The DOI matches its Crossref record; 145 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 101 of the 281 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond.
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents a conceptual model and reviews the empirical evidence to support a nightly bedtime routine as a key factor in the promotion of not only healthy sleep, but also of broad development and wellbeing in early childhood. A bedtime routine embodies the characteristics of nurturing care and early child stimulation, which are deemed to be essential for positive outcomes, especially for at-risk children. Furthermore, common, adaptive components of a bedtime routine can contribute to an array of positive developmental outcomes beyond improved sleep, inclusive of language development, literacy, child emotional and behavioral regulation, parent-child attachment, and family functioning, among other outcomes. These bedtime routine components include activities in the broad domains of nutrition (e.g., feeding, healthy snack), hygiene (e.g., bathing, oral care), communication (e.g., reading, singing/lullabies) and physical contact (e.g., massage, cuddling/rocking). A bedtime routine can provide multiple benefits to child and family functioning at a time of day that many parents are present with their children. Although additional research on hypothesized routine-related child outcomes and mechanisms of action are needed, promoting a bedtime routine may be a feasible and cost-effective method to promote positive early childhood development worldwide, particularly for socioeconomically disadvantaged and other at-risk young children.
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Claims the paper makes
68 No full text of the sources · 41 Partly supported · 29 Own interpretation · 26 Supported · 8 Supported so far · 4 Sources not found · 2 Couldn’t confirm · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Not supported · 1 Own method · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Bennett et al. [131] did not find evidence of any positive associations between massage and sleep when examining studies conducted with infants ages 0–6 mo.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Massage
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [131] Bennett, 2013, Massage for promoting mental and physical health in typically developing infants under the age of six months, Cochrane Database Syst Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report several positive sleep findings, including significantly fewer night wakings after massage and at three- and six-month follow-up. The review cautions that the overall evidence is poor and does not support routine use of massage in low-risk groups, but that is different from finding no evidence of any positive association with sleep. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“early childhood sleep problems are associated with a number of poor developmental outcomes across neurocognitive [4,5], social-emotional [6-9], physical health [10,11], and family functioning domains [12-15]”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [4] Beebe, 2011, Cognitive, behavioral, and functional consequences of inadequate sleep in children and adolescents, Pediatr Clin North Am source
The citation is attached to the neurocognitive domain, not to the sentence’s separate social-emotional, physical-health, or family-functioning domains. In “Adding a Developmental Context,” the paper reports associations between childhood sleep problems and later executive-function scores, learning, and intelligence. Page numbers are not available in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [5] Turnbull, 2013, Behavioral sleep problems and their potential impact on developing executive function in children, Sleep source
The citation is attached to the neurocognitive outcome, not the separately cited social-emotional, physical-health, or family-functioning outcomes. The Introduction reports that poor school functioning and lower cognitive performance have been associated with sleep problems in children. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Hysing, 2016, Pediatric sleep problems and social-emotional problems. A population-based study, Infant Behav Dev source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Mindell, 2016, Sleep and social-emotional development in infants and toddlers, J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Sivertsen, 2015, Later emotional and behavioral problems associated with sleep problems in toddlers: a longitudinal study, JAMA Pediatr source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Williams, 2017, A developmental cascade model of behavioral sleep problems and emotional and attentional self-regulation across early childhood, Behav Sleep Med source
- Partly supportedcites [12] Hiscock, 2007, Improving infant sleep and maternal mental health: a cluster randomised trial, Arch Dis Child sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introduction (section M; page unavailable) links infant sleep problems with poor maternal health and links maternal depression with poorer mother-child relationships. The Discussion likewise says mothers reporting infant sleep problems suffer poorer mental health. These passages support an association with maternal well-being, but do not establish the broader family-functioning outcome attributed to this source; the other outcome domains are attached to different citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Hiscock, 2001, Infant sleep problems and postnatal depression: a community-based study, Pediatrics source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Meltzer, 2007, Relationship between child sleep disturbances and maternal sleep, mood, and parenting stress: a pilot study, J Fam Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Sadeh, 2010, Parenting and infant sleep, Sleep Med Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A bedtime routine, in and of itself, embodies the characteristics of nurturing care and early child stimulation [1,3].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] Black, 2017, Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The life course conceptual framework describes nurturing care as responsive, emotionally supportive, and developmentally stimulating. The Home activities section identifies storytelling and singing as activities that promote early development. The paper does not discuss bedtime routines or establish that a routine, in and of itself, has those characteristics; pages were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites [3] World Bank, UNICEF, World Bank Group, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“engaging in regular routines can buffer against the effects of family stress [37] and individual child risk factors [28,38,39] on child wellbeing.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > A conceptual model for the benefits of a bedtime routine for broad child development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Yoon, 2015, Parenting stress, dinnertime rituals, and child well-being in working-class families, Fam Relat source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Yoo, 2010, The impact of health-promoting behaviors on low-income children's health: a risk and resilience perspective, Health Soc Work source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Ivanova, 2006, Family stability as a protective factor against psychopathology for urban children receiving psychological services, J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol source
- Supportedcites [39] Rijlaarsdam, 2015, Early family regularity protects against later disruptive behavior, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
The Discussion reports that regular mealtime and bedtime routines buffered infant boys high in anger or frustration from developing oppositional behavior, supporting the part of the citing sentence about individual child risk factors. The family-stress part is attached to citation [37], not this source; this paper’s finding concerns a specific risk factor and outcome. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“African American families, as well as families of lower SES, were less likely than Caucasian families and those of more advantaged backgrounds to engage in interactive and hygiene-related routines.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Definition, prevalence, and components of a bedtime routine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] Hale, 2009, Social and demographic predictors of preschoolers' bedtime routines, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
The Results section reports that Black mothers were less likely than white mothers to use interactive bedtime routines, and that hygiene-related routines were less common in families with Black mothers than with white mothers. It also links lower maternal education and poverty to less use of these routines, supporting the socioeconomic comparison for the preschool-age sample. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“increased engagement in general, everyday routines is associated with positive child outcomes, including enhanced language development, academic achievement, and social-emotional and behavioral functioning [21,33,34].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > A conceptual model for the benefits of a bedtime routine for broad child development
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [21] Fiese, 2002, Routines of daily living and rituals in family life: a glimpse at stability and change during the early child-raising years, Zero Three
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [33] Baldridge, 2011, Family stability and childhood behavioral outcomes: a critical review of the literature, J Fam Strengths sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Relational (dynamic) variables section links regular family routines and rituals to better social development, healthy behaviors, and fewer problematic behaviors. It does not link routines to enhanced language development or academic achievement; no page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Fiese, 2002, A review of 50 years of research on naturally occurring family routines and rituals: cause for celebration?, J Fam Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Caregiver presence and related activities at child sleep onset, as opposed to prior to lights out, can create problematic sleep onset associations that negatively impact sleep [19,24].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Definition, prevalence, and components of a bedtime routine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Allen, 2016, ABCs of SLEEPING: a review of the evidence behind pediatric sleep practice recommendations, Sleep Med Rev source
- Partly supportedcites [24] Mindell, 2006, Behavioral treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings in infants and young children, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The diagnostic criteria for sleep-onset association insomnia say that special conditions at sleep onset can delay or disrupt sleep when absent, and that nighttime awakenings may require caregiver intervention. The Parent Education/Prevention section recommends putting babies to bed “drowsy but awake.” The paper does not explicitly make the claimed contrast between caregiver activities at sleep onset and activities before lights out. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“preschoolers of African American or Hispanic/Latino racial/ethnic background, as well as those whose mothers had lower levels of educational attainment, were significantly less likely to follow a regular bedtime routine [25].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Definition, prevalence, and components of a bedtime routine
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [25] Hale, 2009, Social and demographic predictors of preschoolers' bedtime routines, J Dev Behav Pediatr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that children of Black and Hispanic mothers were less likely to have bedtime routines, and that lower maternal education was associated with being less likely to have one. But the Results also state that maternal education was not significantly associated with actually using a bedtime routine on four or more weeknights. Thus the claim is supported for having a routine, but not for lower-education children being less likely to follow it regularly. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“between 81% [25] and nearly 95% [17] of parents of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers report having a bedtime routine.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Definition, prevalence, and components of a bedtime routine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] Hale, 2009, Social and demographic predictors of preschoolers' bedtime routines, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
The Results report that 81% of children in the sample had a bedtime routine. The Method identifies the sample as 3-year-old children assessed through parent reports. This source supports the 81% figure attached to [25]; the nearly 95% figure is attached to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Mindell, 2009, Developmental aspects of sleep hygiene: findings from the 2004 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll, Sleep Med source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“a dose-dependent relationship emerged between a bedtime routine and these sleep benefits. As the number of nights per week that a child followed the same bedtime routine increased, there were linear improvements across the sleep outcomes”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] Mindell, 2015, Bedtime routines for young children: a dose-dependent association with sleep outcomes, Sleep source
