Biochar, soil and land-use interactions that reduce nitrate leaching and N2O emissions: A meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Biochar can reduce both nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions and nitrate (NO 3-) leaching, but refining biochar's use for estimating these types of losses remains elusive. For example, biochar properties such as ash content and labile organic compounds may induce transient effects that alter N-based losses. Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis was to assess interactions between biochar-induced effects on N 2 O emissions and NO 3- retention, regarding the duration of experiments as well as soil and land use properties. Data were compiled from 88 peer-reviewed publications resulting in 608 observations up to May 2016 and corresponding response ratios were used to perform a random effects meta-analysis, testing biochar's impact on cumulative N 2 O emissions, soil NO 3- concentrations and leaching in temperate, semi-arid, sub-tropical, and tropical climate. The overall N 2 O emissions reduction was 38%, but N 2 O emission reductions tended to be negligible after one year. Overall, soil NO 3- concentrations remained unaffected while NO 3- leaching was reduced by 13% with biochar; greater leaching reductions (>26%) occurred over longer experimental times (i.e. >30 days). Biochar had the strongest N 2 O-emission reducing effect in paddy soils (Anthrosols) and sandy soils (Arenosols). The use of biochar reduced both N 2 O emissions and NO 3- leaching in arable farming and horticulture, but it did not affect these losses in grasslands and perennial crops. In conclusion, the time-dependent impact on N 2 O emissions and NO 3- leaching is a crucial factor that needs to be considered in order to develop and test resilient and sustainable biochar-based N loss mitigation strategies. Our results provide a valuable starting point for future biochar-based N loss mitigation studies.
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Overall, biochar leads to a reduction of nitrate leaching and N2O emissions.
“The three cited reviews (Nguyen et al., 2017;Q. Liu et al., 2018;Borchard et al., 2019) agree that overall, biochar leads to a reduction of nitrate leaching and N 2 O emissions.”
From Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides (2021) · cites this paper as Borchard et al., 2019
Section 3.1 reports a significant overall reduction in N2O emissions of 38%, but the overall effect on nitrate leaching was not statistically significant. Nitrate leaching fell significantly by 26–32% only in studies lasting more than 30 days, so the claim overstates the overall nitrate-leaching result. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNitrogen leaching was significantly increased in sub-humid temperate climates, in Fluvisol and Luvisol soils, or when fertilizer N application rates exceeded 300 kg ha−1.
“Specific cases where nitrogen leaching was significantly increased were found in sub-humid temperate climates, for Fluvisol and Luvisol soils or when fertilizer N application rates were above 300 kg ha -1 .”
From Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides (2021) · cites this paper as Borchard et al., 2019
Section 3.4 reports 46% greater nitrate leaching with biochar at fertilizer rates above 300 kg N ha−1, but the discussion says the response at that rate was non-significant. Section 3.4 identifies Luvisols as typical of sub-humid temperate climates, but does not report significantly increased leaching in Luvisols or Fluvisols. The claim overstates the statistical significance and the soil-specific findings. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe strongest reduction in N2O emissions was observed for paddy soils and sandy soils.
“The strongest reduction in N 2 O emissions was observed for paddy soils and sandy soils via meta-analysis (Borchard et al. 2019).”
From Role of biochar toward carbon neutrality (2023) · cites this paper as Borchard et al. 2019
The Conclusion reports nearly 40% lower N2O emissions in rice paddy soils, and §3.3 identifies soils with more than 70% sand as having the strongest reduction among soil textures (47%). But the paper does not identify paddy soils as having the strongest reduction overall: its discussion of soil types reports a 48% reduction in sandy Arenosols and a 47% reduction in Histosols. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBiochar produced from wood is the best candidate for N2O mitigation.
“Biochar produced from wood is the best candidate (Borchard et al. 2019).”
From Role of biochar toward carbon neutrality (2023) · cites this paper as Borchard et al. 2019
Section 3.2 (lines 190–195) reports that wood-derived biochar reduced soil N2O emissions under specified production methods. It also reports reductions for non-woody lignocellulosic biochar and does not identify wood as the best candidate, so the superlative is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe effectiveness of biochar for N2O mitigation would remain effective only in the first year of biochar application.
“The meta-analysis by Borchard et al. (2019) suggested that the effectiveness would remain effective only in the first year of biochar application.”
From Role of biochar toward carbon neutrality (2023) · cites this paper as Borchard et al. (2019)
Section 3.1 reports that biochar-induced N2O reductions were transient and tended to become negligible within one year. This supports the claim’s general timing, but not a categorical cutoff at the end of the first year for every application. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In contrast to Nguyen et al. (2017), nitrate concentrations on average remained unaffected by biochar amendment.
“contrary to Nguyen et al. (2017), nitrate concentrations on average remained unaffected.”
From Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides (2021) · cites this paper as Borchard et al., 2019
Across studies, biochar amendments reduced nitrate leaching by 13% and N2O emissions by 38% on average.
“the majority of biochar amendments reduced nitrate leaching and N 2 O emissions by -13% and -38% on average, respectively.”
From Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides (2021) · cites this paper as Borchard et al., 2019
The reductions in nitrate leaching and N2O emissions occurred across many studies with varied feedstock, biochar properties, soil textures, chemical soil properties, soil types, crops, application rates, and additional N fertilization.
“This occurred across many studies with different feedstock materials, biochar properties, soil textures, chemical soil properties, soil types, crops, application rates and additional N fertilization.”
From Comparing straw, compost, and biochar regarding their suitability as agricultural soil amendments to affect soil structure, nutrient leaching, microbial communities, and the fate of pesticides (2021) · cites this paper as Borchard et al., 2019
Biochar application could mitigate soil N2O emissions by 38% on average, according to a global meta-analysis.
“The global meta-analysis by Borchard et al. (2019) suggested that biochar application could mitigate soil N 2 O emissions by 38% on average.”
From Role of biochar toward carbon neutrality (2023) · cites this paper as Borchard et al. (2019)
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- Authors
- Borchard, N., Schirrmann, M., Cayuela, M. L., Kammann, C., Wrage-Mönnig, N., Estavillo, J. M., Fuertes-Mendizábal, T., Sigua, G., Spokas, K., Ippolito, J. A., & Novak, J.
- Affiliations
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (FI)
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (DE)
- Hochschule Geisenheim University (DE)
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Borchard, Nils
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 651
- Issue
- Pt 2
- Pages
- 2354-2364
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2897569712
- Cited by
- 592
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 95 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 32
- FWCI
- 3.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion)
- Jukuri (Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- USDA (6657-12130-002-08I)
- Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
- Fundación Séneca (19281/PI/14)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Keywords
- biochar, nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate leaching, soil nitrogen retention, land use, paddy soil, sandy soil, arable farming, horticulture, grassland, perennial crops, nitrogen loss reduction, soil organic carbon, ash content, experimental duration
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