Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond.

In the paper

“Bennett et al. [131] did not find evidence of any positive associations between massage and sleep when examining studies conducted with infants ages 0–6 mo.”

What the sources say

• Disputed

  The Results (page unavailable) report several positive sleep findings, including significantly fewer night wakings after massage and at three- and six-month follow-up. The review cautions that the overall evidence is poor and does not support routine use of massage in low-risk groups, but that is different from finding no evidence of any positive association with sleep. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites [131] Bennett, 2013, Massage for promoting mental and physical health in typically developing infants under the age of six months, Cochrane Database Syst Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“early childhood sleep problems are associated with a number of poor developmental outcomes across neurocognitive [4,5], social-emotional [6-9], physical health [10,11], and family functioning domains [12-15]”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The citation is attached to the neurocognitive domain, not to the sentence’s separate social-emotional, physical-health, or family-functioning domains. In “Adding a Developmental Context,” the paper reports associations between childhood sleep problems and later executive-function scores, learning, and intelligence. Page numbers are not available in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [4] Beebe, 2011, Cognitive, behavioral, and functional consequences of inadequate sleep in children and adolescents, Pediatr Clin North Am source
• Supported

  The citation is attached to the neurocognitive outcome, not the separately cited social-emotional, physical-health, or family-functioning outcomes. The Introduction reports that poor school functioning and lower cognitive performance have been associated with sleep problems in children. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [5] Turnbull, 2013, Behavioral sleep problems and their potential impact on developing executive function in children, Sleep source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Hysing, 2016, Pediatric sleep problems and social-emotional problems. A population-based study, Infant Behav Dev source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Mindell, 2016, Sleep and social-emotional development in infants and toddlers, J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Sivertsen, 2015, Later emotional and behavioral problems associated with sleep problems in toddlers: a longitudinal study, JAMA Pediatr source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Williams, 2017, A developmental cascade model of behavioral sleep problems and emotional and attentional self-regulation across early childhood, Behav Sleep Med source
• Partly supported

  The introduction (section M; page unavailable) links infant sleep problems with poor maternal health and links maternal depression with poorer mother-child relationships. The Discussion likewise says mothers reporting infant sleep problems suffer poorer mental health. These passages support an association with maternal well-being, but do not establish the broader family-functioning outcome attributed to this source; the other outcome domains are attached to different citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [12] Hiscock, 2007, Improving infant sleep and maternal mental health: a cluster randomised trial, Arch Dis Child sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Hiscock, 2001, Infant sleep problems and postnatal depression: a community-based study, Pediatrics source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Meltzer, 2007, Relationship between child sleep disturbances and maternal sleep, mood, and parenting stress: a pilot study, J Fam Psychol source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Sadeh, 2010, Parenting and infant sleep, Sleep Med Rev source

In the paper

“A bedtime routine, in and of itself, embodies the characteristics of nurturing care and early child stimulation [1,3].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The life course conceptual framework describes nurturing care as responsive, emotionally supportive, and developmentally stimulating. The Home activities section identifies storytelling and singing as activities that promote early development. The paper does not discuss bedtime routines or establish that a routine, in and of itself, has those characteristics; pages were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [1] Black, 2017, Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] World Bank, UNICEF, World Bank Group, 2016

In the paper

“engaging in regular routines can buffer against the effects of family stress [37] and individual child risk factors [28,38,39] on child wellbeing.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Yoon, 2015, Parenting stress, dinnertime rituals, and child well-being in working-class families, Fam Relat source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Yoo, 2010, The impact of health-promoting behaviors on low-income children's health: a risk and resilience perspective, Health Soc Work source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Ivanova, 2006, Family stability as a protective factor against psychopathology for urban children receiving psychological services, J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol source
• Supported

  The Discussion reports that regular mealtime and bedtime routines buffered infant boys high in anger or frustration from developing oppositional behavior, supporting the part of the citing sentence about individual child risk factors. The family-stress part is attached to citation [37], not this source; this paper’s finding concerns a specific risk factor and outcome. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [39] Rijlaarsdam, 2015, Early family regularity protects against later disruptive behavior, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source

In the paper

“African American families, as well as families of lower SES, were less likely than Caucasian families and those of more advantaged backgrounds to engage in interactive and hygiene-related routines.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section reports that Black mothers were less likely than white mothers to use interactive bedtime routines, and that hygiene-related routines were less common in families with Black mothers than with white mothers. It also links lower maternal education and poverty to less use of these routines, supporting the socioeconomic comparison for the preschool-age sample. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [25] Hale, 2009, Social and demographic predictors of preschoolers' bedtime routines, J Dev Behav Pediatr source

In the paper

“increased engagement in general, everyday routines is associated with positive child outcomes, including enhanced language development, academic achievement, and social-emotional and behavioral functioning [21,33,34].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [21] Fiese, 2002, Routines of daily living and rituals in family life: a glimpse at stability and change during the early child-raising years, Zero Three
• Partly supported

  The Relational (dynamic) variables section links regular family routines and rituals to better social development, healthy behaviors, and fewer problematic behaviors. It does not link routines to enhanced language development or academic achievement; no page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [33] Baldridge, 2011, Family stability and childhood behavioral outcomes: a critical review of the literature, J Fam Strengths sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Fiese, 2002, A review of 50 years of research on naturally occurring family routines and rituals: cause for celebration?, J Fam Psychol source

In the paper

“Caregiver presence and related activities at child sleep onset, as opposed to prior to lights out, can create problematic sleep onset associations that negatively impact sleep [19,24].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Allen, 2016, ABCs of SLEEPING: a review of the evidence behind pediatric sleep practice recommendations, Sleep Med Rev source
• Partly supported

