The DOI matches its Crossref record; 186 of the 194 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 36 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The extent to which sleep is causally related to mental health is unclear. One way to test the causal link is to evaluate the extent to which interventions that improve sleep quality also improve mental health. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials that reported the effects of an intervention that improved sleep on composite mental health, as well as on seven specific mental health difficulties. 65 trials comprising 72 interventions and N = 8608 participants were included. Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = -0.53), depression (g+ = -0.63), anxiety (g+ = -0.51), and rumination (g+ = -0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = -0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = -0.26). We also found a dose response relationship, in that greater improvements in sleep quality led to greater improvements in mental health. Our findings suggest that sleep is causally related to the experience of mental health difficulties. Future research might consider how interventions that improve sleep could be incorporated into mental health services, as well as the mechanisms of action that explain how sleep exerts an effect on mental health.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials found that interventions which successfully improved sleep quality produced significant improvements in subsequent mental health, with a medium-sized effect on composite mental health. The findings support a causal role for sleep in mental health difficulties and suggest sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target.
Key findings
- Across 65 trials, 72 interventions, and N = 8608 participants, improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53, 95% CI −0.68 to −0.38), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), plus smaller effects on stress (g+ = −0.42) and positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).
- A dose–response relationship was found: greater improvements in sleep quality were associated with greater improvements in mental health (B = 0.77, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.02, p < 0.001).
- Studies with a significant effect on sleep quality showed larger mental health effects (g = −0.53) than those without (g = −0.12; Q = 17.59, p < 0.001); effects were larger at shorter follow-up (<6 months, g+ = −0.60) than longer follow-up (≥6 months, g+ = −0.18; Q = 10.75, p < 0.01), and larger for clinician-delivered (g+ = −0.63) than self-administered interventions (g+ = −0.34; Q = 4.50, p < 0.05).
- Publication bias was indicated by funnel plot asymmetry (Egger’s regression = −1.09, p < 0.05); trim-and-fill adjustment reduced the composite effect to g+ = −0.35, and Orwin’s fail-safe n was 4101.
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs that tested an intervention designed to improve sleep, produced a statistically significant improvement in sleep quality versus control, and measured mental health at a later follow-up; studies were excluded if the intervention specifically targeted mental health or recruited participants under 18 years.
- Searches covered MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and The Cochrane Library, plus reference lists and trial registries, originally in May 2019 and updated in February 2021; PRISMA selection yielded 65 studies and 72 comparisons.
- Random-effects meta-analysis in R used Hedges g, I² for heterogeneity, moderation/subgroup analyses and meta-regression, Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment, and publication-bias checks including funnel plot, Egger’s test, trim-and-fill, and Orwin’s fail-safe n.
Limitations
- The paper states that relatively few studies examined long-term effects, and longer follow-ups generally showed smaller effects, likely due to diminishing intervention effects on sleep quality over time.
- The paper states that few primary studies existed for outcomes other than depression and anxiety, limiting inferences for other mental health difficulties, and that most analyses were based on CBT for insomnia; the focus on sleep quality may also have excluded studies of sleep disorders with different improvement definitions.
- Evident from the text: most included studies were at high (29, 45%) or unclear (26, 40%) risk of bias, with only 10 (15%) at low risk; main analyses showed substantial heterogeneity (I² = 76–82% for composite, depression, and anxiety), and publication bias was present, with trim-and-fill reducing the composite effect.
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Claims the paper makes
52 Own result · 25 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given · 5 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“65 trials comprising 72 interventions and N = 8608 participants were included.”
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
“The 65 studies provided 72 comparisons between an intervention that successfully improved sleep quality vs. a control group.”