The Sleep Patterns section reports a linear relationship between bedtime-routine frequency and sleep outcomes, noting a few exceptions at one to two nights per week. The Discussion describes better sleep outcomes as the number of nights with a routine increases. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 63
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Interactive and hygiene-related routines were the most common, with 60% of families reporting interactive routines and 58% with hygiene-related routines.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Definition, prevalence, and components of a bedtime routine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] Hale, 2009, Social and demographic predictors of preschoolers' bedtime routines, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
The Results report that 60% of children engaged in interactive routines and 58% had hygiene-related routines, higher than the percentages for the other routine categories. The Discussion identifies the sample as relatively disadvantaged urban children, so these figures describe that sample rather than US families generally. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Hale et al. found in a study of 3217 families of preschoolers that although 81% indicated having a bedtime routine, 71% of the families reported implementing their bedtime routine on four of the past five weeknights [25].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Definition, prevalence, and components of a bedtime routine
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] Hale, 2009, Social and demographic predictors of preschoolers' bedtime routines, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
The Methods (Sample; page not provided) identify an analysis sample of 3,217 children. The Results (page not provided) report that 81% had a bedtime routine and 71% engaged in one on at least four of the last five weeknights. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plainn = 3,217- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“it is unlikely that these components all serve as mechanisms of action, particularly as it could be that the presence of a positive, family-based routine and the cumulative effects of a consistent routine provide benefits above and beyond the discrete bedtime behaviors and activities [35,40].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > A conceptual model for the benefits of a bedtime routine for broad child development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Spagnola, 2007, Family routines and rituals: a context for development in the lives of young children, Infants Young Child source
- Partly supportedcites [40] Mindell, 2009, A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“the results of this study held in both the infant/toddler and preschool age groups, in both predominantly Asian and predominantly Caucasian cultural regions, and when controlling for maternal education”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] Mindell, 2015, Bedtime routines for young children: a dose-dependent association with sleep outcomes, Sleep source
The Sleep Patterns section reports better sleep outcomes with consistent bedtime routines in both age groups. The Bedtime Routine section says the reported relationships were found within both predominantly Asian and predominantly Caucasian cultural groups, and the Discussion states that the associations remained after controlling for maternal education. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“increased bedtime routine consistency [23,40] and engagement in positive, healthy bedtime routine activities [19,25,26] are critical in conferring improved developmental outcomes.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > A conceptual model for the benefits of a bedtime routine for broad child development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [23] Mindell, 2015, Bedtime routines for young children: a dose-dependent association with sleep outcomes, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that more consistent bedtime routines were associated with better sleep and fewer parent-reported daytime behavior problems in young children. The Procedure section shows that the study asked about routine frequency, not the activities within routines. It does not establish that consistency or particular healthy activities are critical causes of improved developmental outcomes; the Introduction mentions cognitive development only when describing another study. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [40] Mindell, 2009, A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that a consistent nightly bedtime routine improved sleep and bedtime behavior in infants and toddlers. But the paper does not establish improved developmental outcomes, and its limitations section says it cannot determine whether the specific activities—or any individual component—were essential. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Allen, 2016, ABCs of SLEEPING: a review of the evidence behind pediatric sleep practice recommendations, Sleep Med Rev source
- Partly supportedcites [25] Hale, 2009, Social and demographic predictors of preschoolers' bedtime routines, J Dev Behav Pediatr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introduction describes consistent bedtime routines as associated with better sleep, which in turn is associated with better physical, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes. The Methods section identifies interactive and hygiene-related bedtime activities. But the paper does not establish that greater routine consistency or engagement in those activities is critical to causing improved developmental outcomes; its conclusion says routines may contribute to later differences. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Henderson, 2010, Development and preliminary evaluation of the bedtime routines questionnaire, J Psychopathol Behav Assess source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“having a bedtime routine is associated with an earlier bedtime, shorter sleep onset latency, longer nighttime sleep duration, fewer night awakenings, and decreased caregiver-perceived child sleep problems [23].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] Mindell, 2015, Bedtime routines for young children: a dose-dependent association with sleep outcomes, Sleep source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelationaln = 10,085- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“improvements in child sleep can improve parent mood and family stress levels, with resulting improvements in parent mood and family stress enabling improved management of problematic bedtime behaviors, leading to a more consistent routine and better child sleep [40].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > A conceptual model for the benefits of a bedtime routine for broad child development
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [40] Mindell, 2009, A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Mood state results (page unavailable) report improved maternal mood after a bedtime routine was introduced, alongside the child-sleep improvements described in the discussion. The paper does not establish the claimed feedback loop: it does not show that improved parent mood or reduced family stress enabled better management of bedtime behavior, producing a more consistent routine and further sleep gains. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several studies have shown that a bedtime routine is associated with positive child mood and enhanced emotional–behavioral regulation.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine beyond improved sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Mindell, 2017, Young child and maternal sleep in the Middle East, Sleep Med source
- Partly supportedcites [40] Mindell, 2009, A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The sleep-diary results (p. unavailable) report improved parent-rated morning mood in infants and toddlers after a bedtime routine. The discussion (p. unavailable) also reports fewer disruptive bedtime behaviors, but the paper does not establish the broader claim of enhanced emotional–behavioral regulation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [69] Mindell, 2011, Efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report improved parental perceptions of children’s morning mood after an intervention that recommended a bedtime routine. The Discussion (page unavailable) says the added prescribed routine produced no statistically significant difference in outcomes, so the study does not isolate a routine-specific effect; it also does not report a measure of emotional–behavioral regulation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Kelly, 2013, Changes in bedtime schedules and behavioral difficulties in 7 year old children, Pediatrics source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although the two intervention conditions did not significantly differ in their effectiveness, effect sizes for the condition that included the bedtime routine were larger for some sleep outcomes.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [69] Mindell, 2011, Efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances, Sleep source
The Results (Child Sleep) report no significant difference between the two intervention groups for any sleep outcome at the end of treatment. They also state that effect sizes appeared slightly larger for many sleep outcomes in the internet-plus-routine group. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Relative to the control condition, there were also improvements in maternal-perceived child sleep quality, as well as reductions in maternal-perceived child bedtime resistance and broad sleep problems.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [40] Mindell, 2009, A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood, Sleep source
The sleep-diary results (page unavailable in our copy) report improved parental perceptions of how well children slept and, for toddlers, bedtime ease; the control group showed no significant changes. The same section reports changed parental perceptions of whether their child had a sleep problem. Bedtime ease is a reasonable paraphrase of the claimed reduction in perceived bedtime resistance. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“From baseline to study week three, caregivers in the bedtime routine condition reported significant improvements in child sleep onset latency, the frequency and duration of night awakenings, and sleep consolidation, while mothers in the control condition reported no changes in child sleep.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [40] Mindell, 2009, A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood, Sleep source
The Methods describe random assignment, and the paper reports 405 mother–child participants. The sleep-diary results and post hoc analyses report significant baseline-to-week-three improvements in sleep onset latency, night wakings, and sleep continuity in the routine groups, with no significant changes in the control groups. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirectn = 405- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“greater adherence to a bedtime routine at age 30 mo predicted an increase in nighttime sleep duration from 30 to 36 mo, although this pattern was not found for the period of time between 36 and 42 mo.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [50] Staples, 2015, Bedtime routines in early childhood: prevalence, consistency, and associations with nighttime sleep, Monogr Soc Res Child Dev source
The Discussion states that adherence to a bedtime routine predicted increased nightly sleep minutes from 30 to 36 months, controlling for sleep at 30 months, but that the hypothesis was not supported at 42 months. It also notes that the gains at 36 months were strongest among children whose parents reported more consistent parenting practices. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“effects for both intervention conditions were maintained relative to controls in a one-year follow-up study, with 87% of mothers in bedtime routine condition continuing to use this specific routine at least half of the time”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [70] Mindell, 2011, Long-term efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances: one year follow-up, J Clin Sleep Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Child Sleep section reports that improvements were maintained at one year in both intervention groups, and Sleep Recommendations reports that 87.3% of mothers prescribed the routine continued using it at least half the time. The paper assessed changes within groups, however, rather than establishing that the maintained effects were relative to controls; the control group also improved on some sleep measures. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Both of the CSP conditions resulted in improved sleep onset latency, reduced number and duration of night awakenings, improved maternal perceptions of sleep quality, and reduced maternal perceptions of child sleep problems relative to the control condition.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [69] Mindell, 2011, Efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances, Sleep source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirectn = 264- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“following a predictive set of behaviors consistently before sleep onset can lead to increased compliance with a set bedtime, decreased arousal prior to bedtime, and positive sleep onset associations, all of which contribute to increased total sleep time, greater sleep consolidation, and better quality sleep”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Allen, 2016, ABCs of SLEEPING: a review of the evidence behind pediatric sleep practice recommendations, Sleep Med Rev source