  The diagnostic criteria for sleep-onset association insomnia say that special conditions at sleep onset can delay or disrupt sleep when absent, and that nighttime awakenings may require caregiver intervention. The Parent Education/Prevention section recommends putting babies to bed “drowsy but awake.” The paper does not explicitly make the claimed contrast between caregiver activities at sleep onset and activities before lights out. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [24] Mindell, 2006, Behavioral treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings in infants and young children, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“preschoolers of African American or Hispanic/Latino racial/ethnic background, as well as those whose mothers had lower levels of educational attainment, were significantly less likely to follow a regular bedtime routine [25].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report that children of Black and Hispanic mothers were less likely to have bedtime routines, and that lower maternal education was associated with being less likely to have one. But the Results also state that maternal education was not significantly associated with actually using a bedtime routine on four or more weeknights. Thus the claim is supported for having a routine, but not for lower-education children being less likely to follow it regularly. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [25] Hale, 2009, Social and demographic predictors of preschoolers' bedtime routines, J Dev Behav Pediatr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“between 81% [25] and nearly 95% [17] of parents of infants, toddlers, and preschoolers report having a bedtime routine.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report that 81% of children in the sample had a bedtime routine. The Method identifies the sample as 3-year-old children assessed through parent reports. This source supports the 81% figure attached to [25]; the nearly 95% figure is attached to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [25] Hale, 2009, Social and demographic predictors of preschoolers' bedtime routines, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Mindell, 2009, Developmental aspects of sleep hygiene: findings from the 2004 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll, Sleep Med source

In the paper

“a dose-dependent relationship emerged between a bedtime routine and these sleep benefits. As the number of nights per week that a child followed the same bedtime routine increased, there were linear improvements across the sleep outcomes”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Sleep Patterns section reports a linear relationship between bedtime-routine frequency and sleep outcomes, noting a few exceptions at one to two nights per week. The Discussion describes better sleep outcomes as the number of nights with a routine increases. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [23] Mindell, 2015, Bedtime routines for young children: a dose-dependent association with sleep outcomes, Sleep source

In the paper

“parent–child attachment, child mood and emotional–behavioral regulation, and family stress levels are interrelated outcomes [1].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The 'Accumulation of adversities' section links family stress with difficulties in children’s self-regulation and says family adversity can undermine nurturing care. The 'Life course conceptual framework' also describes caregiver–child interactions and socio-emotional development as interconnected. Our copy does not specifically establish child mood, parent–child attachment, and family stress levels as interrelated outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites [1] Black, 2017, Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“preschoolers with both a current and a history of a consistent bedtime routine showed the best sleep outcomes.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Sleep Patterns section reports that preschool-aged children with both a current bedtime routine and one during infancy had the best sleep outcomes. The claim accurately paraphrases that finding. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [23] Mindell, 2015, Bedtime routines for young children: a dose-dependent association with sleep outcomes, Sleep source

In the paper

“Cross-sectional associations have been found within the United States [17,26,47] and internationally [23,30,48,49].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Mindell, 2009, Developmental aspects of sleep hygiene: findings from the 2004 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll, Sleep Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Henderson, 2010, Development and preliminary evaluation of the bedtime routines questionnaire, J Psychopathol Behav Assess source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] Fiese, 2007, Nighttime waking in children with asthma: an exploratory study of daily fluctuations in family climate, J Fam Psychol source
• Supported

  The Participants section describes a survey of mothers in the United States and 12 other countries or regions. The Sleep Patterns and Discussion sections report associations between bedtime routines and sleep outcomes in this global sample, while explicitly treating the findings as correlational. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [23] Mindell, 2015, Bedtime routines for young children: a dose-dependent association with sleep outcomes, Sleep source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Mindell, 2010, Parental behaviors and sleep outcomes in infants and toddlers: a cross-cultural comparison, Sleep Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Mindell, 2017, Young child and maternal sleep in the Middle East, Sleep Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Sadeh, 2009, Sleep and sleep ecology in the first 3 years: a web-based study, J Sleep Res source

In the paper

“having a language-based bedtime routine at age 3 y was predictive of increased nighttime sleep duration at age 5, by about 0.2 h.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Measures section records language-based bedtime routines at 36 months and nighttime sleep duration at 60 months. The Results section reports that, after adjustment for child, mother, and household characteristics, children with those routines slept about 0.2 hours longer per night. The paper describes this as an association, consistent with the claim's predictive wording rather than a causal effect. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [42] Hale, 2011, A longitudinal study of preschoolers' language-based bedtime routines, sleep duration, and well-being, J Fam Psychol source

In the paper

“Children whose mothers indicated more consistent self-reported daytime discipline and limit-setting practices and a more consistent bedtime routine had the largest gains in nighttime sleep duration between 30 and 36 mo, by about 1 h.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion reports that children with more consistent parenting and bedtime routines had the strongest gains in nightly sleep from 30 to 36 months. The Results report that this group slept about one hour longer at 36 months than the other groups, controlling for sleep at 30 months; they do not establish that the group's sleep duration itself increased by one hour over that interval. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [50] Staples, 2015, Bedtime routines in early childhood: prevalence, consistency, and associations with nighttime sleep, Monogr Soc Res Child Dev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Even after controlling for a number of child, maternal, and household characteristics, including race/ethnicity and SES”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Measures section states that the models adjust for child characteristics and caregiver and household demographics. It specifically lists maternal ethnicity, education, and family income relative to poverty, supporting the claim about race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [42] Hale, 2011, A longitudinal study of preschoolers' language-based bedtime routines, sleep duration, and well-being, J Fam Psychol source

In the paper

“Two of the intervention studies referenced above also demonstrated that the institution of a bedtime routine results in more positive maternal-rated child morning mood”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The paper reports two intervention studies, one with infants and one with toddlers. In the sleep-wake tables (page unavailable), maternal ratings of morning mood improved significantly in both bedtime-routine groups (P < 0.001); the control groups showed no significant change. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [40] Mindell, 2009, A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood, Sleep source
• Partly supported

