The Bone Lining Cell: Its Role in Cleaning Howship's Lacunae and Initiating Bone Formation
Abstract
In this study we investigated the role of bone lining cells in the coordination of bone resorption and formation. Ultrastructural analysis of mouse long bones and calvariae revealed that bone lining cells enwrap and subsequently digest collagen fibrils protruding from Howship's lacunae that are left by osteoclasts. By using selective proteinase inhibitors we show that this digestion depends on matrix metalloproteinases and, to some extent, on serine proteinases. Autoradiography revealed that after the bone lining cells have finished cleaning, they deposit a thin layer of a collagenous matrix along the Howship's lacuna, in close association with an osteopontin-rich cement line. Collagenous matrix deposition was detected only in completely cleaned pits. In bone from pycnodysostotic patients and cathepsin K-deficient mice, conditions in which osteoclastic bone matrix digestion is greatly inhibited, bone matrix leftovers proved to be degraded by bone lining cells, thus indicating that the bone lining cell “rescues” bone remodeling in these anomalies. We conclude that removal of bone collagen left by osteoclasts in Howship's lacunae is an obligatory step in the link between bone resorption and formation, and that bone lining cells and matrix metalloproteinases are essential in this process.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bone lining cells seem to play an important role in coupling bone resorption to bone formation.
“The function of bone lining cells is not well clear, but these cells seem to play an important role in coupling bone resorption to bone formation [9].”
From Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
While osteoclasts express both cathepsin K and MMPs, which contribute differently to bone resorption, BLCs do not express cathepsin K but can efficiently remove nonmineralized fibrillary collagen mediated through their highly active MMPs.
“While osteoclasts express both of these enzymes types, which contribute differently to bone resorption,120 BLCs do not express cathepsin K but can efficiently remove nonmineralized fibrillary collagen (present either on the quiescent bone surface or in resorption lacunae after osteoclastic activity)113 mediated through their highly active MMPs.121”
From Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence (2022) · cites this paper as [113]
Similar to osteocytes, BLCs express intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) to maintain functional contact with osteoblasts, osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts.
“Similar to osteocytes, BLCs express intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) to maintain functional contact with osteoblasts, osteoclast precursors113 and mature osteoclasts.114”
From Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence (2022) · cites this paper as [113]
Early reversal cells, located in close proximity to resorbing osteoclasts and forming direct cellular contacts with neighboring osteoclasts through short cytoplasmic extensions, are osteoblast progenitors with the capacity to digest fibrillar collagen remnants, similar to BLCs.
“Moreover, Abdelgawad et al.266 observed that early reversal cells, located in close proximity to resorbing osteoclasts and forming direct cellular contacts with neighboring osteoclasts through short cytoplasmic extensions, are osteoblast progenitors with the capacity to digest fibrillar collagen remnants, similar to BLCs.113”
From Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence (2022) · cites this paper as [113]
Cites
Hofbauer, L. C., Khosla, S., Dunstan, C. R., Lacey, D. L., Boyle, W. J., & Riggs, B. L. (2000) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.1.2 · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Pycnodysostosis, a Lysosomal Disease Caused by Cathepsin K Deficiency
Gelb, B. D., Shi, G., Chapman, H. A., & Desnick, R. J. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5279.1236 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Is an Interstitial Collagenase
Aimes, R. T., & Quigley, J. P. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.11.5872 · Cited by 944 · see citing works
Impaired osteoclastic bone resorption leads to osteopetrosis in cathepsin-K-deficient mice
Säftig, P., Hunziker, E. B., Wehmeyer, O., Jones, S. J., BOYDE, A., Rommerskirch, W., Moritz, J. D., Schu, P. V., & FIGURA, K. V. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13453 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Gowen, M., Lazner, F., Dodds, R. A., Kapadia, R. D., Feild, J. A., Tavaria, M. D., Bertoncello, I., Drake, F. H., Zavarselk, S., Tellis, I., et al. (1999) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.10.1654 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Regulation of Osteoclast Function
Suda, T., Nakamura, I., Jimi, E., & Takahashi, N. (1997) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.6.869 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Phagocytosis and intracellular digestion of collagen, its role in turnover and remodelling