- Partly supportedcites [24] Mindell, 2006, Behavioral treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings in infants and young children, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Proper nutrition during early childhood also helps to support brain growth [1], whereas protein malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies inhibit cognitive development and increase childhood risk for poor neuro-behavioral outcomes”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Nutrition
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Black, 2017, Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course, Lancet source
The citation follows the first clause, about early-childhood nutrition supporting brain growth. The Early brain development section states that nutrients promote healthy brain development; the later claim about protein malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies is not attached to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] Morgane, 2002, Effects of prenatal protein malnutrition on the hippocampal formation, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [76] Tanner, 2002, Nutrition and brain development: social policy implications, Am J Orthopsychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“There is emerging evidence that breastfeeding may reduce the likelihood of child overweight status and diabetes”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Nutrition
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [80] Victora, 2016, Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect, Lancet source
The Panel: Key Messages says there is growing evidence that breastfeeding protects against overweight and diabetes. The Conclusions likewise argue for growing evidence of protection while noting that residual confounding means there is no consensus; the citing sentence’s “emerging evidence” and “may” preserve that uncertainty. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“physiological co-regulation (or synchrony) through mother–child interactions increases maternal responsiveness to infant signals and broad maternal sensitivity [84], which are key factors in the development of secure infant–mother attachment”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] Feldman, 2007, Parent–infant synchrony biological foundations and developmental outcomes, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2003, Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood, Psychol Bull source
- Partly supportedcites [86] Bernard, 2013, Parental synchrony and nurturance as targets in an attachment based intervention: building upon Mary Ainsworth's insights about mother–infant interaction, Attach Hum Dev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Synchrony section defines synchrony as a parent's contingent responsiveness to a child's cues and describes physiological co-regulation as a hypothesized mediator of children's regulatory outcomes. It does not say that co-regulation increases maternal responsiveness or broad maternal sensitivity. The Abstract links maternal sensitivity to attachment security, while the Nurturance section identifies responsiveness to infant distress—not synchrony—as particularly relevant to secure attachment. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] Britton, 2006, Breastfeeding, sensitivity, and attachment, Pediatrics source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] Verhage, 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Breastfeeding mothers tend to spend more time soothing and cuddling their infants compared to formula-fed babies [81], and also engage in more skin to skin contact (SSC), which has been associated with increased levels of mother–infant cortisol concordance and heightened maternal levels of oxytocin”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] Smith, 2011, Feeding patterns and emotional care in breastfed infants, Soc Indic Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] Moore, 2007, Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants, Cochrane Database Syst Rev source
- Could not verifycites [83] Neelon, 2014, Regulations to promote healthy sleep practices in child care, Pediatrics sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Overview describes a review of child-care sleep regulations, and its Discussion addresses sleep duration and obesity; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. Searches for breastfeeding, soothing, skin-to-skin contact, cortisol concordance, and maternal oxytocin found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated that breastfeeding during infancy protects against infant infections and infection-related mortalities as well as the development of malocclusion”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Nutrition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [78] Organization, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [79] Chung, 2007, Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries, Evid Technol Asses (Full Rep)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [80] Victora, 2016, Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect, Lancet source
The Conclusions state that breastfeeding prevents morbidity from diarrhoea, respiratory infections, and otitis media and provides major protection where infectious diseases commonly cause death. The short-term effects section reports a meta-analysis associating breastfeeding with a 68% reduction in malocclusion. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In this way, early parent–child book sharing and positive literacy outcomes are thought to be reciprocally related, with a “snowballing” effect in which benefits accumulate and gain momentum throughout child development [106,107].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Reading
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] Mol, 2011, To read or not to read: a meta-analysis of print exposure from infancy to early adulthood, Psychol Bull source
- Partly supportedcites [107] Raikes, 2006, Mother–child bookreading in low-income families: correlates and outcomes during the first three years of life, Child Dev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Reading and Children's Language and Cognitive Development’ section (page unavailable) describes a reciprocal, ‘snowball’-like relationship in which reading and vocabulary growth gather momentum. But the study follows children only through 36 months; it does not establish that benefits accumulate throughout child development. (LLM, conf=0.84)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“studies of children and adolescents suggest that dental problems contribute to school absences and, in turn, to academic achievement”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Hygiene
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [96] Sheiham, 2006, Dental caries affects body weight, growth and quality of life in pre-school children, Br Dent J sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract links high caries levels to school absence and diminished ability to learn, and reports parents’ perceptions of improved school performance after treatment. It focuses on young children rather than adolescents and does not establish that absences are the pathway by which dental problems affect academic achievement. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [102] Jackson, 2011, Impact of poor oral health on children's school attendance and performance, Am J Public Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion report that poorer oral health was associated with absences due to dental pain or infection, and that those absences were associated with poorer school performance. But the Results explicitly say that absences did not mediate the relationship between oral health and performance, so the claim’s “in turn” pathway is not established. The paper also says its cross-sectional data cannot establish cause and effect. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Book sharing facilitates interest in reading and advanced language skills, which, in turn, influence continued engagement in reading activities, enhanced school readiness, and childhood academic achievement [106,107].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Reading
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] Mol, 2011, To read or not to read: a meta-analysis of print exposure from infancy to early adulthood, Psychol Bull source
- Partly supportedcites [107] Raikes, 2006, Mother–child bookreading in low-income families: correlates and outcomes during the first three years of life, Child Dev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Bookreading and Children’s Language and Cognitive Development section (page unavailable) links shared bookreading with vocabulary development and positive attitudes toward reading. The Reading and Children’s Language and Cognitive Development section (page unavailable) describes a possible cycle of vocabulary gains and more reading, but cautions that the study cannot establish the direction of influence. The cited passages do not establish that this cycle improves school readiness or academic achievement, and the claim states the relationships more causally than the paper does. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“bathing prior to bedtime in childhood may increase core body temperature, with a subsequent decrease in core temperature promoting sleep onset”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Hygiene
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [40] Mindell, 2009, A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion (page not provided) suggests that the bath in the bedtime routine may have improved children's sleep by affecting core body temperature. It does not say that bathing first raises core temperature or that a subsequent drop promotes sleep onset; the study did not measure that proposed sequence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“children living in lower SES households may be more likely to have single caregivers and/or caregivers who engage in evening or shift work, as well experience increased household crowding, noise, and light exposure [139,140]”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Implications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [139] Bagley, 2015, What keeps low-SES children from sleeping well: the role of presleep worries and sleep environment, Sleep Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (§1.1; page unavailable) says fewer resources may make quiet, dark sleep environments harder to maintain and links smaller homes to tighter sleeping conditions. The Results (§3.4; page unavailable) associate lower income-to-needs ratios with more disruptive environmental conditions. The paper reports the proportion of single-parent families in its sample but does not link single caregiving to lower SES, and the passages found do not address caregivers’ evening or shift work. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [140] Evans, 2004, The environment of childhood poverty, Am Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Environmental Risk and Developmental Outcomes (p. 10) reports that lower-social-class children in a London study more often lived with a single parent and in crowded homes. The Conclusions (p. 12) describe poor children’s households as more crowded and noisier. The passages do not support the additional claims about caregivers’ evening or shift work or increased light exposure (searched: shift work, evening work, and light exposure). (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Across outcomes, there are more studies of massage with infants as opposed to with toddlers and preschoolers, and more evidence for the benefits of massage in high-risk groups, such as preterm infants [128,129] and infants of depressed mothers [130].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Massage
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [128] Field, 2010, Preterm infant massage therapy research: a review, Infant Behav Dev source
The citation is attached to preterm infants as an example of a high-risk group with evidence of massage benefits. The review’s “Massage Therapy Studies” section reports randomized controlled studies showing greater weight gain and shorter hospital stays in massaged preterm infants; the separate claim about infants of depressed mothers has its own citation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [129] Vickers, 2004, Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants, Cochrane Database Syst Rev source
This citation is attached to the preterm-infant example, not the separately cited example of infants of depressed mothers. The Effects of interventions section reports greater weight gain and a shorter hospital stay among preterm or low-birth-weight infants receiving massage, while noting that the weight-gain difference had low clinical significance. The review characterizes the overall evidence base as weak. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [130] Kersten-Alvarez, 2011, Which preventive interventions effectively enhance depressed mothers' sensitivity? A meta-analysis, Infant Ment Health J source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Two recent reviews of studies with preterm infants demonstrated that moderate (but not gentle) pressure massage can increase infant growth and reduce length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) [128,129], although effect sizes were small.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Massage