  The Results (page not provided) report improved parent-rated child morning mood in both intervention groups. However, the Methods and Discussion describe interventions with multiple recommendations, and the Results found no significant outcome difference from adding the prescribed bedtime routine. This study therefore does not establish that starting a bedtime routine caused the mood improvement. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [69] Mindell, 2011, Efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Concurrently and over time, mother-reported child awakenings were not associated with bedtime routine adherence.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section, “Correlates of Adherence to Routine within and Across Time,” reports that mother-reported (signaled) night awakenings were not predicted by bedtime-routine adherence either concurrently or longitudinally. The Discussion also reports no support for an association between routine adherence and fewer parent-reported signaled awakenings. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [50] Staples, 2015, Bedtime routines in early childhood: prevalence, consistency, and associations with nighttime sleep, Monogr Soc Res Child Dev source

In the paper

“broader behavioral sleep interventions that include a bedtime routine have largely resulted in improved child sleep outcomes, including diminished bedtime resistance, decreased sleep onset latency and nighttime awakenings, and longer nighttime sleep duration”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Allen, 2016, ABCs of SLEEPING: a review of the evidence behind pediatric sleep practice recommendations, Sleep Med Rev source
• Partly supported

  The General conclusions (section 7.1; page unavailable) report that behavioral interventions generally improved bedtime problems and night wakings, and that many studies included a consistent bedtime routine. The copy also discusses quicker sleep initiation and increased total sleep time, but it does not establish that routine-containing interventions generally shortened sleep-onset latency or lengthened nighttime sleep specifically. It does not evaluate a bedtime routine as a stand-alone treatment. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [24] Mindell, 2006, Behavioral treatment of bedtime problems and night wakings in infants and young children, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Greater weekly adherence to a bedtime routine was concurrently associated with increased nightly child sleep at 36 and 42 mo, but not at age 30 mo.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results (Correlates of Adherence to Routine within and Across Time; page not provided) report that greater adherence was concurrently associated with more nightly sleep at 36 and 42 months, but not at 30 months. The Method identifies 87 children followed at those ages and defines adherence from bedtime-routine steps completed over seven nights. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [50] Staples, 2015, Bedtime routines in early childhood: prevalence, consistency, and associations with nighttime sleep, Monogr Soc Res Child Dev source

In the paper

“Studies that focus explicitly on implementing a bedtime routine have consistently shown positive effects on early childhood sleep”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The sleep-diary results report improvements in sleep onset, continuity, and night wakings for both infants and toddlers after a consistent bedtime routine was implemented; the control group showed no significant changes. The paper concludes that the routine improved sleep in infants and toddlers with mild to moderate sleep problems. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [40] Mindell, 2009, A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood, Sleep source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Field, 2001, Sleep problems in infants decrease following massage therapy, Early Child Dev Care source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Galbraith, 1993, Behavioural treatment for sleep disturbance, Health Visit
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] Milan, 1982, Positive routines: a rapid alternative to extinction for elimination of bedtime tantrum behavior, Child Behav Ther source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Adams, 1989, Reducing bedtime tantrums: comparison between positive routines and graduated extinction, Pediatrics source
• Partly supported

  The Methods describe an intervention arm that implemented a prescribed bedtime routine, and the Results report improved infant and toddler sleep in both intervention arms. However, the Discussion says the study could not determine which recommendations produced the improvements, and adding the prescribed routine yielded no statistically significant additional benefit. This supports a positive effect of an intervention that included a routine, not a distinct effect of the routine itself. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [69] Mindell, 2011, Efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances, Sleep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Even after controlling for child and family socio-demographic characteristics, having a language-based bedtime routine at age three years significantly predicted higher language abilities and receptive vocabulary at age five years.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports that children with language-based bedtime routines at age 3 had significantly higher PPVT-R scores at age 5, even after adjustment for child, caregiver, and family characteristics. The paper describes these scores as cognitive or verbal skills; the claim's language-ability and receptive-vocabulary wording refers to this measured outcome, not two separately reported outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [42] Hale, 2011, A longitudinal study of preschoolers' language-based bedtime routines, sleep duration, and well-being, J Fam Psychol source

In the paper

“These results were attenuated when age three years language and vocabulary scores were included in the model.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section says the association was further attenuated when children's lagged (36-month) PPVT-R scores were added to the model. This matches the claim that the results weakened after including age-three vocabulary scores. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [42] Hale, 2011, A longitudinal study of preschoolers' language-based bedtime routines, sleep duration, and well-being, J Fam Psychol source

In the paper

“A large body of research indicates that proper nutrition during early childhood is necessary for physical health, including adequate growth and the prevention of illness”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Health and nutrition section (page unavailable) says that undernourished children are at high risk for developmental problems and that nutrition interventions are necessary to promote child development. The Early brain development section also links nutritional deficiencies to adverse growth outcomes. Neither passage establishes the claim that proper nutrition during early childhood prevents illness. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [1] Black, 2017, Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Maternal confidence in managing child sleep problems also increased, suggesting benefits for caregiver self-efficacy”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results report improved mothers’ confidence in managing their child’s sleep following the intervention (P < 0.001). The Discussion likewise says mothers reported greater confidence in their ability to manage their child’s sleep, supporting the cautious inference about caregiver self-efficacy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [69] Mindell, 2011, Efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances, Sleep source

In the paper

“The two bedtime routine intervention studies additionally found improvements in intervention mothers' self-reported mood compared to control mothers”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Mood state results (page not available in our copy) report significant improvements for mothers in both the infant and toddler bedtime-routine groups, while neither control group showed significant overall change. The Profile of Mood States methods describe the mothers’ questionnaire responses, supporting the description of mood as self-reported. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [40] Mindell, 2009, A nightly bedtime routine: impact on sleep in young children and maternal mood, Sleep source
• Supported

  The Results (Maternal Mood State; page unavailable) report improvements on all self-reported mood subscales for mothers in the internet-plus-bedtime-routine group. The control group improved only on fatigue, and by less than the intervention groups. This paper supports the claim for the bedtime-routine intervention it studied; it is one of the two studies described, not evidence of two separate studies on its own. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [69] Mindell, 2011, Efficacy of an internet-based intervention for infant and toddler sleep disturbances, Sleep source