Everts, V., van der Zee, E., Creemers, L., & Beertsen, W. (1996) · The Histochemical Journal · doi:10.1007/bf02409011 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Self-citationBiology and Physiology of the Osteoclast
Rifkin, B. R. (1992) · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Everts, V. E., Delaissé, J., Korper, W., Niehof, A., Vaes, G., & Beertsen, W. (1992) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.1041500202 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Self-citationSkeletal Renewal and Metabolic Bone Disease
Harris, W. H., & Heaney, R. P. (1969) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm196901232800405 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Initiation of Osteoclast Bone Resorption by Interstitial Collagenase
Holliday, L. S., Welgus, H. G., Fliszar, C. J., Veith, G. M., Jeffrey, J. J., & Gluck, S. L. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.35.22053 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Osteoblastic Responses to TGF-β during Bone Remodeling
Erlebacher, A., Filvaroff, E. H., Ye, J., & Derynck, R. (1998) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.9.7.1903 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Bone cells predispose bone surfaces to resorption by exposure of mineral to osteoclastic contact
Chambers, T. J., & Fuller, K. (1985) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.76.1.155 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Mammalian collagenase predisposes bone surfaces to osteoclastic resorption
Chambers, T. J., Darby, J. A., & Fuller, K. (1985) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00214590 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
The insulin-like growth factor system and the coupling of formation to resorption
Hayden, J. M., Mohan, S., & Baylink, D. J. (1995) · Bone · doi:10.1016/8756-3282(95)00186-h · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Dodds, R. A., Connor, J. R., James, I. E., Lee-Rykaczewski, E., Appelbaum, E. R., Dul, E., & Gowen, M. (1995) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650101109 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Delaissé, J., BOYDE, A., Maconnachie, E., et al. (1987) · Bone · doi:10.1016/8756-3282(87)90007-x · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationEverts, V. E., Korper, W., Jansen, D. C., Steinfort, J., Lammerse, I., Heera, S., Docherty, A. J. P., & Beertsen, W. (1999) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1219 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms by which cells of the osteoblast lineage control osteoclast formation and activity
Martin, T. J., & Ng, K. W. (1994) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.240560312 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Chemotactic response of osteoblastlike cells to transforming growth factorβ
Pfeilschifter, J., Wolf, O. K., Naumann, A., Minne, H. W., Mundy, G. R., & Ziegler, R. (1990) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650050805 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Meikle, M. C., Bord, S., Hembry, R. M., Compston, J. E., Croucher, P. I., & Reynolds, J. J. (1992) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.103.4.1093 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Osteoclast synthesis and secretion and activation of latent transforming growth factor β
Oursler, M. J. (1994) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650090402 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The bone lining cell: A distinct phenotype?
Miller, S. C., & Jee, W. S. S. (1987) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/bf02555122 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The effects of cytokines and growth factors on osteoblastic cells
Mundy, G. R., Boyce, B. F., Hughes, D. E., et al. (1995) · Bone · doi:10.1016/8756-3282(95)00182-d · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Delaissé, J., Eeckhout, Y., Neff, L., François-Gillet, C., Henriet, P., Su, Y., Vaes, G., & Baron, R. (1993) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.106.4.1071 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationPhagocytosis of bone collagen by osteoclasts in two cases of pycnodysostosis
Everts, V. E., Aronson, D. C., & Beertsen, W. (1985) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/bf02557674 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationEverts, V. E., Delaissé, J., Korper, W., & Beertsen, W. (1998) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.9.1420 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationRodan, G. A. (1991) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650060602 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Collagen Resorption by Fibroblasts—A Theory of Fibroblastic Maintenance of the Periodontal Ligament
Garant, P. R. (1976) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.1976.47.7.380 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
An electron-microscopic study of the bone-remodeling sequence in the rat
Tran, P. V., Vignery, A., & Baron, R. (1982) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00214682 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Mature Osteoblast Phenotype Is Characterized by Extensive Plasticity