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [128] Field, 2010, Preterm infant massage therapy research: a review, Infant Behav Dev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Moderate Pressure is Critical” section reports greater weight gain with moderate rather than light pressure. “Massage Therapy Studies” reports greater weight gain and hospital stays 3–6 days shorter for preterm infants receiving massage. The review does not characterize these findings as having small effect sizes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [129] Vickers, 2004, Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants, Cochrane Database Syst Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Effects of interventions section (page unavailable) reports greater daily weight gain with massage (5.1 g) and a shorter hospital stay (4.5 days), but no such advantage from gentle, still touch. It does not identify the effective massage as moderate-pressure massage; the Background describes neonatal massage as gentle stroking. It calls the weight-gain difference of low clinical significance, while the Discussion describes the shorter stay as of considerable value, so the blanket characterization of small effects is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“An adaptive bedtime routine generates rich opportunities to support positive early childhood developmental outcomes, and is a clear framework for promoting nurturing care (adequate health, nutrition, security and safety, responsive caregiving, and early learning opportunities) and early child stimulation [1,3].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Implications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] Black, 2017, Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Life course conceptual framework section links nurturing care—including responsive, developmentally stimulating care—to positive child development. The Home activities section says storytelling, singing, and play promote early development. Neither section identifies an adaptive bedtime routine as a framework or establishes its developmental effects; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites [3] World Bank, UNICEF, World Bank Group, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“studies have shown increased risk for dental caries, other health concerns, and lower levels of school readiness and academic achievement in lower SES children and families [1,97,107].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Implications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] Black, 2017, Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Adversity, brain development, and protective influences’ section links low socioeconomic status and poverty to poorer cognitive and academic performance. The ‘Accumulation of adversities’ section describes broader developmental and health-related risks of poverty. Our copy does not address dental caries or explicitly establish lower school readiness among lower-SES children. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [97] Tinanoff, 2009, Update on early childhood caries since the Surgeon General's Report, Acad Pediatr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Socioeconomic Status section states that preschool children from low-income families are more likely to have caries. The Child, Family and Societal Impact of ECC section discusses school absence among children with severe caries, but does not establish lower school readiness or academic achievement in lower-SES children; the paper also does not establish the claimed broader risk of other health concerns. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [107] Raikes, 2006, Mother–child bookreading in low-income families: correlates and outcomes during the first three years of life, Child Dev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page not supplied) describes low-income children as at risk for academic and reading failure and reports early language and cognitive delays. It does not address dental caries or other health concerns, and it does not directly assess school readiness or later academic achievement. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A recent review of 21 studies of KMC with low birthweight infants showed that this practice can benefit infant health and wellbeing, with positive impacts on infant weight, length, and head circumference, as well as selected measures of parent attachment [134].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Cuddling/rocking
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [134] Conde-Agudelo, 2016, Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants, Cochrane Database Syst Rev source
The Main results section reports 21 included studies, mostly evaluating KMC in low-birthweight infants. The Discussion’s Summary of main results reports increased weight, length, and head-circumference gain with intermittent KMC, as well as improvements in some measures of mother–infant attachment. It also reports increased weight gain and some attachment measures with continuous KMC. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“instituting a healthy bedtime routine may be particularly beneficial for promoting healthy outcomes in at-risk populations, such as socioeconomically disadvantaged young children and their families [25,138], as developing positive routines can act as a buffer against family stress and promote better outcomes.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Implications
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [25] Hale, 2009, Social and demographic predictors of preschoolers' bedtime routines, J Dev Behav Pediatr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [138] Martin, 2011, Parenting services may be an opportunity for improving bedtime routines among at-risk preschoolers, Behav Sleep Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The Bennett et al. review of massage in full-term infants did find some small effects for massage on infant personal and social behavior, but high risk of bias may have impacted study findings [131].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Massage
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [131] Bennett, 2013, Massage for promoting mental and physical health in typically developing infants under the age of six months, Cochrane Database Syst Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background reports a statistically significant effect on infant personal and social behaviour, and says one of the two contributing studies was at high risk of bias. It does not characterize that effect as small: the reported standardized mean difference is −0.90. The risk-of-bias caution is supported, but the magnitude qualifier is not. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“feeding and bathing are the most common activities in both age groups, but in line with expectations bedtime routine activities change across child age and development.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Definition, prevalence, and components of a bedtime routine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Mindell, 2010, Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep, Sleep Med source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Mindell, 2010, Parental behaviors and sleep outcomes in infants and toddlers: a cross-cultural comparison, Sleep Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Bathing is also highly common (45% overall) but ranges from 6% in Indonesia to 81% in the United Kingdom.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Definition, prevalence, and components of a bedtime routine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Mindell, 2010, Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep, Sleep Med source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Mindell, 2010, Parental behaviors and sleep outcomes in infants and toddlers: a cross-cultural comparison, Sleep Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“early childhood sleep problems, such as difficulty falling/staying asleep and obstructive sleep apnea, are highly prevalent [16,17]”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Hiscock, 2007, Adverse associations of sleep problems in Australian preschoolers: national population study, Pediatrics source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Mindell, 2009, Developmental aspects of sleep hygiene: findings from the 2004 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll, Sleep Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“One of these sleep health recommendations is the implementation of a consistent bedtime routine, given the evidence of its sleep benefits [19], as well as the importance of childhood routines in general as a method to promote positive child development and family functioning [20].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Allen, 2016, ABCs of SLEEPING: a review of the evidence behind pediatric sleep practice recommendations, Sleep Med Rev source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Combs-Orme, 2011, Anticipatory guidance and early child development: pediatrician advice, parent behaviors, and unmet needs as reported by parents from different backgrounds, Clin Pediatr (Phila) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“routines are associated with higher levels of marital satisfaction [35] and lower levels of maternal distress [36].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > A conceptual model for the benefits of a bedtime routine for broad child development
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Spagnola, 2007, Family routines and rituals: a context for development in the lives of young children, Infants Young Child source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Leiferman, 2005, Mothers' mental distress and parenting practices with infants and toddlers, Archiv Women's Ment Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“resulting in the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendation that sleep health be included as part of anticipatory guidance at well-child visits throughout development [18].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18] Pediatrics, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Caucasian children demonstrating significantly more adaptive activities and fewer maladaptive activities relative to African American children. Increased SES was also positively associated with an increased number of adaptive bedtime routine activities.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Definition, prevalence, and components of a bedtime routine
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Henderson, 2010, Development and preliminary evaluation of the bedtime routines questionnaire, J Psychopathol Behav Assess source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“early implementation of a bedtime routine provides the opportunity to establish long-term positive habits.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > A conceptual model for the benefits of a bedtime routine for broad child development
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“having a bedtime routine is concurrently associated with better caregiver-reported sleep quality [26] and longer nighttime sleep duration [30], whereas the absence [48,49] or disruption [47] of a bedtime routine is correlated with increased night awakenings.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Henderson, 2010, Development and preliminary evaluation of the bedtime routines questionnaire, J Psychopathol Behav Assess source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Mindell, 2010, Parental behaviors and sleep outcomes in infants and toddlers: a cross-cultural comparison, Sleep Med source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Mindell, 2017, Young child and maternal sleep in the Middle East, Sleep Med source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Sadeh, 2009, Sleep and sleep ecology in the first 3 years: a web-based study, J Sleep Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a seemingly “adaptive” activity such as singing songs may be too stimulating for some children.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > A conceptual model for the benefits of a bedtime routine for broad child development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it stands to reason that a bedtime routine in particular, with its multiple steps and discrete family engagement and health-related activities, could promote far-reaching positive child developmental outcomes.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > A conceptual model for the benefits of a bedtime routine for broad child development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this model is likely not exhaustive in regards to outcomes, and the benefits of a bedtime routine are likely more than the sum of its parts.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > A conceptual model for the benefits of a bedtime routine for broad child development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention studies (Table 1), have provided robust evidence that following a bedtime routine is associated with a number of positive sleep outcomes, including an earlier bedtime, decreased sleep onset latency, reduced nighttime awakenings, increased sleep duration, and enhanced caregiver-reported sleep quality [19].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Allen, 2016, ABCs of SLEEPING: a review of the evidence behind pediatric sleep practice recommendations, Sleep Med Rev source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“this study's intervention was primarily focused on encouraging parent–child book sharing at bedtime, as opposed to promoting parent–child engagement in a specific bedtime routine. In addition, the study intervention and control condition participants reported no difference in the information they received on bedtime routines”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] High, 1998, Evaluation of a clinic-based program to promote book sharing and bedtime routines among low-income urban families with young children, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“frequency of nighttime massages was positively correlated with total infant sleep time, and negatively correlated with night awakenings.