In the paper

“One study of 1278 children from the Gemini twin cohort found that those who had a shorter sleep duration at 16 mo of age consumed more nighttime calories from milk at 21 mo of age”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract Methods identify 1278 Gemini twin-cohort families, with one child selected per family, and report sleep measured at 16 months and dietary intake at 21 months. The Abstract Results and Discussion state that shorter sleepers consumed more nighttime calories, with most of the additional intake coming from milk drinks. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [91] McDonald, 2015, Sleep and nighttime energy consumption in early childhood: a population-based cohort study, Pediatr Obes source

In the paper

“Hygiene-related activities such as bathing and brushing teeth have direct effects on children's health by preventing illness and disease”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Home activities section discusses storytelling, singing, and play, while Health and nutrition discusses illness as a risk for developmental problems. Neither addresses whether bathing or brushing teeth prevents illness or disease in children; searches for those activities and hygiene found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  cites [1] Black, 2017, Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [94] Blume-Peytavi, 2012, Skin care practices for newborns and infants: review of the clinical evidence for best practices, Pediatr Dermatol source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016, Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policies source
• Partly supported

  The Abstract (page unavailable) says untreated dental caries can harm children's health and that preventing caries would be preferable to treating it. It does not discuss bathing or toothbrushing, or establish that those activities directly prevent illness and disease. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  cites [96] Sheiham, 2006, Dental caries affects body weight, growth and quality of life in pre-school children, Br Dent J sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The “Tooth Brushing with Fluoridated Toothpaste” section says that daily brushing with fluoride toothpaste reduces caries incidence in young children. It also says evidence that brushing by itself reduces caries is limited. The paper does not address bathing or the broader prevention of illness and disease claimed here. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [97] Tinanoff, 2009, Update on early childhood caries since the Surgeon General's Report, Acad Pediatr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Breastfeeding has also been associated with an average increase in child intelligence of about three intelligence quotient (IQ) points”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The section “Long term effects: Obesity, NCDs and intelligence” reports that breastfeeding was associated with a pooled increase of 3.4 IQ points across 16 observational studies. That supports the citing sentence’s approximate three-point association. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [80] Victora, 2016, Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect, Lancet source

In the paper

“Breastfeeding may also facilitate increased parent–child bonding and attachment, although there is less available research on this topic.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] Smith, 2011, Feeding patterns and emotional care in breastfed infants, Soc Indic Res source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] Moore, 2007, Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants, Cochrane Database Syst Rev source
• ?Could not verify

  The Discussion (page unavailable) addresses child-care sleep regulations, sleep and obesity, and a previous study of infant-feeding regulations; it does not address bonding or attachment. Searches for breastfeeding and parent–child bonding, including maternal–infant attachment, found no passage supporting the claim or its statement about the amount of research available. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [83] Neelon, 2014, Regulations to promote healthy sleep practices in child care, Pediatrics sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] Feldman, 2007, Parent–infant synchrony biological foundations and developmental outcomes, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2003, Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood, Psychol Bull source
• ?Could not verify

  The Nurturance section links parents’ responses to infant distress with attachment security, but does not discuss breastfeeding. A search for breastfeeding and feeding-related terms found only a mention of feeding among the factors Ainsworth observed; our copy does not address whether breastfeeding facilitates bonding or whether research on that question is limited. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [86] Bernard, 2013, Parental synchrony and nurturance as targets in an attachment based intervention: building upon Mary Ainsworth's insights about mother–infant interaction, Attach Hum Dev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] Britton, 2006, Breastfeeding, sensitivity, and attachment, Pediatrics source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] Verhage, 2016 source

In the paper

“While listening to stories, children who had greater exposure to reading at home showed higher levels of brain activation in areas related to semantic processing, suggesting a neurobiological mechanism linking early reading activities to positive child literacy outcomes.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results in the Abstract report that greater home reading exposure was positively correlated with activation in brain areas supporting semantic processing during a story-listening task. The Conclusions likewise report significantly greater activation in those areas among children exposed to more parent-child reading. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [108] Hutton, 2015, Home reading environment and brain activation in preschool children listening to stories, Pediatrics source

In the paper

“A study of 19 2–5-y-olds also found that increased home literacy exposure can impact the developing brain [108].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract reports 19 participating families, but describes the eligible children as 3–5 years old, not 2–5. The Conclusions report an association between home reading environment and brain activation and suggest that reading may shape the developing brain; the study does not establish a causal impact. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [108] Hutton, 2015, Home reading environment and brain activation in preschool children listening to stories, Pediatrics sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“practicing regular oral hygiene from an early age is critical for supporting child health”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The paper says that preventing caries is preferable to treating it and that untreated caries can harm preschool children’s growth and well-being (Abstract; page not available). It does not specifically address regular oral hygiene practices or establish that beginning them early supports child health. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [96] Sheiham, 2006, Dental caries affects body weight, growth and quality of life in pre-school children, Br Dent J sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The “Tooth Brushing with Fluoridated Toothpaste” section reports that daily brushing with fluoride toothpaste reduces caries in 3–6-year-olds, supporting early preventive care. It also says evidence that brushing or oral hygiene alone prevents caries is weak. The source therefore does not support the broader, unqualified claim that regular oral hygiene is critical for child health. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [97] Tinanoff, 2009, Update on early childhood caries since the Surgeon General's Report, Acad Pediatr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Recommendations to promote early literacy and cognitive development have emphasized the need for frequent, high-quality interactions around reading or singing that begin early in development [18], in order to capitalize on increased neuroplasticity between ages 0 and 3 y [1,103,104].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [18] Pediatrics, 2008
• Partly supported

