Adherence to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Chronic insomnia is a significant public health problem worldwide, and insomnia has considerable personal and social costs associated with serious health conditions, greater healthcare utilization, work absenteeism, and motor-vehicle accidents. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) is an efficacious treatment, yet attrition and suboptimal adherence may diminish its impact. Despite the increasing use of CBTI, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to understanding the role of adherence. This review describes a comprehensive literature search of adherence to CBTI. The search revealed 15 studies that evaluated adherence to CBTI in adults using valid and reliable measures of sleep, and measure of adherence other than study withdrawals. The primary purposes of this review were to 1) synthesize current study characteristics, methodology, adherence rates, contributing factors, and impact on outcomes, 2) discuss measurement issues, and 3) identify future practice and research directions that may lead to improved outcomes. Strong patterns and inconsistencies were identified among the studies, which complicate an evaluation of the role of adherence as a factor and outcome of CBTI success. The importance of standardized adherence and outcome measures is discussed. In light of the importance of adherence to behavior change, this systematic review may better inform future intervention efforts.
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CBT-I involves multiple components, each requiring significant commitment from the patient.
“the intervention involves multiple components, each requiring significant commitment from the patient (115).”
From Interventions for insomnia in cancer patients and survivors-a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [115]
White noise or relaxing soundscapes may improve sleep continuity in some individuals.
“Controlled studies suggest white noise or relaxing soundscapes may improve sleep continuity in some individuals [57,58].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [58]
The Introduction discusses relaxation techniques as part of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, and the section on adherence and treatment outcome discusses sleep improvements associated with following therapy recommendations. Neither addresses white noise or relaxing soundscapes. Searches for those terms and for audio-based relaxation found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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“However, CBT is not effective in all patients [46], and access to treatment is limited [45, 47] because qualified CBT therapists are rare [48] and expensive [49].”
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“Although our results show CBT-I to be highly efficacious, the intervention involves multiple components, each requiring significant commitment from the patient (115).”
ResultLifestyle and Pain following Cancer: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions
Lahousse, A., Roose, E. C. S., Leysen, L., Yılmaz, S. T., Mostaqim, K., dos Reis, F. J. J., Rheel, E., Beckwée, D., & Nijs, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11010195 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“A barrier that might cause low adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviours is the burdensome treatment format of most behavioural interventions [73,74].”
BackgroundInvestigating the Effectiveness of Cohort-Based Sleep Recommendations
Daskalova, N., Lee, B., Huang, J. J. S., Ni, C., & Lundin, J. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3264911 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Furthermore, even when people are aware of these recommendations, they often do not adhere to them [44].”
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“depression [10], elevated depressive symptoms are associated with lower adherence and increased risk for attrition during cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia [48], and sleep disturbances can lower the likelihood of depression treatment response [47].”
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“In addition, CBT-I treatment can be burdensome, with 14%-40% of participants estimated to withdraw before the conclusion of treatment, due to challenges such as the duration of standard treatment (approximately 6-8 sessions) and the challenges of making sleep-related behavioral changes.(13) Given the prevalence of ins…”
BackgroundPsychometric evaluation of a multi‐dimensional measure of satisfaction with behavioral interventions
Sidani, S., Epstein, D. R., & Fox, M. T. (2017) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21808 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Adherence to Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Insomnia
Agnew, S., Vallières, A., Hamilton, A., McCrory, S., Nikolič, M., Kyle, S. D., Fleming, L., & Crawford, M. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.11.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
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“High treatment satisfaction and strong adherence rates have previously been hypothesized as predictors of CBT-I treatment outcomes [59, 68] and may explain the large treatment effects observed (e.g. d = –2.08 with regard to ISI).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffect of Rocking Movements on Afternoon Sleep
van Sluijs, R., Rondei, Q. J., Schluep, D., Jaeger, L., Riener, R., Achermann, P., & Wilhelm, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01446 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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“Chiu et al.55 investigated sleep subtypes in schizophrenia and related psychoses as well as response to CBT-I.”
BackgroundInfluentialMobile Application–Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in an Older Adult
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“However, attrition and suboptimal adherence may diminish its impact.(2) Traditionally, patients practice numerous behavioral self-management assignments in order to implement lifestyle modifications that will facilitate the reduction of sleep disturbances.”