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Field, 2016, Mothers massaging their newborns with lotion versus no lotion enhances mothers' and newborns' sleep, Infant Behav Dev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Infants in the lotion massage condition evidenced fewer mother-reported nighttime awakenings and longer nighttime sleep durations relative to infants in the other two study conditions.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine on sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Field, 2016, Mothers massaging their newborns with lotion versus no lotion enhances mothers' and newborns' sleep, Infant Behav Dev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“children with non-regular bedtimes were less likely to engage in parent–child reading activities and regular mealtimes, suggesting that regular bedtime routines were unlikely for those without a set bedtime.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine beyond improved sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Kelly, 2013, Changes in bedtime schedules and behavioral difficulties in 7 year old children, Pediatrics source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“families who implemented a bedtime routine to reduce bedtime tantrums reported significant improvements in marital satisfaction, whereas those in the comparison intervention and control conditions did not.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine beyond improved sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Adams, 1989, Reducing bedtime tantrums: comparison between positive routines and graduated extinction, Pediatrics source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“mothers who engaged in massage reported child behavioral improvements at bedtime as well as decreased maternal anxiety about bedtime”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of a bedtime routine beyond improved sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Field, 2001, Sleep problems in infants decrease following massage therapy, Early Child Dev Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“mothers who chose to breastfeed their infants showed increased sensitivity during infant–mother interactions at infant age 3 mo. Sensitivity during these early dyadic interactions was in turn related to secure attachment when infants were 12 mo of age.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] Britton, 2006, Breastfeeding, sensitivity, and attachment, Pediatrics source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“inclusion of too much fluid at bedtime may result in a need for nighttime voiding, which could disrupt sleep.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Nutrition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“given that satiety contributes to somnolence [89], it could be that feeding prior to bedtime promotes sleep, particularly during early infancy when nutritional needs and feeding frequency are increased.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] Nicolaidis, 2006, Metabolic mechanism of wakefulness (and hunger) and sleep (and satiety): role of adenosine triphosphate and hypocretin and other peptides, Metabolism source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Animal research has shown that just as disruption of circadian rhythms and sleep deprivation can impact energy and hunger cues, malnutrition and appetite suppression are associated with dysregulated sleep”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] VanItallie, 2006, Sleep and energy balance: interactive homeostatic systems, Metabolism source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Direct links between breastfeeding and attachment were not found, suggesting that it is the quality of the mother–infant interactions, with breastfeeding providing a context that can facilitate positive interactions, that leads to better attachment outcomes.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] Britton, 2006, Breastfeeding, sensitivity, and attachment, Pediatrics source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Hunger and sleep both play a role in homeostatic regulation and are interrelated processes”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Nutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] Nicolaidis, 2006, Metabolic mechanism of wakefulness (and hunger) and sleep (and satiety): role of adenosine triphosphate and hypocretin and other peptides, Metabolism source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] VanItallie, 2006, Sleep and energy balance: interactive homeostatic systems, Metabolism source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Oral health care is one of the most prevalent unmet health needs among infants and toddlers, both in the United States and developing countries”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Hygiene
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [98] Okunseri, 2015, Children's oral health assessment, prevention, and treatment, Pediatr Clin North Am source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Reading aloud to or reading with children (hereafter referred to as parent–child book sharing) has been linked to language development, literacy, and positive cognitive outcomes.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Reading
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [18] Pediatrics, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Parent–child book sharing is a rich and interactive activity that can facilitate parent–child communication and increase parent sensitivity to child learning and broad developmental progress [103,106].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Reading
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [103] Duursma, 2008, Reading aloud to children: the evidence, Arch Dis Child source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] Mol, 2011, To read or not to read: a meta-analysis of print exposure from infancy to early adulthood, Psychol Bull source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the Reach out and Read (ROR) program, in which pediatricians and other health professionals provide free books and anticipatory guidance related to parent–child book sharing, has shown that these efforts can increase parent–child reading frequency and improve child language development [103,104].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Reading
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [103] Duursma, 2008, Reading aloud to children: the evidence, Arch Dis Child source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [104] Zuckerman, 2010, Reach Out and Read: evidence based approach to promoting early child development, Curr Opin Pediatr source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Including bathing and teeth brushing as part of a consistent bedtime routine may facilitate early learning of proper self-care and health-related habits, which are important for subsequent child health-related quality of life and psychosocial functioning.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Hygiene
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a review on the effects of massage therapy on child and adult biochemistry, Field et al. [132] found evidence that massage therapy can decrease cortisol and increase serotonin and dopamine, suggesting that massage therapy could reduce stress and promote positive mood.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Massage
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [132] Field, 2005, Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy, Int J Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that massage therapy could reduce stress and promote positive mood.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Massage
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After participating in a music and movement program, which included the teaching of songs and lullabies, mothers of 2–6 mo-old infants showed increased mother–infant reciprocity and duration of infant directed speech, as well as more positive maternal perceptions of mother–infant attachment, compared to mothers in the control condition [116].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Singing/lullabies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] Vlismas, 2013, The effects of music and movement on mother–infant interactions, Early Child Dev Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Parental affection and a secure parent–child relationship additionally are associated with enhanced child psychological functioning, with meta-analytic data providing long-term evidence of the importance of early parent–child bonds for subsequent psychological wellbeing and adjustment [135,136].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Cuddling/rocking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [135] Madigan, 2013, Attachment and internalizing behavior in early childhood: a meta-analysis, Dev Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [136] Pasco Fearon, 2011, Infant–mother attachment and the growth of externalizing problems across the primary-school years, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“some studies of premature infants show benefits of background music [124] or parent singing/lullabies [125] on infant sleep, whereas others do not [126,127].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Singing/lullabies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [124] Loewy, 2013, The effects of music therapy on vital signs, feeding, and sleep in premature infants, Pediatrics source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] Lai, 2006, Randomized controlled trial of music during kangaroo care on maternal state anxiety and preterm infants' responses, Int J Nurs Stud source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [126] Dearn, 2014, The effect of maternal presence on premature infant response to recorded music, J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [127] Dorn, 2014, Influence of acoustic stimulation on the circadian and ultradian rhythm of premature infants, Chronobiol Int source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physical contact, such as cuddling, rocking, and massage are linked to increased feelings of security.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Implications
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One study of bedtime practices and maternal emotional availability, which was assessed by coding videos of maternal behaviors (sensitivity, scaffolding, intrusiveness and hostility) at bedtime in 44 mother–infant dyads, showed that increased maternal emotional availability was associated with decreased night awakenings [137], although close physical contact was not.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Cuddling/rocking
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [137] Teti, 2010, Maternal emotional availability at bedtime predicts infant sleep quality, J Fam Psychol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A bedtime routine provides the seemingly obvious benefits to sleep and to reduction of sleep problems, as well the indirect links to improved wellbeing through better sleep.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“some initial studies have provided evidence for effects of musical engagement on family functioning and child psychosocial outcomes, including decreased levels of parental distress [118], as well as improved positive parent–child interactions, parenting-related irritability, and mental health [119].”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Benefits of bedtime routine activities > Singing/lullabies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [118] Custodero, 2003, Musical lives: a collective portrait of American parents and their young children, J Appl Dev Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [119] Nicholson, 2008, Impact of music therapy to promote positive parenting and child development, J Health Psychol source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“conclusions about some bedtime routine components, such as massage, and outcomes, such as child emotional–behavioral regulation and family functioning, are limited by small sample sizes and a prior focus on special populations (e.g., premature infants, mothers with depression), and thus require further study.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Future directions for research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“to elicit the dose-dependent bedtime routine-outcome response relationship.”
§ Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond > Future directions for practice
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: There is a dose-dependent relationship between bedtime routine and outcomes.
The paper relies on this without support.
The outcomes of child self-care/health and parent–child bonding/attachment in the conceptual model have not yet been studied in bedtime routine research.
“To our knowledge, the conceptual model outcomes of child self-care/health and parent–child bonding/attachment have yet to be examined in the context of bedtime routine research.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early dental caries are common worldwide and affect lower socioeconomic status children more heavily.
“Early dental caries are highly prevalent worldwide, and disproportionately impact lower SES children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most caregivers are present at bedtime and can engage interactively with their children.
“Bedtime is a time when most caregivers are present and can engage interactively with their children.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cuddling and rocking during early childhood involves some skin-to-skin contact.
“cuddling and rocking during early childhood likely involves some SSC.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a dose-dependent relationship between bedtime routine and outcomes.