  The Home activities section says storytelling and singing expose young children to experiences that promote early development, and it discusses adults reading to children. The life course framework also emphasizes responsive caregiving and early learning. Neither passage specifically recommends frequent, high-quality reading or singing interactions or links those activities to early literacy and cognitive development; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [1] Black, 2017, Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [103] Duursma, 2008, Reading aloud to children: the evidence, Arch Dis Child source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [104] Zuckerman, 2010, Reach Out and Read: evidence based approach to promoting early child development, Curr Opin Pediatr source

In the paper

“Collectively, these studies, as well as the two bedtime routine studies that have shown a link between reading activities before bedtime and child literacy-related outcomes [42,71] highlight the benefits of including parent–child book sharing as a bedtime routine component for child language, literacy, and cognitive development.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) says shared book reading at bedtime may encourage cognitive development and facilitate vocabulary, language, reading skills, and positive attitudes toward literacy. The Discussion (page unavailable) also reports higher vocabulary scores among children with language-based bedtime routines, while noting that those routines included activities besides reading. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [42] Hale, 2011, A longitudinal study of preschoolers' language-based bedtime routines, sleep duration, and well-being, J Fam Psychol source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] High, 1998, Evaluation of a clinic-based program to promote book sharing and bedtime routines among low-income urban families with young children, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med source

In the paper

“poor oral hygiene in early childhood leads to the development of dental caries in childhood and adolescence”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Risk Factors for ECC > Visible Plaque section reports that plaque on primary teeth correlates with caries risk in young children. But Interventions to Reduce ECC > Tooth Brushing with Fluoridated Toothpaste says the relationship between oral hygiene status and caries experience is weak. The paper does not establish that poor hygiene causes caries or that this effect extends into adolescence. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [97] Tinanoff, 2009, Update on early childhood caries since the Surgeon General's Report, Acad Pediatr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [99] Alm, 2012, Caries in adolescence–influence from early childhood, Community Dent Oral Epidemiol source

In the paper

“Dental caries in early childhood can inhibit weight gain and growth”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports that preschool children with severe caries weighed less than controls and gained weight more rapidly after treatment. It also states that untreated caries can reduce food intake and affect growth, supporting the claim that early-childhood caries can inhibit weight gain and growth. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [96] Sheiham, 2006, Dental caries affects body weight, growth and quality of life in pre-school children, Br Dent J source

In the paper

“studies have shown that health-related quality of life is higher among children who engage in regular dental hygiene and who have healthy teeth, both during the preschool years and during later development”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Yoo, 2010, The impact of health-promoting behaviors on low-income children's health: a risk and resilience perspective, Health Soc Work source
• Partly supported

  The supplied passage labeled Abstract reports significantly poorer oral health-related quality of life among preschool children with untreated early childhood caries than among children without it. It does not establish that regular dental hygiene is associated with higher quality of life, or that the quality-of-life difference persists during later development. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [96] Sheiham, 2006, Dental caries affects body weight, growth and quality of life in pre-school children, Br Dent J sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [100] Abanto, 2011, Impact of oral diseases and disorders on oral health-related quality of life of preschool children, Community Dent Oral Epidemiol source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [101] Shaghaghian, 2015, Impact of oral hygiene on oral health-related quality of life of preschool children, Int J Dent Hyg source

In the paper

“Oral hygiene likely has an indirect effect on sleep through the prevention of dental caries and related oral pain, as studies have shown that untreated dental caries are associated with pain-related sleep disruption”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract says untreated caries and associated infection can cause pain, and that the impacts of severe caries include disturbed sleeping habits. It also reports improved sleep after dental treatment, supporting the cited link between caries-related pain and sleep disruption in children. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [96] Sheiham, 2006, Dental caries affects body weight, growth and quality of life in pre-school children, Br Dent J source
• Partly supported

  The Child, Family and Societal Impact of ECC section reports that untreated caries commonly causes dental pain and that children’s dental pain affects sleep. The Tooth Brushing with Fluoridated Toothpaste section supports caries prevention through brushing with fluoride toothpaste, but says evidence for toothbrushing or oral hygiene alone is weak. The claim’s general reference to oral hygiene omits that important qualification. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [97] Tinanoff, 2009, Update on early childhood caries since the Surgeon General's Report, Acad Pediatr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Music is also thought to promote prosocial skills through engagement in synchronous, music-related behaviors (e.g., moving rhythmically, singing with others) [120-122].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies entrainment in musical group interaction as a process that can lead to synchronization and says it has been shown to promote social interaction and cooperation. That supports the citing sentence’s hedged claim that synchronous music-related behavior is thought to promote prosocial skills. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [120] Rabinowitch, 2013, Long-term musical group interaction has a positive influence on empathy in children, Psychol Music source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [121] Kirschner, 2010, Joint music making promotes prosocial behavior in 4-year-old children, Evol Hum Behav source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [122] Hallam, 2010, The power of music: its impact on the intellectual, social and personal development of children and young people, Int J Music Educ source

In the paper

“investing early in the health and wellbeing of all children, but especially those who are at increased risk for poor outcomes, has been shown to be a robust and cost-effective method for conferring positive short- and longterm developmental outcomes [1,2].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction reports long-term benefits of early interventions for children exposed to poverty or adversity and says these findings provide strong economic justification for investment. The Delivery strategies section favors reaching vulnerable groups and discusses universal programming in communities facing extreme poverty or malnutrition. These passages support early investment, particularly for at-risk children, but do not establish that investment for all children is uniformly robust and cost-effective; the copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [1] Black, 2017, Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Heckman, 2006, Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children, Science source

In the paper

“Finally, evidence linking massage with better early childhood sleep is mixed.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion states that the small number of studies in the sleep meta-analysis produced conflicting results. The review concerns infants under six months, so its support for the claim is specific to sleep in that age group. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [131] Bennett, 2013, Massage for promoting mental and physical health in typically developing infants under the age of six months, Cochrane Database Syst Rev source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Field, 2001, Sleep problems in infants decrease following massage therapy, Early Child Dev Care source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Ferber, 2002, Massage therapy by mothers enhances the adjustment of circadian rhythms to the nocturnal period in full-term infants, J Dev Behav Pediatr source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [67] Field, 2016, Mothers massaging their newborns with lotion versus no lotion enhances mothers' and newborns' sleep, Infant Behav Dev source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Field, 1996, Preschool children's sleep and wake behavior: effects of massage therapy, Early Child Dev Care source

