Land-Management Options for Greenhouse Gas Removal and Their Impacts on Ecosystem Services and the Sustainable Development Goals
Open accessAbstract
Land-management options for greenhouse gas removal (GGR) include afforestation or reforestation (AR), wetland restoration, soil carbon sequestration (SCS), biochar, terrestrial enhanced weathering (TEW), and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). We assess the opportunities and risks associated with these options through the lens of their potential impacts on ecosystem services (Nature's Contributions to People; NCPs) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We find that all land-based GGR options contribute positively to at least some NCPs and SDGs. Wetland restoration and SCS almost exclusively deliver positive impacts. A few GGR options, such as afforestation, BECCS, and biochar potentially impact negatively some NCPs and SDGs, particularly when implemented at scale, largely through competition for land. For those that present risks or are least understood, more research is required, and demonstration projects need to proceed with caution. For options that present low risks and provide cobenefits, implementation can proceed more rapidly following no-regrets principles.
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Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon
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Protect, manage and then restore lands for climate mitigation
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Temporary nature-based carbon removal can lower peak warming in a well-below 2 °C scenario
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Self-citationDeep CCS: Moving Beyond 90% Carbon Dioxide Capture
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Geochemical Negative Emissions Technologies: Part I. Review
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Self-citationMineral nitrogen captured in field-aged biochar is plant-available
Haider, G., Joseph, S. D., Steffens, D., Müller, C., Taherymoosavi, S., Mitchell, D. R. G., & Kammann, C. I. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70586-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationPublic Perceptions of Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal: The Nature-Engineering Divide?
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Lithologic control of microbial-derived carbon in forest soils
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The Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals
Kotzé, L. J., Kim, R. E., Burdon, P., du Toit, L., Glass, L.-M., Kashwan, P., Liverman, D., Montesano, F. S., Rantala, S., Sénit, C., et al. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009082945 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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Self-citationNavigating Potential Hype and Opportunity in Governing Marine Carbon Removal
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Conceptual framework for balancing society and nature in net-zero energy transitions
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The BECCS Implementation Gap–A Swedish Case Study
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Self-citationCarbon farming: a circular framework to augment CO 2 sinks and to combat climate change
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The role of carbon dioxide removal in net-zero emissions pledges
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Climate-smart agriculture and soil C sequestration in Brazilian Cerrado: a systematic review
Oliveira, D. M. D. S., Tavares, R. L. M., Loss, A., Madari, B. E., Cerri, C. E. P., Alves, B. J. R., Pereira, M. G., & Cherubin, M. R. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo · doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20220055 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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Sustainable scale-up of negative emissions technologies and practices: where to focus
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Is tree planting an effective strategy for climate change mitigation?
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Self-citationInorganic Carbon Should Be Considered for Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils
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The need for local governance of global commons: The example of blue carbon ecosystems
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Carbon‐dioxide Removal and Biodiversity: A Threat Identification Framework
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Assessing the diverse environmental effects of biochar systems: An evaluation framework
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Towards Indicators for a Negative Emissions Climate Stabilisation Index: Problems and Prospects
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Implications of afforestation vs. secondary succession for soil properties under a semiarid climate
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Accelerating the Transition in the Context of Sustainable Development
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Self-citationA review of transformative strategies for climate mitigation by grasslands
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Economics of Ecosystem Restoration
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Nature-based solutions in Hindu Kush Himalayas: IUCN global standard based synthesis
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Handheld In Situ Methods for Soil Organic Carbon Assessment
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- Authors
- Smith, P., Adams, J., Beerling, D. J., Beringer, T., Calvin, K. V., Fuss, S., Griscom, B., Hagemann, N., Kammann, C., Kraxner, F., Minx, J. C., Popp, A., Renforth, P., Vicente Vicente, J. L., & Keesstra, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- World Economic Forum (CH)
- Leverhulme Centre for Climate Change Mitigation (GB)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Joint Global Change Research Institute (US)
- The Nature Conservancy (US)
- Ithaka Institute for Carbon Strategies (CH)
- Hochschule Geisenheim University (DE)
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (DE)
- Heriot-Watt University (GB)
- Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, 10829 Berlin, Germany
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annual Review of Environment and Resources
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2019-10-17
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 255-286
- ISSN
- 1543-5938 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2050
- OpenAlex
- W2949662106
- Semantic Scholar
- 15e80f1310157addbd7b0c8ec53550a821444115
- Cited by
- 380
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Annual Review of Environment and Resources (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Publication Database PIK (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L024756/1)
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/M021327/1, NE/P019455/1, NE/P019730/2, NE/P019943/2)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Forest Management and Policy
- Keywords
- greenhouse gas removal, land management, afforestation and reforestation, wetland restoration, soil carbon sequestration, biochar, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, ecosystem services, nature's contributions to people, Sustainable Development Goals, land use competition
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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