“to elicit the dose-dependent bedtime routine-outcome response relationship.”
Citations
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Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 357
Kitsaras, G., Goodwin, M., Allan, J., Kelly, M. P., & Pretty, I. (2020) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/15524 · Cited by 10
“Using the idea of an ideal bedtime routine, as described by previous studies [18] and expert opinions, the assessment of bedtime routines focused on the following five target areas: (1) consistency (determined as a child going to bed within a space of an hour every night), (2) tooth brushing, (3) snacks/drinks before…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKitsaras, G., Pretty, I., & Allan, J. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-01039-7 · Cited by 8
“Optimal bedtime routines require a range of recurrent, adaptive and interactive behaviours to be consistently carried out by parents and children [2, 5]; ideally including toothbrushing, avoidance of electronic devices including TV, avoidance of snacks and drinks other than water or unflavoured milk, reading of a book…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialYao, D., Wang, S., Li, F., Gao, M., & Shao, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.923757 · Cited by 10
The Influence of Mothers’ Educational Level on Children’s Comprehensive Quality
Yu, S. (2023) · Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/ehss.v8i.4461 · Cited by 10
Varella, M. A. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1215481 · Cited by 12
“…role for infants and adults (Feng et al., 2018; Akkermann et al., 2021), explaining the existence of lullaby songs (Mehr et al., 2018, 2019), and a nightly bedtime routine is beneficial to children’s healthy sleep and wellbeing leading to satisfactory development (Mindell and Williamson, 2018).”
BackgroundHash, J. B., Oxford, M. L., Fleming, C. B., Ward, T. M., & Spieker, S. J. (2019) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2019.1611579 · Cited by 11
“…benefits to the child, reduce parental distress, and provide an early parenting success that becomes a foundation for more intensive parenting interventions that may be needed (see Mindell and Williamson, 2018, and Mindell, Li, Sadeh, Kwon, and Goh, 2015, for the benefits of bedtime routines).”
BackgroundZhan, N., Zhang, Y., Xie, D., & Geng, F. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13590 · Cited by 10
“Furthermore, parental involvement may promote children's sleep through household practices and good sleep hygiene (Godsell & White, 2019; Mindell & Williamson, 2018).”
BackgroundIshii, R., Obara, H., Nagamitsu, S., Matsuoka, M., Suda, M., Yuge, K., Inoue, T., Sakuta, R., Oka, Y., Kakuma, T., et al. (2022) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2022.06.003 · Cited by 12
Common Childhood Sleep Problems and Disorders
Leung, T. N., Wong, K. L., Chan, A. K. C., & Li, A. M. (2022) · Current Pediatric Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573396318666220827102018 · Cited by 9
Kitsaras, G., Goodwin, M., Allan, J., Kelly, M. P., & Pretty, I. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18178983 · Cited by 9
“Similar to other studies [10], key results from this study show that all families implement one form of routine around bedtime each night, and while some families manage to achieve optimal routines, other struggle.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffects of Touchscreen Media Use on Toddlers’ Sleep: Insights from Longtime ECG Monitoring
Wimmer, S., Eglmaier, M. T. W., Eichen, L., Rettenbacher, K., Macher, D., Walter‐Laager, C., Lackner, H. K., Papousek, I., & Paechter, M. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21227515 · Cited by 9
“Young children’s sleep may be affected by various factors, such as inefficient bedtime routines [20], family background [18], health status [21], and perhaps digital media use [16–19].”
BackgroundRelations between bedtime parenting behaviors and temperament across 14 cultures
Pham, C., Desmarais, É., Jones, V., French, B. F., Wang, Z., Putnam, S. P., Casalin, S., Linhares, M. B. M., Felipe Lecannelier, A., Tuovinen, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1004082 · Cited by 11
Bedtime Routines of Young Children, Parenting Stress, and Bedtime Resistance: Mediation Models
Larsen, K. L., Erp, L. S., Jordan, M., & Jordan, S. S. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01275-7 · Cited by 11
“Including additional variables such as parenting stress as an outcome would provide objective data for the conceptual model posed by Mindell and Williamson [34] as well as support one of our theorized implications that implementing a consistent nightly bedtime routine may directly Fig.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPetermann-Rocha, F. E., Valera‐Gran, D., Fernández-Pires, P., Martens, D. S., Júlvez, J., Rodríguez-Dehli, C., Andiarena, A., Lozano, M., Fernández‐Somoano, A., Lertxundi, A., et al. (2022) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-022-02255-w · Cited by 10
School-Based Sleep Education Program for Children: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Chen, S., Li, S. X., Zhang, J., Lam, S. P., Yu, M. W. M., Tsang, C. C., Kong, A. P. S., Chan, K. C. C., Li, A. M., Wing, Y. K., et al. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11131853 · Cited by 14
A Systematic Review on Physical, Cognitive, and Social-Emotional Development of Pre-Schoolers
Roslan, F., Selvam, L., Pandian, T., Rahman, M. N. B. A., & Motevalli, S. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development · doi:10.6007/ijarped/v11-i2/13013 · Cited by 8
Cromer, L. D., Bell, S. B., Prince, L. E., Hollman, N., Sabbagh, E. E., & Buck, T. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2024.1401023 · Cited by 9
“The modifications added sleep hygiene; bedtime routines (Mindell and Williamson, 2018); stress management, including a worry jar; relaxation components in each session (compared to two sessions in Fernandez’s adaptation); positive imagery before bedtime; and mindfulness (Cromer et al., 2022a).”
Perceived Barriers and Facilitators for Bedtime Routines in Families with Young Children
Kitsaras, G., Goodwin, M., Kelly, M. P., Pretty, I., & Allan, J. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8010050 · Cited by 9
“Sleep is a vital part of health and wellbeing with multiple and wide ranging implications for child development and wellbeing [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialCepni, A. B., Taylor, A., Thompson, D. I., Moran, N. E., Olvera, N. E., O’Connor, D. P., Johnston, C. A., & Ledoux, T. A. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105608 · Cited by 8
Lost in translation—the influence of language on infant sleep research
Tinková, L. M., & Ball, H. L. (2021) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.10.010 · Cited by 9
Parental Discontent with Infant Sleep During the First Two Years of Life
Ginkel, M. W. H., Imkamp, N. L. E., van Houtum, L., Vrijkotte, T. G. M., Haddi-Toutouh, Y. B., & Chinapaw, M. J. M. (2023) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2022.2156867 · Cited by 8
Parental relationship dissolution and child development: the role of child sleep quality
Rudd, B. N., Holtzworth‐Munroe, A., D'Onofrio, B. M., & Waldron, M. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy224 · Cited by 8
Wang, W., Li, H., Zhang, X., Lin, L., Chen, X., Zhong, C., Chen, R., Wu, M. C., Yang, S., Tu, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.018 · Cited by 8
Rezaei, R., Nia, H. S., Nazari, R., & Saatsaz, S. (2023) · Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.3233/npm-210964 · Cited by 10
“In similar research, the same results were obtained [13], which are relatively consistent with the results of our study, indicating positive effects of massages on the sleep condition of infants.”
Zhu, Y., Zhang, G., & Zhan, S. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00796-y · Cited by 8
“Individuals who have had recurrent ACEs are more likely to struggle with subsequent stressful events because their stress response system is overbur-dened making them less able to efficiently manage biological stress processes [80].”
BackgroundParenting Practices and Well-Being and Health Behaviors Among Young Asian American Children
Kwon, S., Shin, E., Bartell, T. R., & Capan, S. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.54516 · Cited by 8
The Japanese Sleep Questionnaire for preschoolers within a Malaysian context
Jayanath, S., Hamzah, N., Fauzi, A. A., Adlan, A. S. A., Muhamad, N. A., Zainal, A. Z., Mohri, I., & Tachibana, M. (2022) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1111/ped.15123 · Cited by 7
What daily factors affect the sleep habits of Japanese toddlers?
Murata, E., Yoshizaki, A., Fujisawa, T. X., Tachibana, M., Taniike, M., & Mohri, I. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10508 · Cited by 7
Luo, X., Zhang, A., Li, H., Li, Y., Ying, F., Wang, X., Yang, Q., Zhang, Z., & Huang, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1386529 · Cited by 8
“This points to the utility of integrating music therapy into the bedtime routine of individuals across different age groups, particularly those with limited physical mobility or preference for less physically demanding interventions (93, 94).”
BackgroundThe Role of Timing and Amount of Outdoor Play in Emotional Dysregulation in Preschool Children
Lee, J. J.-H., Flouri, E., & Jackson, Y. (2024) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.70020 · Cited by 14
“They are also less likely to engage in specific bedtime routines during the 30 min prior to going to bed (Mindell and Williamson 2018).”