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
“A total of N = 8608 participants took part across the 72 interventions.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plainn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and now relatively homogeneous (I2 = 20%, Q = 75.24, p = 0.0888).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interventions had large and statistically significant effects on sleep quality at the earliest follow-up point reported (g+ = −1.07, 95% CI = −1.26 to −0.88, p < 0.001)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Manipulation check: did sleep quality improve significantly in the intervention group relative to controls?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and heterogeneity was reduced to moderate levels (I2 = 43%, Q = 102.32, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Manipulation check: did sleep quality improve significantly in the intervention group relative to controls?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, there was substantial heterogeneity between the effect sizes, (I2 = 76%, Q = 291.94, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a dose response relationship, in that greater improvements in sleep quality led to greater improvements in mental health.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After re-running the analysis with eleven outlying effect sizes removed, the effect of improving sleep on composite mental health outcomes was small-to-medium sized but still statistically significant, (g+ = −0.42, 95% CI = −0.49 to −0.34, p < 0.001)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies that found significant effects of the intervention on sleep quality reported larger effects on subsequent composite mental health, (g = −0.53, 95% CI = −0.68 to −0.38, p < 0.001), than studies that did not find a significant effect of the intervention on sleep quality, (g = −0.12, 95% CI = −0.24 to 0.01, p = 0.0522)”
- Also stated in: § Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes · plain
“a difference that was statistically significant, (Q = 17.59, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found no difference in the effect of improving sleep quality on mental health between those with clinically defined mental health difficulties and those with non-clinical experiences or between those recruited from clinical vs. community settings, with both groups receiving significant benefits of improved sleep on mental health.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies reporting the effect of the intervention at shorter follow-ups reported larger improvements in sleep quality, (g = −1.03, 95% CI = −1.27 to −0.78, p < 0.001), than those reporting longer follow-ups (g = −0.44, 95% CI = −0.62 to −0.27, p < 0.001), a difference that was statistically significant, (Q = 14.38, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were moderate levels of heterogeneity (I2 = 55%, Q = 11.05, p = 0.05), but there were no outlying effect sizes.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten studies were imputed resulting in a statistically significant, small-to-medium sized adjusted effect of improving sleep on composite mental health outcomes (g+ = −0.35, 95% CI = −0.55 to −0.16, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Publication bias
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health was medium-sized and statistically significant, regardless of the presence of physical and/or mental health comorbidities.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were low levels of heterogeneity (I2 = 20%, Q = 1.25, p = 0.263) and no outlying effect sizes.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten studies (15%) were judged as having low risk of bias, 29 studies (45%) were judged as high risk of bias, and 26 studies (40%) were judged as unclear.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Risk of bias assessments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most of the analyses are based on CBT interventions for insomnia.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, to date there has been no or limited attempts to investigate variables that influence – or moderate – the impact of interventions that improve sleep on mental health.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“such that poor sleep contributes to the onset, recurrence, and maintenance of mental health difficulties [[13]∗, [14], [15]∗, [16], [17]].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [[13]∗, [14], [15]∗, [16], [17]]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2) effects are limited to the short-term where they are likely to be strongest.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“1) there is no temporal lag between the measurement of sleep and measurement of mental health (a key tenet of causal inference);”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, poor sleep has also been associated with post-traumatic stress [25], eating disorders [26], and psychosis spectrum experiences such as delusions and hallucinations [23,27].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Harvey, 2003, Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review, Clin Psychol Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The association between sleep and mental health is well documented [9,13,[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]∗].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9,13,[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]∗]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Risk of bias was assessed using the risk of bias assessment criteria developed by the Cochrane Collaboration [60].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Higgins, 2011, Chapter 8: assessing risk of bias in included studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Publication bias was assessed via visual inspection of a funnel plot and Egger's test [70].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Egger, 1997, Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test, BMJ source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have also found that specific sleep disorders, such as sleep apnoea [28], circadian rhythm disruption [29], restless leg syndrome [30], excessive daytime sleepiness and narcolepsy [31,32], sleepwalking [33], and nightmares [34] are all more prevalent in those experiencing mental health difficulties.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Sharafkhaneh, 2005, Association of psychiatric disorders and sleep apnea in a large cohort, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Wulff, 2010, Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Picchietti, 2005, Restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements in sleep, and depression, Sleep
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, poor sleep has also been associated with post-traumatic stress [25], eating disorders [26], and psychosis spectrum experiences such as delusions and hallucinations [23,27].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Lauer, 2004, Sleep in eating disorders, Sleep Med Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We followed PRISMA guidelines [53] when selecting studies.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Data management and study selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, BMJ source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Records were screened by two members of the review team, and a sub-sample of 10% of each reviewer's records were second checked by the other reviewer, with almost perfect agreement between the reviewers (kappa = 1.00 and 0.99).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Data management and study selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, Orwin's formula [71] was used to determine the fail-safe n.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Orwin, 1983, A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis, J Educ Stat
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the focus of previous reviews has been limited to depression and anxiety only, and typically limited to CBTi interventions.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conducted a sensitivity analysis examining the effect of outliers for each outcome by rerunning the analysis with any outlying effect sizes removed.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, the review is the first to adopt this approach in the field of sleep and mental health”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the review was specifically designed to test the causal association between sleep and mental health (i.e., RCTs only, successful sleep improvement required, temporal lag between measures etc.).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the findings suggest that improving sleep leads to better mental health, therefore providing strong evidence that sleep plays a causal role in the experience of mental health difficulties.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“therefore improving sleep might be one tool that can be used in combination with others to limit the risk of transition.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we provide an analysis of possible moderators of the effect of improving sleep on mental health, identifying several key moderators of the effect.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it provides a comprehensive and up-to-date search of RCTs examining the effect of improving sleep on a variety of subsequent mental health outcomes.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plainn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the timing of sleep is particularly important in circadian rhythm disorders and daytime sleepiness is a key outcome in sleep apnoea research.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it may be that our focus on sleep quality precluded some studies that do not focus on insomnia from inclusion.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“different sleep disorders have different conceptualisations of improvement that might not include sleep quality.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Those that did report longer follow-ups generally found smaller effects (although still statistically significant), most likely due to the diminishing effects of interventions on sleep quality over time [91].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] van der Zweerde, 2019, Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis of long-term effects in controlled studies, Sleep Med Rev source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The interventions that successfully improved sleep quality did not improve mental health through mechanisms other than improved sleep.
