Bone remodeling: Multiple cellular interactions required for coupling of bone formation and resorption
Abstract
The dynamic nature of the skeleton is achieved by a process called "remodeling" which involves the co-ordinated actions of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes within the bone matrix and osteoblast-derived lining cells that cover the surface of bone. Remodeling commences with signals that initiate osteoclast formation followed by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, a reversal period, and then a long period of bone matrix formation mediated by osteoblasts, followed by mineralisation of the matrix. This review will discuss each of these steps with particular emphasis on the communication pathways between each cell type involved and the roles of ephrins, sclerostin, RANKL and PTHrP.
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Bone remodeling is a cycle comprised of three phases: initiation of bone resorption by osteoclasts, transition from resorption to new bone formation, and bone formation by osteoblasts.
“Bone remodeling is a highly complex process by which old bone is replaced by new bone, in a cycle comprised of three phases: (1) initiation of bone resorption by osteoclasts, (2) the transition (or reversal period) from resorption to new bone formation, and (3) the bone formation by osteoblasts [10, 11].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
The bone remodeling cycle begins with an initiation phase (bone resorption by osteoclasts), followed by a transition/reversal phase, then bone formation by osteoblasts, completed by coordinated actions of osteocytes and bone lining cells.
“The bone remodeling cycle begins with an initiation phase, which consists of bone resorption by osteoclasts, followed by a phase of bone formation by osteoblasts but between these two phases, there is a transition (or reversal) phase. The cycle is completed by coordinated actions of osteocytes and bone lining cells [10, 11].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [10]
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Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells
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High-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism and bone mass
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Substance P modulates bone remodeling properties of murine osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Lin, W., Li, Y., Qiu, C., Zou, B., Gong, Y., Zhang, X., Tian, D., Sherman, W., Sanchez, F., Wu, D., et al. (2025) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkae1298 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sims, N. A., & Gooi, J. H.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Sims, Natalie A.
- Venue
- Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 444-451
- ISSN
- 1084-9521 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2078419961
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 1.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Bone and Dental Protein Studies
- Keywords
- bone remodeling, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone resorption, bone formation, osteoclastogenesis, intercellular communication, ephrins, sclerostin, RANKL, parathyroid hormone-related protein, mineralization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bone Resorption, Humans, Minerals, Models, Biological, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes, Osteogenesis, Parathyroid Hormone, Bone Remodeling, Ephrins, RANK Ligand
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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