Pandey, S., Bhattarai, S., & Bhatta, A. (2020) · Sleep Disorders · doi:10.1155/2020/8846288 · Cited by 7
“Healthy bedtime rituals have been found to improve not only sleep but also enhance the overall growth and development of the child in early days [21].”
BackgroundResultRudd, B. N., Reilly, M. E., Holtzworth‐Munroe, A., D'Onofrio, B. M., & Waldron, M. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-01989-1 · Cited by 7
Tomaso, C. C., James, T. D., Nelson, J. M., Espy, K. A., & Nelson, T. D. (2021) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.06.009 · Cited by 7
Factors associated with consistent bedtime routines and good sleep outcomes
Larsen, K. L., & Jordan, S. S. (2021) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2021.1981331 · Cited by 7
“One construct that is linked with positive sleep outcomes (Mindell & Williamson, 2018), and is often recommended by pediatricians to struggling parents (Mindell et al., 2006), is the use of a consistent bedtime routine.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialChung, A., Jin, P., Kamboukos, D. M., Robbins, R., Blanc, J., Jean‐Louis, G., & Seixas, A. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159416 · Cited by 7
“Some common factors that affect sleep scheduling and sleep habits include family mealtime/feeding practices, hygiene/brushing teeth, literacy/reading books, lullabies, familial stress and parent–child interactions [1,8].”
BackgroundPhilbrook, L. E. (2022) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22322 · Cited by 8
Pal, E., Blackwell, J. E., Ball, H. L., & Collings, P. J. (2023) · Sleep Medicine X · doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2023.100068 · Cited by 7
Sleep patterns in childhood: a longitudinal assessment from the Generation XXI birth cohort
Gonçalves, M., Costa, A. R., Severo, M., Henriques, A., & Barros, H. (2023) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2023.102293 · Cited by 7
Haidar, A., Sharma, S. V., Durand, C. P., Barlow, S. E., Salahuddin, M., Butte, N. F., & Hoelscher, D. M. (2020) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2020.0182 · Cited by 7
Sustained attention across toddlerhood: The roles of language and sleep.
McQuillan, M. E., Bates, J. E., Staples, A. D., Hoyniak, C. P., Rudasill, K. M., & Molfese, V. J. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001197 · Cited by 10
Luna-Cortés, G. (2022) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2021.2012340 · Cited by 7
“Research shows that the routine affects child development (e.g., Bater & Jordan, 2017; Bridley & Jordan, 2012; Budescu & Taylor, 2013; Mindell & Williamson, 2018; Ren et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSleep, Emotion, and Sex-Specific Developmental Trajectories in Childhood and Adolescence
Marano, G., & Mazza, M. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13020171 · Cited by 6
“Consistent bedtimes, parental monitoring, and emotionally supportive environments are associated with better sleep quality and more adaptive emotional functioning [73].”
Racial and ethnic disparities in insufficient sleep among US in infants and preschoolers
Li, Y., Lin, S. X., Cheslack‐Postava, K., Tang, H., Fan, F., & Hoven, C. W. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2022.11.003 · Cited by 7
Does Teething Disrupt Infant Sleep? A Longitudinal Auto-Videosomnography Study
Kahn, M., Lucchini, M., Oster, E. F., et al. (2025) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2025.114461 · Cited by 6
Pudasainee‐Kapri, S., Zhang, Y., & Razza, R. A. (2025) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102027 · Cited by 8
Association between Sleep and Language Development in Children with Congenital Zika Syndrome
da Silva, N. C., Giacheti, C. M., do Couto, M. C. H., de Jesus, S. S., Ribeiro, E. M., Verçosa, I., & Pinato, L. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16071003 · Cited by 6
“Regarding the association between sleep and language development issues, it is known that the nighttime bedtime routine is a key factor in promoting not only healthy sleep but also overall development and well-being in early childhood [26,27].”
BackgroundLinnehan, A. M., Cannon, B., & Luiselli, J. K. (2021) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/15346501211041407 · Cited by 6
“Parents adhered to a consistent bedtime routine adapted from child recommended sleep hygiene practices (Mindell & Williamson, 2018).”
BackgroundTan, T. X., Wang, J. H., Wang, P., & Huang, Y. T. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12755 · Cited by 6
“For instance, in a recent systematic review, Mindell and Williamson (2018) reported that maintaining a healthy sleep routine was associated with a broad range of positive social, emotional, and behavioral regulation in children.”
BackgroundKitsaras, G., Allan, J., & Pretty, I. (2020) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-020-0562-y · Cited by 6
“proaches [12] or focused on selective bedtime routines behaviours rather than the entirety of the routine and its different components [6].”
BackgroundWest, M., & Schwichtenberg, A. J. (2025) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2025.102095 · Cited by 6
Meneo, D., & Baglioni, C. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102154 · Cited by 11
Betthäuser, B., Trinh, N. A., & Fasang, A. (2023) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcad073 · Cited by 5
Early identification of sleep phenotypes in infants by videosomnography: a cross-sectional study
Breda, M., Lucchini, M., Barnett, N. R., & Bruni, O. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.11576 · Cited by 5
Regular Bedtime: Implications for Obesity Prevention During the Pandemic and Beyond
Covington, L. B., Trude, A. C. B., Armstrong, B., & Black, M. M. (2021) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2021.0063 · Cited by 5
“24 Sleep routines can be a relatively brief ( £ 15 minutes) and low-cost strategy for families.”
Ricci, C., Poulain, T., Rothenbacher, D., & Genuneit, J. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s307821 · Cited by 5
Bagaimana Literasi Dini dengan Cerita Sebelum Tidur?
Sufiati, V., & Paramita, M. V. A. (2021) · Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Undiksha · doi:10.23887/paud.v9i1.32837 · Cited by 5
Barata, Ö., & Acar, İ. H. (2022) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2022.2134133 · Cited by 5
“…having a set of times and places for bedtime, and the presence of a consistent caregiver during the bedtime routine is related to greater sleep duration and less bedtime resistance (Koulouglioti et al., 2014; Mindell, Li, Sadeh, Kwon, & Goh, 2015; Mindell et al., 2009; Mindell & Williamson, 2018).”
InfluentialKreutz, G., & Feldhaus, M. (2023) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/20592043221149351 · Cited by 5
“…thoughts and feelings could be enhanced by musical rituals that could start from birth, fi rst as lullabies and playing songs, for example, as the children ’ s musical responsiveness unfolds over the fi rst years of life with some implications for their well-being (Mindell & Williamson, 2018).”
BackgroundAssociations Between Sleep Health and Child Behavior at Age 6 Years in the INSIGHT Study
Dadzie, A., Master, L., Hohman, E. E., Hernández, E., Tauriello, S., Paul, I. M., Savage, J. S., Anzman‐Frasca, S., & Buxton, O. M. (2024) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001326 · Cited by 5
Promoting early reading in a social exclusion district in primary care
Garach-Gómez, A., Ruiz-Hernández, A., García-Lara, G. M., Jiménez-Castillo, I., Ibáñez-Godoy, I., & Ruíz, M. E. (2021) · Anales de Pediatría (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.anpede.2020.07.011 · Cited by 5
McCormick, S. A., Chary, M., & Deater-Deckard, K. D. (2021) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12529 · Cited by 6
Rezaei, R., Nia, H. S., Nazari, R., Beheshti, Z., & Saatsaz, S. (2022) · Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jnn.2022.07.026 · Cited by 13
Meltzer, L. J., & Paisley, C. A. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.02.001 · Cited by 6
Lien, A., Li, X., Keown-Stoneman, C. D. G., Cost, K. T., Vanderloo, L. M., Carsley, S., Maguire, J., & Birken, C. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2024.1293404 · Cited by 5
Bedtime routines, development, and caregiver educational attainment in toddlerhood
Lam, J. T. Y., Williamson, A. A., Salih, Z., Heere, M., & Mindell, J. A. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1197297 · Cited by 5
“As in prior research, a consistent bedtime routine was defined as having a bedtime routine for five or more nights per week (Mindell and Williamson, 2018; Williamson and Mindell, 2020).”