Liu, F., Malaval, L., & Aubin, J. E. (1997) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1006/excr.1997.3501 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Osteoclast formation and resorption
Lerner, U. H. (2000) · Matrix Biology · doi:10.1016/s0945-053x(00)00052-4 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
MT1‐MMP on the cell surface causes focal degradation of gelatin films
d’Ortho, M., Stanton, H., Butler, M., Atkinson, S. J., Murphy, G., & Hembry, R. M. (1998) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01555-x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Delaissé, J., Eeckhout, Y., & Vaes, G. (1988) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-123-1-264 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanism of osteoclastic bone resorption: A new hypothesis
Heersche, J. N. M. (1978) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/bf02013238 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
A new synthetic inhibitor of mammalian tissue collagenase inhibits bone resorption in culture
Delaissé, J., Eeckhout, Y., Sear, C. H. J., Galloway, A., McCullagh, K. G., & Vaes, G. (1985) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(85)90932-5 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationChemotactic response of osteoblast-like cells to transforming growth factor beta
Lucas, P. A. (1989) · Bone · doi:10.1016/8756-3282(89)90079-3 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Tanaka, Y., Maruo, A., Fujii, K., Nomi, M., Nakamura, T., Eto, S., & Minami, Y. (2000) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.10.1912 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The Role of the Plasminogen System in Bone Resorption In Vitro
Daci, E., Udagawa, N., Martin, T. J., et al. (1999) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.6.946 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Digestion of Phagocytosed Collagen is Inhibited by the Proteinase Inhibitors Leupeptin and E-64
Everts, V. E., Beertsen, W., & Tigchelaar‐Gutter, W. (1985) · Collagen and Related Research · doi:10.1016/s0174-173x(85)80021-2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationGuenther, H. L., WILLY, H., Stutzer, A., et al. (1989) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-125-4-2092 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Noorden, C. J. F. V., & Jonges, G. N. (1987) · The Histochemical Journal · doi:10.1007/bf01682753 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The site of collagen resorption in the periodontal ligament of the rodent molar
Beertsen, W., Brekelmans, M., & Everts, V. E. (1978) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091920211 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationMonoclonal antibodies as tools for studying the osteoblast lineage
Aubin, J. E., & Turksen, K. (1996) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19960201)33:2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Production of collagenase by human osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vivo
Bord, S., Horner, A. M., Hembry, R. M., et al. (1996) · Bone · doi:10.1016/8756-3282(96)00106-8 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Groeneveld, M. C., Everts, V. E., & Beertsen, W. (1993) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345930720091501 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationCreemers, L. B., Hoeben, K. A., Jansen, D. C., et al. (1998) · Matrix Biology · doi:10.1016/s0945-053x(98)90068-3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationRifkin, B. R., & Heijl, L. C. (1979) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.1979.50.12.636 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
New concepts in bone remodeling: An expanding role for the osteoblast
Kahn, A. J., & Partridge, N. C. (1987) · American Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/s0196-0709(87)80044-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Noorden, C. J. F. V., & Everts, V. (1991) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(91)91796-f · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence for two pathways for stimulation of collagenolysis in bone
Jilka, R. L., & Hamilton, J. W. (1985) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/bf02554878 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Takahashi, T., Kurihara, N., Takahashi, K., et al. (1986) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/0003-9969(86)90101-9 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Simulation of bone resorption-repair coupling in vitro
Jones, S. J., Gray, C., & BOYDE, A. (1994) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/bf00187292 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Organic Extracellular Matrix Components at the Bone Cell/Substratum Interface
Shen, X., Roberts, E. W., Peel, S. A. F., et al. (1993) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The interface of cells and their matrices in mineralized tissues: a review.
Sj, J., BOYDE, A., & Nn, A. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ultrastructural features of osteoclasts in situ.
de Saint‐Georges, L., Miller, S. C., Bowman, B. M., et al. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Collagen-Phagocytosing Ability of Periodontal Osteoblasts at the Bone Surface.
