Effects of slow and fast pyrolysis biochar on soil C and N turnover dynamics
Abstract
This study compared the effect of two principal pyrolysis methods on the chemical characteristics of biochar and the impact on C and N dynamics after soil incorporation. Biochar was produced from wheat straw that was thermally decomposed at 525 °C by slow pyrolysis (SP) in a nitrogen flushed oven and by fast pyrolysis (FP) using a Pyrolysis Centrifuge Reactor (PCR). After 65 days of soil incubation, 2.9% and 5.5% of the SP- and FP-biochar C, respectively, was lost as CO₂, significantly less than the 53% C-loss observed when un-pyrolyzed feedstock straw was incubated. Whereas the SP-biochar appeared completely pyrolyzed, an un-pyrolyzed carbohydrate fraction (8.8% as determined by acid released C6 and C5 sugars) remained in the FP-biochar. This labile fraction possibly supported the higher CO₂ emission and larger microbial biomass (SMB-C) in the FP-biochar soil. Application of fresh FP-biochar to soil immobilized mineral N (43%) during the 65 days of incubation, while application of SP-biochar led to net N mineralization (7%). In addition to the carbohydrate contents, the two pyrolysis methods resulted in different pH (10.1 and 6.8), particle sizes (113 and 23 μm), and BET surface areas (0.6 and 1.6 m² g⁻¹) of the SP- and FP-biochars, respectively. The study showed that independently of pyrolysis method, soil application of the biochar materials had the potential to sequester C, while the pyrolysis method did have a large influence on the mineralization-immobilization of soil N.
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When slow and fast biochars were placed in soil, the fast biochar resulted in immobilisation of mineral N.
“When the 'slow' and 'fast' biochars were placed in the soil the 'fast' biochar resulted in immobilisation of mineral N”
From A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
When slow and fast biochars were placed in soil, the slow biochar resulted in net N mineralization over a 65 day period.
“while the 'slow' biochar resulted in net N mineralization over a 65 day period.”
From A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
Addition of fresh low temperature biochar to soil can, in the short term, result in the microbially available soil N becoming immobilised.
“which, when delivered to the soil may, in the short term, result in the microbially available soil N becoming immobilised. This was demonstrated by Bruun et al. [72]”
From A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
Fast pyrolysis biochar from wheat straw contained a labile, un-pyrolysed carbohydrate fraction.
“Fast pyrolysis resulted in a biochar that still contained a labile, un-pyrolysed carbohydrate fraction.”
From A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
Biochar addition promotes immobilisation.
“or promote immobilisation [72]”
From A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics (2013) · cites this paper as [72]
The influence of biochar additions on nutrient availability to plants is not entirely clear as both increasing and decreasing nutrient uptake and biomass production have been reported depending on the quality and rate of biochar applied.
“However, the influence of biochar additions on nutrient availability to plants is not entirely clear as both increasing and decreasing nutrient uptake and biomass production have been reported depending on the quality and rate of biochar applied (Bruun et al., 2012;Kloss et al., 2014;Streubel et al., 2011).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Bruun et al., 2012
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Sun, Z., Bruun, E. W., Arthur, E., de Jonge, L. W., Moldrup, P., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., & Elsgaard, L. (2014) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-014-0928-5 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationLiao, X., Niu, Y., Liu, D., Chen, Z., He, T., Luo, J., Lindsey, S., & Ding, W. (2020) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2020.107109 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Schouten, S., van Groenigen, J. W., Oenema, O., & Cayuela, M. L. (2012) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/j.1757-1707.2012.01163.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Biochar vs. clay: Comparison of their effects on nutrient retention of a tropical Arenosol
Beusch, C., Cierjacks, A., Böhm, J., Mertens, J., Bischoff, W.-A., de Araújo Filho, J. C., & Kaupenjohann, M. (2019) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.043 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Reverchon, F., Yang, H., Ho, T. Y., Yan, G., Wang, J., Xu, Z., Chen, C., & Zhang, D. (2015) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-014-3451-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Biochar and Soil Carbon Sequestration
Lal, R. (2016) · SSSA Special Publications · doi:10.2136/sssaspecpub63.2014.0042.5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Biochar-based bioenergy and its environmental impact in Northwestern Ontario Canada: A review
Homagain, K., Shahi, C., Luckai, N., & Sharma, M. (2014) · Journal of Forestry Research · doi:10.1007/s11676-014-0522-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bruun, E. W., Ambus, P., Egsgaard, H., & Hauggaard-Nielsen, H.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Bruun, Esben W.
- Venue
- Soil Biology and Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 46
- Pages
- 73-79
- ISSN
- 0038-0717 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042708886
- Cited by
- 519
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 40.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Soil Biology and Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Keywords
- biochar, slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, wheat straw, soil carbon turnover, soil nitrogen cycling, CO2 emissions, microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen mineralization, carbon sequestration, biochar physicochemical properties, soil incubation
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