In the paper

“children and families of lower SES may face increased challenges implementing a consistent bedtime routine due to social and contextual issues.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion reports that lower SES was linked to environmental conditions, which in turn were linked to greater variability in children’s sleep schedules. That supports the concern about contextual barriers to consistency, but the study measured sleep timing, not families’ ability to implement a bedtime routine. It also found no direct association between lower SES and sleep-schedule variability. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites [139] Bagley, 2015, What keeps low-SES children from sleeping well: the role of presleep worries and sleep environment, Sleep Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Psychosocial Environment of Childhood Poverty (p. 5) reports that lower-income households tend to be more chaotic, with fewer routines and less structure. This supports the claim about contextual challenges to maintaining routines, but the paper does not specifically address bedtime routines or difficulty implementing one. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [140] Evans, 2004, The environment of childhood poverty, Am Psychol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“A bedtime routine that includes appropriate nutrition, hygiene, and communication-related activities may be critical in health promotion for these children, given that studies have shown increased risk for dental caries, other health concerns, and lower levels of school readiness and academic achievement in lower SES children and families [1,97,107].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The paper’s “Adversity, brain development, and protective influences” section (page unavailable) links low socioeconomic status and poverty with poorer cognitive and academic performance. Its “Home activities” section (page unavailable) also describes developmental benefits of activities such as storytelling and reading, with disparities by wealth. The copy does not support the more specific claim about bedtime routines, hygiene, dental caries, or school readiness. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [1] Black, 2017, Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The Risk Factors for ECC > Socioeconomic Status passage states that preschool children from low-income families are more likely to have caries. In this multi-citation sentence, this dental-caries finding is the part attributable to this source; the proposed bedtime routine is the citing authors’ own conclusion. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  cites [97] Tinanoff, 2009, Update on early childhood caries since the Surgeon General's Report, Acad Pediatr source
• Partly supported

  The paper’s opening discussion reports that low-income children are at risk for academic and reading failure and describes links between shared bookreading and early language and cognitive development. It does not address bedtime routines, nutrition, hygiene, dental caries, or health promotion; those parts of the citing sentence are not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [107] Raikes, 2006, Mother–child bookreading in low-income families: correlates and outcomes during the first three years of life, Child Dev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Bennett et al. [131] did not find support for these effects in their meta-analytic review of 34 studies on massage for full-term infants, although the review was limited to research conducted with infants ages 0–6 mo.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results and Discussion (page not available) identify 34 trials of full-term infants aged six months or younger and conclude that the evidence does not support using massage to improve growth in this population; significant growth findings came from studies at high risk of bias. This review did not assess NICU length of stay. Its Background mentions shorter hospital stays only as a finding of reviews of preterm infants, so that part of the claim is not supported by this review's analysis. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [131] Bennett, 2013, Massage for promoting mental and physical health in typically developing infants under the age of six months, Cochrane Database Syst Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“In this study, 14-mo-old infants who were bounced synchronously while listening to music were more likely to exhibit prosocial and altruistic behavior compared to infants who were bounced asynchronously or were not bounced at all [123].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The paper reports greater spontaneous helping after synchronous than asynchronous bouncing, and its Discussion describes the helping as an early form of altruism. But the listed experimental conditions all involved bouncing; our copy does not support the claimed comparison with infants who were not bounced. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [123] Cirelli, 2014, Interpersonal synchrony increases prosocial behavior in infants, Dev Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“32% of toddlers and 12% of infants are watching television as part of their bedtime routine”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Mindell, 2010, Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep, Sleep Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Mindell, 2010, Parental behaviors and sleep outcomes in infants and toddlers: a cross-cultural comparison, Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Other activities are also common in some countries, such as reading in New Zealand (59%) or singing songs in Indonesia (36%), but relatively rare in others.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Mindell, 2010, Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep, Sleep Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Mindell, 2010, Parental behaviors and sleep outcomes in infants and toddlers: a cross-cultural comparison, Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Feeding (breast or bottle feeding) is highly common across all areas, with 73% of families reporting it as part of their child's bedtime routine.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Mindell, 2010, Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep, Sleep Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Mindell, 2010, Parental behaviors and sleep outcomes in infants and toddlers: a cross-cultural comparison, Sleep Med source

In the paper

“common, adaptive components of a bedtime routine can contribute to an array of positive developmental outcomes beyond improved sleep, inclusive of language development, literacy, child emotional and behavioral regulation, parent–child attachment, and family functioning, among other outcomes.”

In the paper

“This paper presents a conceptual model and reviews the empirical evidence to support a nightly bedtime routine as a key factor in the promotion of not only healthy sleep, but also of broad development and wellbeing in early childhood.”

In the paper

“promoting a bedtime routine may be a feasible and cost-effective method to promote positive early childhood development worldwide, particularly for socioeconomically disadvantaged and other at-risk young children.”

In the paper

“A bedtime routine can provide multiple benefits to child and family functioning at a time of day that many parents are present with their children.”

In the paper

“watching television as part of their bedtime routine, which has been found to negatively impact early childhood sleep duration and quality [31,32].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Brockmann, 2016, Impact of television on the quality of sleep in preschool children, Sleep Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Xu, 2016, Associations of outdoor play and screen time with nocturnal sleep duration and pattern among young children, Acta Paediatr source

In the paper

“we propose that a bedtime routine is a vehicle for promoting an array of healthy developmental outcomes during early childhood.”

