Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in selected sewage sludge in Nigeria
Abstract
Levels of seven major perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and three perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) were analyzed for the first time in sludge from wastewater treatment plants from Nigeria. Measurements were performed using an analytical methodology using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-MS). The method detection limit and method quantification limit was 3pg/g and 9.5pg/g for both analytes (PFCAs and PFSAs) respectively. Typical recoveries ranged from 50% to 104% for spiked mass labeled internal standards of 1ng (absolute value) to 1g of sample. All sludge samples taken from industrial, domestic and hospital wastewater treatment plants contained measurable levels of PFASs. Levels of the quantified perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates concentrations ranged from 10 to 597 and 14 to 540pg/g, respectively. The concentrations were therefore lower compared to sewage sludge samples reported in other regions in the world. Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates with carbon chain having ≥8 fluorinated carbons were detected in the analyzed sewage sludge samples at higher levels compared to carboxylates with <8 fluorinated carbon chain. The measured concentrations indicate that no PFAS point source for the 10 investigated sewage treatment plants existed. Furthermore the low levels in the four municipal sewage treatment plants in Lagos is a first indication that even in an African megacity like Lagos the PFASs release from households are low until now. The highest PFOS level was found in a hospital sewage sludge (539.6pg/g) possibly indicating (minor) release from medical equipment where some are known to contain PFOS. The PFASs in waste water sludge from a brewery warrant further investigations.
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Seven PFCAs and three PFSAs were found in wastewater sludge samples collected from various industrial and municipal areas in Nigeria.
“Another study found seven PFCAs and three PFSAs in wastewater sludge samples, which were collected from various industrial and municipal areas in Nigeria.”
From Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution (2022) · cites this paper as Sindiku et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Sindiku, O., Orata, F., Weber, R., & Osibanjo, O.
- Affiliations
- University of Ibadan (NG)
- Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (KE)
- Corresponding author
- Orata, Francis
- Venue
- Chemosphere
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 329-335
- ISSN
- 0045-6535 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2059887533
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 3.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemosphere (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, sewage sludge, wastewater treatment plants, PFOS, hospital wastewater, industrial wastewater, domestic wastewater, Lagos, Nigeria
- MeSH terms
- Cities, Environmental Pollutants, Hospitals, Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated, Industrial Waste, Nigeria, Sewage
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