InfluentialSelf-citationA cross-sectional study on the relationship between infant sleep, temperament, and bedtime practices
Breda, M., Lucchini, M., Barnett, N. R., & Bruni, O. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.11296 · Cited by 5
“46”
Scullin, M. K., LeBlanc, C., Cruz, A., Love, A., Reid, K., Gray, K., King, E., Johnson, D. A., Hale, L. E., Bush, L., et al. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf101 · Cited by 5
Meneo, D., Baldi, E., Benz, F., & Fabris, M. A. (2025) · Cogent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28324765.2025.2541697 · Cited by 6
Woody, R. H. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197546598.001.0001 · Cited by 9
Associations between family environment resources and mental health problems in children
Dilleggi, E. S., dos Santos, P. L., & Scorsolini‐Comin, F. (2022) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000359 · Cited by 4
Izenstark, D., & Ravindran, N. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12714 · Cited by 4
Rojas, D. L., Castorena‐Torres, F., Alvarado-Ramos, S., Morales, A. D. C., & Rodríguez-de-Ita, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054386 · Cited by 4
“Preschool children are in a crucial developmental stage to establish healthy bedtime routines [18].”
BackgroundNurturing the Literacy Lives of Boys of Color During COVID-19
Segel, M. (2023) · Journal of Literacy Research · doi:10.1177/1086296x231179368 · Cited by 4
“…closeness is relatively understudied in the family literacy scholarship involving teens, though a corpus of scholarship does exist concerning closeness in early childhood family literacies (e.g., see studies on lap reading: Knopf & Brown, 2009; Lamme et al., 2004; Mindell & Williamson, 2018).”
BackgroundEvaluation of a daily facial massage on perceived sleep quality and well‐being: A pilot study
Porcheron, A., Latreille, J., Sauvet, F., & Bardel, M.-H. (2024) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12963 · Cited by 7
Sleep problems among Asian preschool children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
Tippawanich, M., Thampratankul, L., & Chuthapisith, J. (2024) · Brain & development (Tokyo. 1979) · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2024.10.001 · Cited by 3
Golos, A., Paz, S. W., & Zaguri‐Vittenberg, S. (2024) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-024-09995-z · Cited by 5
“The literature indicates that consistent waking time and bedtime is associated with better sleep, improved behavioral and emotional regulation in children, and lower parental stress (Mindell & Williamson, 2018).”
Socioemotional behaviour of toddlers influenced by the sleep patterns: Prevalence study
Sam, G., Naif, M., Sarah, Z., Hamoud, M., & Inad, N. (2022) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_340_21 · Cited by 4
“Therefore, a bedtime routine has been suggested to be beneficial in young children by Covington et al.[18] and Mindell and Williamsom.”
BackgroundRicci, C., Ordnung, M., Rothenbacher, D., & Genuneit, J. (2024) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s448736 · Cited by 5
“43 While most studies assessed screen time coarsely, as we did, some studies documented specific associations between a given type of electronic device and sleep disturbance.”
BackgroundÁvila‐García, M., Huertas‐Delgado, F. J., & Tercedor, P. (2021) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-021-00323-y · Cited by 4
“Consequently, establishing a bedtime routine that includes an appropriate and constant bedtime and reduced screen time before sleeping will contribute to improving children’s sleep quality [49, 50].”
BackgroundEnvironmental Scan of Sleep Health in Early Childhood Programs
Bonuck, K. A., Collins-Anderson, A., Ashkinaze, J., Karasz, A., & Schwartz, A. (2019) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2019.1640222 · Cited by 4
“Cultural values influence sleep practices (McLaughlin Crabtree et al., 2005; Milan, Snow, & Belay, 2007), including racial/ethnic differences in sleep duration and hygiene (McDonald, Wardle, Llewellyn, van Jaarsveld, & Fisher, 2014; Mindell & Williamson, 2018), and co-sleeping.”
BackgroundLucchini, M., Kahn, M., Ordway, M. R., Bailes, L. G., Dapretto, M., Thakur, S., & Barnett, N. R. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106539 · Cited by 3
Okano, S., Akiko, A., Kimura, K., Fukuda, I., Miyamoto, A., & Tanaka, H. (2023) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2023.01.009 · Cited by 3
A comparison of perceived barriers to optimal child sleep among families with low and high income
Adams, E. L., Edgar, A., Mosher, P., Burkart, S. A., Armstrong, B., Weaver, R. G., Beets, M. W., Siceloff, E. R., Savidge, M., Dugger, R., et al. (2024) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.12.004 · Cited by 5
Papadopoulou, M., Sandalidou, M., Kamarligkos, I., Kitsakis, N., Milonaki, M.-A., Zografou, F., & Kitsaras, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2024.1339561 · Cited by 3
“Bedtime routines incorporate a range of behaviors from interactive to non-interactive activities (Mindell and Williamson, 2018).”
InfluentialA routine within a routine: Can bedtime yoga improve sleep for the whole family?
Cea, L. M., Brooks, C., Whipps, J., Wilkins, B., & Guseman, E. H. (2024) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.09.007 · Cited by 3
“6 Bedtime may be an advantageous time to implement calming routines because it is a time of day that naturally lends itself to nurturing care.”
BackgroundKitsaras, G., Boothman, N., Gómez, J., Goodwin, M., Muzammil, M., & Walsh, T. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-025-05573-7 · Cited by 4
“Family routines are crucial for child development and wellbeing as a multitude of beneficial behaviours and activities take place during family routines [13, 14].”
ZzzMate: Designing an Empathetic Chatbot for Addressing Self-Conscious Emotions for Sleep Adherence
Tang, X., Li, Z., Sun, X., Xu, X., & Zhang, M.-L. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2589503 · Cited by 3
“This helps users establish a consistent bedtime routine, which is crucial for improving sleep quality and overall well-being (Mindell et al., 2009; Mindell & Williamson, 2018).”
Baukienė, E., Jusienė, R., Praninskienė, R., & Lisauskienė, L. (2021) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2021.1885392 · Cited by 3
Role of Psychologists in Pediatric Sleep Medicine
Goetting, M. G. (2022) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2022.05.011 · Cited by 3
The Importance of Sleep for Normal Growth and Development
Sheehan, A. (2023) · Advances in Family Practice Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.yfpn.2022.11.012 · Cited by 3
Sahu, N., Patil, P. S., Asmita, & Longkumer, I. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.70044 · Cited by 3
Positive Parent–Child Interactions and Stimulation Predict Favorable Oral Health‐Related Practices
Costa, F. D. S., Cademartori, M. G., Schuch, H. S., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1111/ipd.13304 · Cited by 3
Hábitos do sono infantil e percepção materna ao longo do primeiro ano de vida da criança
Henrique, N. C. P., Hilário, J. S. M., Louzada, F. M., Scorzafave, L. G., Santos, D. D. D., & de Mello, D. F. (2022) · Journal of Human Growth and Development · doi:10.36311/jhgd.v32.13095 · Cited by 3
Covington, L. B., Satti, A. G., Brewer, B. C., Blair, R., Duffy, I., Laurenceau, J., Mayberry, S., Cordova, A., Hoopes, E. K., & Patterson, F. (2022) · Journal of Applied Research on Children Informing Policy for Children at Risk · doi:10.58464/2155-5834.1487 · Cited by 3
Bed Sharing in Toddlerhood: Choice Versus Necessity and Provider Guidelines
Covington, L. B., Armstrong, B., & Black, M. M. (2019) · Global Pediatric Health · doi:10.1177/2333794x19843929 · Cited by 3
Exploring an objective measure of overactivity in children with rare genetic syndromes
O’Sullivan, R., Bissell, S., Agar, G., Spiller, J., Surtees, A. D. R., Heald, M., Clarkson, E., Khan, A., Oliver, C., Bagshaw, A. P., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-024-09535-y · Cited by 2
“Physical activity is limited whilst in bed, and is also typically reduced during bedtime routines [108].”
BackgroundSleepless nights, troubled futures: The association between insufficient sleep and child flourishing
Okorie, I. P., & Weber, A. M. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.07.020 · Cited by 2
Cadime, I., Santos, A. L., Ribeiro, I., Viana, F. L., & Martín-Aragoneses, M. T. (2024) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000924000412 · Cited by 2
May family routines impact oral health in American children?
Pardi, V., Castilho, G. T., Stewart, R., Luo, H., Wright, W. G., & Moss, M. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2024.1477036 · Cited by 2
Lara, H., Nevarez-Brewster, M., Manning, C., Reid, M. J., Parade, S. H., Mason, G. M., & Rojo‐Wissar, D. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2024.1405398 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Mindell, J. A., & Williamson, A. A.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mindell, Jodi A.
- Venue
- Sleep medicine reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 40
- Pages
- 93-108
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6587181
- OpenAlex
- W2767478263
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Health and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- bedtime routines, early childhood development, children's sleep, nurturing care, language development, literacy, parent-child attachment, family functioning, vulnerable children, socioeconomic deprivation, bedtime reading, lullabies, physical contact, hygiene practices
- MeSH terms
- Sleep Hygiene, Child Development, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Habits, Humans, Parent-Child Relations, Time Factors
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