In the paper

“in a largely lower-income sample of US children ages 1–7 y, less than half (44%) of caregivers reported that their child followed a bedtime routine on a nightly basis [28].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Yoo, 2010, The impact of health-promoting behaviors on low-income children's health: a risk and resilience perspective, Health Soc Work source

In the paper

“the prevalence of having a consistent (implemented five or more nights per week) bedtime routine varied substantially, from 40% in India to 80% in the United Kingdom.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Mindell, 2010, Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep, Sleep Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Mindell, 2010, Parental behaviors and sleep outcomes in infants and toddlers: a cross-cultural comparison, Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Overall, children from predominantly Asian countries/regions (China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam) were significantly less likely than those from predominantly Caucasian countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, US) to have a consistent bedtime routine.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Mindell, 2010, Cross-cultural differences in infant and toddler sleep, Sleep Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Mindell, 2010, Parental behaviors and sleep outcomes in infants and toddlers: a cross-cultural comparison, Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Another study of children ages 2–8 y found that both African American racial background and lower SES were associated with less consistent bedtime routines [26].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Henderson, 2010, Development and preliminary evaluation of the bedtime routines questionnaire, J Psychopathol Behav Assess source

In the paper

“a bedtime routine that is longer than 30–40 min may also be viewed as maladaptive, as a prolonged bedtime routine may result in a later child bedtime and, in turn, a shorter sleep duration.”

In the paper

“in line with transactional models of child development and behavior [15], the outcome domains in this conceptual model represent a series of interactive processes that occur over the course of early child development, with potential bidirectional effects.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] Sadeh, 2010, Parenting and infant sleep, Sleep Med Rev source

In the paper

“the defined “maladaptive” and positive bedtime routine activities described in this paper may not apply to all children in the same way.”

In the paper

“children with neuro-developmental disabilities may do better with the inclusion of electronics use as part of the bedtime process to effectively relax [44].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Jan, 2008, Sleep hygiene for children with neurodevelopmental disabilities, Pediatrics source

In the paper

“children who follow a bedtime routine evidence significantly longer caregiver-reported sleep duration [17].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Mindell, 2009, Developmental aspects of sleep hygiene: findings from the 2004 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll, Sleep Med source

In the paper

“bedtime routine activities that do not fit well with the child or family may result in unanticipated negative consequences, such as caregiver–child conflict that prolongs bedtime and results in family stress.”

In the paper

“these types of bedtime behaviors have been linked to poor sleep [19,26,31,32] as well as worse psychosocial and physical health functioning (e.g., television-viewing; [43]).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Allen, 2016, ABCs of SLEEPING: a review of the evidence behind pediatric sleep practice recommendations, Sleep Med Rev source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Henderson, 2010, Development and preliminary evaluation of the bedtime routines questionnaire, J Psychopathol Behav Assess source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] Brockmann, 2016, Impact of television on the quality of sleep in preschool children, Sleep Med source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Xu, 2016, Associations of outdoor play and screen time with nocturnal sleep duration and pattern among young children, Acta Paediatr source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Pagani, 2010, Prospective associations between early childhood television exposure and academic, psychosocial, and physical well-being by middle childhood, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med source

In the paper

“research has demonstrated that engaging in a regular bedtime routine is particularly beneficial for multiple aspects of early childhood sleep [19].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Allen, 2016, ABCs of SLEEPING: a review of the evidence behind pediatric sleep practice recommendations, Sleep Med Rev source

In the paper

“research on the mechanisms of action by which engagement in routines confer positive child and family effects is limited [35].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Spagnola, 2007, Family routines and rituals: a context for development in the lives of young children, Infants Young Child source

In the paper

“involvement in a bedtime routine occurs within a larger social-ecological framework [45] in which there are multiple and interrelated child, family, neighborhood, and broader cultural and societal influences operating simultaneously.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [45] Bronfenbrenner, 1992

In the paper

“those in the bedtime routine condition evidenced a more rapid reduction in tantrums over the 6-wk course of treatment than those in the graduated extinction condition.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Adams, 1989, Reducing bedtime tantrums: comparison between positive routines and graduated extinction, Pediatrics source

In the paper

“The authors indicated that these changes together suggested an earlier adjustment of intervention infants' circadian rhythm to a nocturnal sleep period.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Ferber, 2002, Massage therapy by mothers enhances the adjustment of circadian rhythms to the nocturnal period in full-term infants, J Dev Behav Pediatr source

In the paper

“when naptime music was played children in both age groups evidenced shorter sleep onset latencies, based on behavioral coding conducted by coders who were blinded to the study hypotheses.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Field, 1999, Music enhances sleep in preschool children, Early Child Dev Care source

In the paper

“Two additional studies have reported on the use of massage [72] and music [73] as being beneficial pre-nap activities for promoting early childhood sleep.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Field, 1996, Preschool children's sleep and wake behavior: effects of massage therapy, Early Child Dev Care source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Field, 1999, Music enhances sleep in preschool children, Early Child Dev Care source

In the paper

“children who received a 20-min massage twice per week immediately before naptime for 5 wk at their preschool had shorter naptime sleep onset latencies than children in a wait-list control condition”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Field, 1996, Preschool children's sleep and wake behavior: effects of massage therapy, Early Child Dev Care source

In the paper

“Actigraphic recordings of infant sleep for one day pre-treatment, one day post-treatment, and at 6 and 8 wk of age showed that compared to control infants, infants who received massage showed peak activity levels in the morning hours.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Ferber, 2002, Massage therapy by mothers enhances the adjustment of circadian rhythms to the nocturnal period in full-term infants, J Dev Behav Pediatr source

In the paper

“Relative to those in the bedtime story condition, after one month of intervention, children in the massage group had less bedtime resistance and shorter sleep onset latencies”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Field, 2001, Sleep problems in infants decrease following massage therapy, Early Child Dev Care source

In the paper

“children who had a consistent bedtime routine had more positive maternal-rated daily mood”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Mindell, 2017, Young child and maternal sleep in the Middle East, Sleep Med source

In the paper

“at 12 wk of age, infants in the treatment condition showed significantly higher levels of nocturnal melatonin (6-sulphatoxymelatonin) secretion.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Ferber, 2002, Massage therapy by mothers enhances the adjustment of circadian rhythms to the nocturnal period in full-term infants, J Dev Behav Pediatr source