Yajima, T., Sakakura, Y., Tsuruga, E., et al. (1999) · Archivum histologicum japonicum · doi:10.1679/aohc.62.17 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells
Florencio-Silva, R., Sasso, G. R. D. S., Sasso-Cerri, E., Simões, M. J., & Cerri, P. S. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/421746 · Cited by 2,044 · see citing works
Osteoclast–osteoblast communication
Matsuo, K., & Irie, N. (2008) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2008.03.027 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Role of RANK ligand in mediating increased bone resorption in early postmenopausal women
Eghbali-Fatourechi, G., Khosla, S., Sanyal, A., Boyle, W. J., Lacey, D. L., & Riggs, B. L. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci17215 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Sims, N. A., & Gooi, J. H. (2008) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.07.016 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence
Bolamperti, S., Villa, I., & Rubinacci, A. (2022) · Bone Research · doi:10.1038/s41413-022-00219-8 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and cathepsin K contribute differently to osteoclastic activities
Delaissé, J., Andersen, T. L., Engsig, M. T., Henriksen, K., Troen, T., & Blavier, L. (2003) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.10374 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Self-citationOsteogenesis and aging: lessons from mesenchymal stem cells
Infante, A., & Rodríguez, C. I. (2018) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-018-0995-x · Cited by 334 · see citing works
A Physical Mechanism for Coupling Bone Resorption and Formation in Adult Human Bone
Andersen, T. L., Sondergaard, T. E., Skorzynska, K. E., Dagnaes-Hansen, F., Plesner, T. L., Hauge, E. M., Plesner, T., & Delaisse, J.-M. (2009) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.080627 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Osteoclasts Provide Coupling Signals to Osteoblast Lineage Cells Through Multiple Mechanisms
Sims, N. A., & Martin, T. J. (2020) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034425 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Kim, S. W., Pajevic, P. D., Selig, M., Barry, K. J., Yang, J.-Y., Shin, C. S., Baek, W.-Y., Kim, J.-E., & Kronenberg, H. M. (2012) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.1665 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
RANKL Expression Is Related to the Differentiation State of Human Osteoblasts
Atkins, G. J., Kostakis, P., Pan, B., Farrugia, A., Gronthos, S., Evdokiou, A., Harrison, K., Findlay, D. M., & Zannettino, A. C. (2003) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.6.1088 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Quiescent Bone Lining Cells Are a Major Source of Osteoblasts During Adulthood
Matic, I., Matthews, B. G., Wang, X., Dyment, N. A., Worthley, D. L., Rowe, D. W., Grcevic, D., & Kalajzic, I. (2016) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.2474 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Zhu, L., Tang, Y., Li, X.-Y., Keller, E. T., Yang, J., Cho, J.-S., Feinberg, T. Y., & Weiss, S. J. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw6143 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Bone cell interactions through Eph/ephrin: Bone modeling, remodeling and associated diseases
Matsuo, K., & Otaki, N. (2012) · Cell Adhesion & Migration · doi:10.4161/cam.20888 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Lassen, N. E., Andersen, T. L., Pløen, G. G., Søe, K., Hauge, E. M., Harving, S., Eschen, G. E. T., & Delaisse, J.-M. (2017) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.3091 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Re-thinking the bone remodeling cycle mechanism and the origin of bone loss
Delaisse, J.-M., Andersen, T. L., Kristensen, H. B., Jensen, P. R., Andreasen, C. M., & Søe, K. (2020) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2020.115628 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Andersen, T. L., del Carmen Ovejero, M., Kirkegaard, T., Lenhard, T., Foged, N. T., & Delaissé, J.-M. (2004) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2004.06.019 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding Coupling between Bone Resorption and Formation
Andersen, T. L., Abdelgawad, M. E., Kristensen, H. B., Hauge, E. M., Rolighed, L., Bollerslev, J., Kjærsgaard-Andersen, P., & Delaisse, J.-M. (2013) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.03.006 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Molecular pathways of cell-mediated degradation of fibrillar collagen
Sprangers, S., & Everts, V. (2019) · Matrix Biology · doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2017.11.008 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationAbdelgawad, M. E., Delaisse, J.-M., Hinge, M., Jensen, P. R., Alnaimi, R. W., Rolighed, L., Engelholm, L. H., Marcussen, N., & Andersen, T. L. (2016) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-016-1414-y · Cited by 76 · see citing works
(Pre-)Osteoclasts Induce Retraction of Osteoblasts Before Their Fusion to Osteoclasts
Perez-Amodio, S., Beertsen, W., & Everts, V (2004) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.040509 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationSøe, K., Delaisse, J.-M., & Borggaard, X. G. (2021) · Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.016 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
- Authors
- Everts, V., Delaissé, J. M., Korper, W., Jansen, D. C., Tigchelaar-Gutter, W., Saftig, P., & Beertsen, W.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Center for Clinical & Basic Research (DK)
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (NL)
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Corresponding author
- Everts, V.
- Venue
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-01-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-90
- ISSN
- 0884-0431 (ISSN-L)
- 1523-4681
- OpenAlex
- W2144207870
- Cited by
- 411
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 5.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Bone and Dental Protein Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Alkaline Phosphatase Research Studies
- Keywords
- bone lining cells, Howship's lacunae, bone resorption, bone formation, osteoclasts, matrix metalloproteinases, serine protease, collagen digestion, cement lines, osteopontin, bone remodeling, pycnodysostosis, cathepsin K, bone ultrastructure
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bone and Bones, Bone Development, Bone Diseases, Metabolic, Bone Matrix, Bone Resorption, Cathepsins, Collagen, Cysteine Endopeptidases, Humans, Models, Biological, Osteoclasts, Bone Remodeling, Matrix Metalloproteinases, Culture Techniques, Mice, Cathepsin K
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