Kamen, C. S., Garland, S. N., Heckler, C. E., Peoples, A. R., Kleckner, I. R., Cole, C. L., Perlis, M. L., Morrow, G. R., Mustian, K. M., & Roscoe, J. A. (2017) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1276019 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Adherence to CBT-I intervention components varies, with rates of adherence to sleep restriction and prescribed time in bed, one of the active components of intervention, ranging from approximately 40% to 70% (Matthews et al., 2013).”
BackgroundDelivering Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in the Real World
Buenaver, L. F., Townsend, D. R., & Ong, J. C. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.01.008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Treatment agreement, adherence, and outcome in cognitive behavioral treatments for insomnia.
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“Based on prior research (e.g., Matthews et al., 2013; Tremblay et al., 2009), the following baseline variables were tested as predictors of treatment agreement and adherence: psychiatric comorbidities (SCID; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1995), daytime fatigue (MFI; Smets, Garssen, Bonke, &…”
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“[13], and face-to-face CBTi, with a dropout rate of 14% to 40% [41].”
Predictors of Adherence to a Brief Behavioral Insomnia Intervention: Daily Process Analysis
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Efficacy Comparison of Different Acupuncture Treatments for Primary Insomnia: A Bayesian Analysis
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“Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is recommended as an effective nondrug therapy [14], but it is difficult to popularize due to its rare resources and expensive costs [15, 16].”
BackgroundFacilitating and hindering factors in Internet-delivered treatment for insomnia and depression
Blom, K., Jernelöv, S., Lindefors, N., & Kaldo, V. (2016) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.03.004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This is in line with previous research looking into adherence to CBT (Kaldo et al., 2015b; El Alaoui et al., 2015; Geraghty et al., 2010; Matthews et al., 2013).”
ResultSchiller, H., Söderström, M., Lekander, M., Rajaleid, K., & Kecklund, G. (2018) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-018-1291-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“This might have affected the efficacy and the outcome of the program (Matthews et al. 2013).”
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“[89] Matthews EE, Arnedt JT, McCarthy MS, Cuddihy LJ, Aloia MS.”
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“Despite the evidence that CBT-I is a safe, effective, and durable intervention, up to 40% of patients terminate prematurely, and a significant proportion do not adequately adhere to treatment recommendations [21, 22].”
BackgroundSleep spindles may predict response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia
Dang‐Vu, T. T., Hatch, B., Salimi, A., Mograss, M., Boucetta, S., O’Byrne, J., Brandewinder, M., Berthomier, C., & Gouin, J. (2017) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.08.012 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Behavioral economics strategies for promoting adherence to sleep interventions
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“Qualitative research might add important knowledge to guide our understanding and treatment of insomnia (Matthews et al., 2013).”
BackgroundNew potential stimulation targets for noninvasive brain stimulation treatment of chronic insomnia
Gong, L., Xu, R., Qin, M., Liu, D., Zhang, B., Bi, Y., & Xi, C. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.08.021 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Exploring the Meaning of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia for Patients with Chronic Pain
Koffel, E., Amundson, E. C., & Wisdom, J. P. (2019) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnz144 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“, it is impossible to get a good night of sleep unless pain is eliminated), if unacknowledged, may undermine acceptance of key CBT-I messages.(22, 28, 32, 33)”
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“However, CBT-I is limited by adherence issues and high costs, whereas benzodiazepines and hypnotics may cause tolerance, dependence, and addiction (Matthews et al., 2013; Morin et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGieselmann, A., & Pietrowsky, R. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.03.024 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
He, J., Chan, S. H., Lin, J., & Tsang, H. W. H. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.07.029 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Drosophila model of sleep restriction therapy for insomnia
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Delphi consensus recommendations for the management of chronic insomnia in Canada
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“patient compliance were barriers to continuing one study [9].”
BackgroundPatient Perceptions of Treatment Delivery Platforms for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
Cheung, J. M. Y., Bartlett, D. J., Armour, C. L., Laba, T., & Saini, B. (2017) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2017.1293539 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Can a tDCS treatment enhance subjective and objective sleep among student-athletes?
Charest, J., Marois, A., & Bastien, C. (2019) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1679152 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The lack of standardization of CBT-I may be one major contributor to the deficiency in adherence of this treatment.(36) Additionally, a single tDCS session improves mood, leading to believe that adherence could be optimized, and attrition could hypothetically be decreased.”