“To better isolate the effect of improved sleep on mental health, we excluded interventions that included specific elements targeting mental health (e.g., CBT elements for depression).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is aligned with evidence showing that improvements in all lifestyle domains that we targeted is associated with improvements in the QOL mental component summary measure [5, 6, 70, 81, 82].”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This finding aligns with the strong foundation in the literature that improvements in sleep, diet and exercise are linked to improvements in depression symptoms [82, 99, 100].”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Rather than suppressing distressing cognitions, ACT promotes acceptance and value-consistent action, thereby reducing the struggle that sustains insomnia-related arousal [78].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“ACT extends the principles of mindfulness by emphasizing psychological flexibility -one's capacity to tolerate aversive internal experiences, such as anxiety or wakefulness, without engaging in maladaptive control efforts [78].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis concluded that sleep improvement after different non-pharmacological treatments for insomnia is causally related to improvements in mental health [19].”
From Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in patients with mental disorders and comorbid insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Study characteristics
“sleep restriction alone (2, 3%)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
“| Intervention type | Sleep restriction onlyc | 1 | – | – | |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
“a difference that was statistically significant, (Q = 17.59, p < 0.001)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
“| Significant effect on sleepa | Yes | 72 | −0.53 | −0.69 to −0.38 | 17.69∗∗∗ |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
“| Anxiety | −0.51∗∗∗ | −0.77 to −0.24 | 82% | 186.92∗∗∗ | 35 | 5819 |”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
“(g+ = −0.50, 95% CI = −0.76 to −0.24, p < 0.001), with substantial levels of heterogeneity, (I2 = 82%, Q = 187.02, p < 0.001)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Study characteristics
“33 (46%) reported a measure of anxiety”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
“| Anxiety | −0.51∗∗∗ | −0.77 to −0.24 | 82% | 186.92∗∗∗ | 35 | 5819 |”
Citations
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Marquez, J., Francis-Hew, L., & Humphrey, N. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26656510
Song, B., Wang, D., Yan, X., Yan, P., Liu, H., Li, H., & Yi, S. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26629082
Sarfan, L. D., Agnew, E. R., Diaz, M., Dong, L., Fisher, K., Spencer, J. M., Howlett, S. A., Hache, R. E., Callaway, C. A., Kilbourne, A. M., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26575673
Richardson, K., Petukhova, R., Hughes, S. D., Pitt, J., Yücel, M., & Segrave, R. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24995549
Remission of PTSD and comorbid OCD symptoms through psychotherapy for nightmares: A case report
Roland, A. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100590
How poor sleep could fuel belief in conspiracy theories
Jolley, D., & Dinnick, I. (2025) · doi:10.64628/ab.n5xxq5krg
Calaguas, G. M. (2025) · Mental Health Global Challenges Journal · doi:10.56508/mhgcj.v8i1.316 · Cited by 1
“Using the meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on intervention effects of health on mental health together with mental health difficulties, Scott et al. (2021) found that sleep was related to the experience of mental health concerns, with improved sleep associated with improved mental…”
Açık, M., Durmaz, S. E., Gümüş, A. B., & Açık, D. E. (2025) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1817761
Ratajczak, W. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111601
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Auswirkungen von veränderten Aktivitätszeiten, modernen Leuchtmitteln und Lichtverschmutzung
Krop-Benesch, A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-71727-1_10
Ding, Y., & Jiang, K. (2025) · Noise and Health · doi:10.4103/nah.nah_112_25
Norton, J. L., Jaussent, I., Edouard, E., Boubert, L., Mura, T., & Akbaraly, T. N. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.121125
MacMillan, P., Yunus, F. M., Rogers, M., Jiang, Y., Climie, E. A., Mah, J. W. T., & Corkum, P. V. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13010082
“Good sleep is known to contribute to better mental health symptoms [49] and can play a protective role against stressors [77].”
