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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Sweden — First findings of novel fluorinated copolymers in Europe including temporal analysis
Open accessAbstract
Thousands of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are on the global market, while only a minor proportion is monitored regularly in the environment. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been suggested to be a point source for PFAS to the environment due to emission of effluent and sludge. In this study, 81 PFAS including two rarely studied perfluoroalkyl sulfonamide-based (FASA) copolymers were analyzed in sludge samples to understand the usage of PFAS in the society. Sludge samples (n = 28) were collected at four WWTPs in Sweden between 2004 and 2017. The total levels of 79 measured PFAS were between 50 and 1124 ng/g d.w. All sludge samples showed detectable levels of both C8- and C4-FASA-based copolymers. The concentrations of the FASA-based copolymers were proposed to be reported in fluorinated side-chain equivalents (FSC eq.), in order to compare the levels of the copolymers with the other neutral and anionic PFAS, as no authentic standards were available. The concentrations of the FASA-based copolymers in sludge were between 1.4 and 22 ng FSC eq./g d.w. A general predomination of precursor and intermediate compounds was observed. A lower contribution of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids was noted for the WWTPs more influenced by domestic emission when compared with more influenced by industrial emission. An overall declining trend in the total PFAS concentration was seen between the years 2004 and 2017. The present study observed a shift from the C8-based chemistry toward shorter chain lengths, included a declining trend for C8-FASA-based copolymer over the entire study period. These findings further demonstrate the occurrence of side-chain fluorinated copolymers in Sweden and that sludge is a useful matrix to reflect the usage of PFAS in society and the potential for environmental exposure.
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“For sludge, the concentration of PFOA found in our study was much lower than those reported in previous studies (see Fig. S2) carried out in Spain through 2010 (Campo et al., 2014), in Australia throughout 2017 (Coggan et al., 2022) in Sweden through 2004 -2016 (Fredriksson et al., 2022), in Southeast United State during 2020 -2021 (Kim et al., 2022), and in China during 2015 -2016 (Jiang et al.,”
From Occurrence of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in wastewater treatment plants in Northern Italy (2023) · cites this paper as Fredriksson et al., 2022
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fredriksson, F., Eriksson, U., Kärrman, A., & Yeung, L. W. Y.
- Affiliations
- Örebro University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Yeung, Leo W.Y.
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 846
- Pages
- 157406
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4285602703
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 6.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Naturvårdsverket (NV-03051-18, NV-04689-16, NV-07893-16)
- Stiftelsen för Kunskaps- och Kompetensutveckling (20160019)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, sewage sludge, fluorinated copolymers, temporal trends, environmental exposure, Sweden
- MeSH terms
- Fluorocarbons, Sewage, Sweden, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Purification, Wastewater
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