in vPMc, but not PPc, was correlated with the strength of illusory ownership for the virtual body.
“Neural activity in the vPMc, but not in the PPc, was correlated with the strength of illusory ownership for the virtual body, which was assessed by post-scan questionnaires.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
In Petkova et al. (2011), the posterior parietal cortex (PPc) and the ventral premotor cortex (vPMc) were more active when tactile information applied to the participant's body was spatially and temporally congruent with tactile stimulation seen on the virtual body.
“In the study in which participants self-identified with the mannequin stroked on the chest (Petkova et al., 2011), the posterior parietal cortex (PPc) and the ventral premotor cortex (vPMc) were more active when tactile information applied to the participant's body was spatially and temporally congruent with tactile stimulation seen on the virtual body (see Figure 2, red dots).”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
In the body swap illusion (Petkova et al., 2011), body ownership is manipulated, whilst self-location is unaffected.
“In the body swap illusion (Petkova et al., 2011), body ownership is manipulated, whilst self-location is unaffected.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
A multisensory integration mechanism in the vPMc is responsible for the experience of a whole body as one's own.
“Given the relationship between the activity in the vPMc and the subjective feeling of whole-body ownership, Petkova et al. claimed that a multisensory integration mechanism in the vPMc is responsible for the experience of a whole body as one's own.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
A subregion of the vPMc was constantly activated when illusory ownership for a virtual body part was evoked by synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation, independently of whether the hand or the abdomen of the virtual body was stimulated.
“A subregion of the vPMc was constantly activated when illusory ownership for a virtual body part was evoked by synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation, independently of whether the hand or the abdomen of the virtual body was stimulated.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
Taking solely the experimental evidence into account, there is a case for a single dissociation only between body ownership and self-location.
“Taking solely the experimental evidence into account, there is a case for a single dissociation only.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
Activation of the vPMc has been related to the induction of the RHI and the body swap illusion: vPMc activity increases during synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation and is correlated with questionnaire responses.
“As noted above, activation of the vPMc has been related to the induction of the RHI (Ehrsson et al., 2005;Ehrsson et al., 2004) and the body swap illusion (Petkova et al., 2011): vPMc activity increases during synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation (in particular at the beginning of the illusion) and is correlated with questionnaire responses.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Petkova et al., 2011
These bodily illusions demonstrate the efficiency of current multisensory input in determining the experience of a minimal 1st person-perspective, self-location and self-identification.
“These bodily illusions demonstrate the efficiency of current multisensory input in determining the experience of a minimal 1st person-perspective [28], [29], self-location [27] and self-identification [28]–[30], three critical dimensions of the experience of selfhood [31].”
From The other in me: interpersonal multisensory stimulation changes the mental representation of the self (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
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“…with a rubber hand or with a virtual body (Chancel et al., 2022; Ehrsson et al., 2004; Ehrsson, Holmes, & Passingham, 2005; Gentile et al., 2015; Guterstam, Björnsdotter, Bergouignan, et al., 2015; Ionta et al., 2011; Limanowski et al., 2014; Limanowski & Blankenburg, 2015; Petkova et al., 2011).”
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- Authors
- Petkova, V. I., Björnsdotter, M., Gentile, G., Jonsson, T., Li, T.-Q., & Ehrsson, H. H.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Petkova, Valeria I.
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1118-1122
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2079763587
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 25.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 747 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Research Council
- Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- Human Frontier Science Program
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- body ownership, multisensory integration, ventral premotor cortex, intraparietal cortex, putamen, self-attribution
- MeSH terms
- Body Image, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Illusions, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motor Cortex, Neurons, Ownership, Proprioception, Touch, Visual Perception, Touch Perception
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