InfluentialBalthazar, M. S., Master, L., Smith, D. J., & Sherman, A. D. F. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14020137
“Sleep quality typically functions as a protective factor against discriminatory stress among general populations studied to date (primarily cisgender, socioeconomically ad-vantaged samples) [7–11].”
Management earnings forecasts and employee mental healthPreprint
Kuroki, M., & Ohta, Y. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6021359
Diaz, J. A., Lee, S., Martire, L. M., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2026) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2597964
“Sleep quality—whether measured objectively or subjectively—is critical for maintaining cognitive health, with restorative processes offering protection against cognitive decline, including AD/ADRD (Bartolo & Hill, 2022; Chong et al., 2022; Scott et al., 2021).”
Fisher, A. C., Dear, B. F., Dagnall, A., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., Nielssen, O. B., Staples, L., Kayrouz, R., & Titov, N. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/82986
“…our findings, other research has confirmed sleep’s role as a “pillar of mental health,” with positive correlations between sleep quality and mental health in the general adult population [21,22] and RCT interventions designed to improve sleep quality, also leading to improved mental health [23].”
Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga terhadap Tingkat Insomnia pada Perimenopause
Noviasari, I., Sari, L. T., & Handayani, H. (2026) · Indonesian Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.30587/ijpn.v6i2.10791
Aljobowry, R., Aloum, L., Othman, A. M., Manias, E., Ibrahim, R. M., Alawad, S. Z., & Alzubaidi, H. (2026) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2026.103026
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Sleep quality and depressive symptoms: insights from a genetically informative designPreprint
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“…review of randomised controlled trials demonstrated medium-sized improvements across multiple mental health outcomes (g = − 0.53, 95% CI − 0.68 to − 0.38, p 0.001), including overall well-being, depression, anxiety and stress, though effects on stress appear less consistent across studies [42].”
InfluentialKlingaman, E. A., Goldberg, R. W., Brown, C. H., Li, L., Kreyenbuhl, J. A., Gehrman, P., Howell, M. K., Phalen, P. L., Fischer, M. W., & Bennett, M. E. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44470-025-00009-z
“Emerging literature indicates that CBT-I may help prevent symptoms of recurrent mood and psychotic episodes [23, 24].”
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“The lack of statistical significance here may be related to the limited number of studies included and the diversity of interventions assessed, which were not always focused on sleep-specific outcomes [59].”
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“This highlights the importance of addressing mental health and social support environments as essential factors for improving sleep quality (49, 50).”
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“Improving sleep quality is known to positively impact mental health [16] and vice-versa [17–19].”
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“Poor sleep quality is associated with the development of various adverse health conditions (Liu Y, Wheaton AG, et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2013; Scott AJ et al. 2021).”
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“Individuals with insomnia are 10 and 17 times more likely than those without insomnia to experience clinically significant levels of negative emotions such as depression and anxiety, respectively [55, 56].”
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“Thus, improving sleep quality often leads to improved mental health (Scott et al., 2021).”
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THE IMPACT OF SLEEP ON MENTAL HEALTH: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ACROSS THE LIFESPAN
Jagura, P., Groszewska, J., Romaniuk, M. S., Rapior, A., Lubomska, K., Makowska-Woszczyk, D. J., Mytych, A., Romaniuk, J., Nosek, Ł., & Dziedziak, M. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4669
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“These elements have also been identi fi ed through the systematic review study by Lam et al. and in other studies (40 – 42).”