In the paper

“One intervention study with 151 children (ages 12–38 mo) has shown null findings for the effects of a bedtime routine on sleep outcomes”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] High, 1998, Evaluation of a clinic-based program to promote book sharing and bedtime routines among low-income urban families with young children, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med source

In the paper

“Children in both intervention groups showed similar decreases in bedtime tantrums relative to the control condition.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Adams, 1989, Reducing bedtime tantrums: comparison between positive routines and graduated extinction, Pediatrics source

In the paper

“Having a consistent bedtime routine (≥4 nights per week) at age 36 mo was concurrently associated with increased child emotional and behavioral regulation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Zajicek-Farber, 2013, The buffering effect of childhood routines: longitudinal connections between early parenting and prekindergarten learning readiness of children in low-income families, J Soc Serv Res source

In the paper

“children who did not have a regular bedtime or changed from a regular to a non-regular bedtime had increased emotional and behavioral difficulties, with a dose-dependent relationship between non-regular bedtimes and child difficulties.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Kelly, 2013, Changes in bedtime schedules and behavioral difficulties in 7 year old children, Pediatrics source

In the paper

“Bedtime routines at 36 mo also buffered against the effects of early parenting stress.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Zajicek-Farber, 2013, The buffering effect of childhood routines: longitudinal connections between early parenting and prekindergarten learning readiness of children in low-income families, J Soc Serv Res source

In the paper

“Increased child self-regulation at 36 mo was in turn predictive of better school readiness, including early numeracy and literacy development, at age 60 mo.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Zajicek-Farber, 2013, The buffering effect of childhood routines: longitudinal connections between early parenting and prekindergarten learning readiness of children in low-income families, J Soc Serv Res source

In the paper

“parents who were provided with an intervention that emphasized parent–child book sharing at bedtime reported significant improvements in their child's literacy orientation”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] High, 1998, Evaluation of a clinic-based program to promote book sharing and bedtime routines among low-income urban families with young children, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med source

In the paper

“feeding as part of the nighttime routine may promote sleep through increasing child satiety.”

In the paper

“breastfeeding has been associated with decreased likelihood of postpartum depression”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [79] Chung, 2007, Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries, Evid Technol Asses (Full Rep)

In the paper

“including feeding as part of a bedtime routine can help to supplement early childhood nutrition, and in turn promote positive effects.”

In the paper

“a healthy snack in response to child hunger or nutritional needs in children under age five may be an adaptive component of a bedtime routine.”

In the paper

“a recent review of snacking across ages and countries/regions suggests that it is not snacking per se, but the nutritional content of the snack and purpose of the snack (i.e., in response to hunger cues versus in response to boredom) that pose risks for overweight and obesity”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] Hess, 2016, What is a snack, why do we snack, and how can we choose better snacks? A review of the definitions of snacking, motivations to snack, contributions to dietary intake, and recommendations for improvement, Adv Nutr Int Rev J source

In the paper

“Meta-analytic research indicates that engaging in musical activities, including singing, is correlated with enhanced cognitive skills, likely via gains in visual-spatial reasoning [113,114], although to our knowledge there is no available research on singing or lullabies and such outcomes in the context of a bedtime routine.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [113] Catterall, 2008, Unpacking the impact of music on intelligence, Neurosci Music Pedagogy
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] Hetland, 2000, Learning to make music enhances spatial reasoning, J Aesthetic Educ source

In the paper

“a longitudinal study of oral hygiene at ages 1, 3, and 6 y and dental health at age 15 y in a sample of 671 children showed that infrequent tooth-brushing at age 3 y was a significant predictor of adolescent caries”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [99] Alm, 2012, Caries in adolescence–influence from early childhood, Community Dent Oral Epidemiol source

In the paper

“the prevention of dental problems via early childhood oral hygiene may benefit long term child health and psychosocial outcomes, as well as aspects of family functioning”

In the paper

“suggesting a neurobiological mechanism linking early reading activities to positive child literacy outcomes.”

In the paper

“Levels of parent distress are also lower with fewer early childhood dental problems”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [100] Abanto, 2011, Impact of oral diseases and disorders on oral health-related quality of life of preschool children, Community Dent Oral Epidemiol source

In the paper

“at least one previous study has found an association found between reading at bedtime and increased sleep duration [17].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Mindell, 2009, Developmental aspects of sleep hygiene: findings from the 2004 National Sleep Foundation Sleep in America Poll, Sleep Med source

In the paper

“Recommendations for early literacy often reference singing songs or nursery rhymes to promote language and emergent literacy skills [103], particularly for increasing phonological awareness [109-112].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [103] Duursma, 2008, Reading aloud to children: the evidence, Arch Dis Child source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [109] Anvari, 2002, Relations among musical skills, phonological processing, and early reading ability in preschool children, J Exp Child Psychol source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] Bryant, 1989, Nursery rhymes, phonological skills and reading, J Child Lang source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [111] Maclean, 1987, Rhymes, nursery rhymes, and reading in early childhood, Merrill-Palmer Q (1982-)
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [112] Panel, 2000

In the paper

“Meta-analytic reviews on 33 studies conducted between 1951 and 1993 [105] and 29 studies conducted between 1994 and 2009 [106] have also demonstrated that parent–child book sharing in early childhood positively impacts oral language abilities and emergent reading skills, which are necessary for school readiness and subsequent academic achievement.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] Bus, 1995, Joint book reading makes for success in learning to read: a meta-analysis on intergenerational transmission of literacy, Rev Educ Res source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [106] Mol, 2011, To read or not to read: a meta-analysis of print exposure from infancy to early adulthood, Psychol Bull source

In the paper

“Adequate skin care and regular bathing promote skin barrier functions, including thermoregulation, gas exchange, hydration, and protection against infection”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [94] Blume-Peytavi, 2012, Skin care practices for newborns and infants: review of the clinical evidence for best practices, Pediatr Dermatol source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016, Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policies source