BackgroundMei, Z., Cai, C., Luo, S., Zhang, Y., Lam, C., & Luo, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1413694 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Apport de la pleine conscience dans les thérapies cognitives et comportementales de l’insomnie
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“The accessibility and availability of CBT are limited by the number of trained practitioners and the cost of time [26, 27].”
BackgroundHuang, H., Yang, S.-B., Mei, Z., Huang, Y.-G., Chen, M., Mei, Q.-L., Lei, H.-P., Mei, Q.-X., & Chen, J. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05399-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Currently, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine guideline recommends cognitive behaviour therapy as a treatment for insomnia, but it is not easily or widely available [9].”
BackgroundEmerging applications of objective sleep assessments towards the improved management of insomnia
Scott, H., Lechat, B., Manners, J., Lovato, N., Vakulin, A., CATCHESIDE, P. G., Eckert, D. J., & Reynolds, A. C. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.10.030 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“…its therapeutic potential, and negatively affect the individual's acceptance of integrating SCT. Adherence to the various SCT recommendations is considered difficult (Chambers, 1992; Vincent et al., 2008), and is estimated to be between 40% and 85% (Agnew et al., 2021; Matthews et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMapping the insomnia patient journey in Europe and Canada
O'Regan, D. J., Garcı́a-Borreguero, D., Gloggner, F., Wild, I., Leontiou, C., & Ferini‐Strambi, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1233201 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavior Therapies for Insomnia I
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“Research on adherence to sleep interventions indicates that participants who perceive the intervention to be relevant or necessary are more consistently engaged in their prescribed treatment [24,25].”
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Adherence to sleep restriction therapy – An evaluation of existing measures
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“To date, three systematic reviews have examined adherence to CBT-I (Agnew et al., 2021; Matthews et al., 2013; Mellor et al., 2022).”
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“The information gained from a mixed methods design will provide an opportunity to gather rich, personal data through older adults that can either confirm or disconfirm the questionnaire outcome measures [13, 33].”
BackgroundIntensive Sleep Re-Training: From Bench to Bedside
Lack, L. C., Scott, H., Micic, G., & Lovato, N. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7040033 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Compliance is necessary for successful treatment but is often suboptimal [21], very likely arising from the difficulty in changing lifestyle habits at home and the sleep loss over several weeks of the treatment.”
BackgroundResultAcute Cancer Cognitive Therapy
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Daridorexant: A New Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist for Insomnia
Onge, E. S., Phillips, B., & Rowe, C. (2022) · Journal of Pharmacy Technology · doi:10.1177/87551225221112546 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Hyperarousal and Insomnia in Survivors of Cancer
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“, education, socioeconomic status), varied CBT-I components, and lack of a standardized definition and measurement of adherence [40], indicating that those with lower education and socioeconomic status may benefit from additional treatment adherence; accommodations to systemic barriers that would prevent treatment ini…”
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Actitudes ante el insomnio de los médicos de AP de Mallorca
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“31,32 Overall adherence to a sleep schedule in our study participants was slightly lower than that in other studies of PLWD 29 or older adults 33 although different definitions of adherence have been used.”
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“In order to answer these questions, clinicians and researchers will need to develop and utilize multiple measurement methods for adherence, particularly for the cognitive and other behavioral components (e.g., relaxation and behavioral activation) (Matthews et al., 2013).”
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Technology-based cognitive behavioral therapy interventions
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Sleep Disorders in the Elderly
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Development and preliminary validation of the treatment adherence rating scale
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Acupuncture as an Adjunct Treatment to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
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He, J., Chan, S. H., Chung, R. C. K., & Tsang, H. W. H. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.025 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Groninger, H., Arem, H. E., Ayangma, L., Gong, L., Zhou, E. S., & Greenberg, D. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/64869 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Though CBT-I remains the gold standard intervention, adherence can be challenging due to a variety of patient and treatment-related factors as well as multiple changes to bedtime required by the CBT-I component called sleep restriction [25,26].”
- Authors
- Matthews, E. E., Arnedt, J. T., McCarthy, M. S., Cuddihy, L. J., & Aloia, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services (US)
- National Jewish Health (US)
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 453-464
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3720832
- OpenAlex
- W2018449766
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Health
- National Institute of Nursing Research (1K23NR010587, #2010-049)
- American Nurses Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, medication adherence, chronic insomnia, attrition, adherence measurement, behavior change, sleep outcomes, standardized outcome measures
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Patient Compliance, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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