Sorel, J. C., Korterink, B. H. W., Noordam, R., Rosendaal, F. R., Kloppenburg, M., Nelissen, R. G. H. H., Cessie, S. L., Poolman, R. W., Broekman, B., & Gademan, M. G. J. (2026) · Bone & Joint Open · doi:10.1302/2633-1462.73.bjo-2025-0325.r1
Ma, T., Wang, L., & Dou, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1779799
RetractedPeltz, J. S., Rogge, R. D., & Zeitzer, J. M. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag074
Duan, J., Engelman, C. D., Lu, Q., & Kang, H. (2026) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.70446
A Hybrid Machine Learning and SHAP Approach for Explainable Anxiety Profiling and Risk Assessment
Ahmed, T., Parvin, R., Ridoy, R. R., & Mahbub, T. (2025) · Asian Conference on Intelligent Technologies (ACOIT) · doi:10.1109/acoit66109.2025.11436299
“…sleep duration, physical activity, and diet quality differentiated lower-risk from higher-risk groups and were strong predictors in regression models, supporting a substantial body of literature linking healthy sleep, regular physical activity, and balanced nutrition to reduced anxiety [24-26].”
Ren, Y., Yan, G., Gao, J., Chu, W., Yang, X., Xie, J., Hui, P., Su, X., Ma, W., Hou, Y., et al. (2026) · Chinese Herbal Medicines · doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2026.03.005 · Cited by 2
Wang, J., Wang, Y., Cai, M., Zhang, X., Yu, X., Zhao, G., & Dong, H. (2026) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2026.108915
Wang, W., Han, R., Li, J., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115931
REM sleep microarchitecture in adolescent major depressive disorder.
Baena, D., Legault, G., Ray, L. B., Lopez, J., Hoffmann, R., Robillard, R., Armitage, R., & Fogel, S. M. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121714
Diao, S., Weiwei, S. O. N. G., & Xiaoming, S. H. E. N. (2026) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2026.100464
“Sleep is a key health indicator, and adequate sleep duration and quality are essential for maintaining physiological function and overall health [1,2].”
Lin, L., Pratt, A. E., & Hoffman, D. A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27073224
Su, Q., Wang, R., Wei, X., Hu, Y., & Han, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1795005
Sleepless in Society: Introducing the Concept of Public Sleep
Cunningham, T. J., Zeng, S., & Song, S. H. (2026) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep8020018
“…through which resilience operates, highlighting the potential for targeted interventions aimed at preserving or restoring sleep in the wake of major shared stressors to not only improve individual well-being but also to strengthen mental health and resilience at the community level [59,80,81].”
Olatunji, B. O., Knowles, K. A., Cox, R. C., & Liu, Q. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105038
Correlation and path analysis between sleep quality and psychological stress in college students
Liang, J., Shen, Y., Wu, S., Feng, Y., Ding, Q., Ouyang, Y., He, X., Song, X., Li, M., Qi, T., et al. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261437641
Won, T., & Won, Y.-J. (2026) · 보건교육·건강증진학회지 · doi:10.14367/kjhep.2026.43.1.71
Thompson, M. J., Ehrhardt, A. D., Kelly, R. J., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2026) · Child Development · doi:10.1093/chidev/aacag073
“Sleep prob-lems—characterized by short duration and poor quality—in youth increase the risk for adverse developmental outcomes (Cooper et al., 2023; Scott et al., 2021).”
Moesgaard, C., Wolsing, S. K., & Hjorth, P. (2026) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2026.2645385
“These experiences align with previous research highlighting the value of physical activity, such as walking, yoga, and Tai Chi, in improving sleep quality among individuals with mental disorders (Scott et al., 2021).”
Yorke, I., Choudhury, A. R., Boatman, C. A., Oakley, B. F. M., Law, M. L., Holt, R., Colomar, L., Forde, N. J., Conde, P., Sankesara, H., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9381221/v1
From run-to-failure to condition-based care: a multi-domain framework for preventive psychiatry
Alaoui, S. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1821471
“…65 randomised controlled trials ( N = 8,608) demonstrated that interventions improving sleep quality — predominantly cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) — signi fi cantly reduce symptoms of depression ( g = − 0.63), anxiety ( g = − 0.51), and psychological stress ( g = − 0.42) (17).”
InfluentialZhang, J., Zhu, Y., Yin, Y., Xiao, C., Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Qi, Y., & Wang, L. (2026) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2026.03.003
Guo, W., Ye, J., Fu, Y., Zheng, M., Zhou, J., & Fan, X. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-26139-w
“Notably, several meta-analyses have shown that poor sleep quality was also significantly associated with hypertension [49], depression symptoms [50].”
Sajani, K., & Sharma, P. (2026) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-026-02797-9
“A study by Scott et al. (2021) found that improving sleep quality can reduce stress, anxiety and depression.”
Impact of Intermediate Care Unit Architecture on Noise, Light, and Delirium Incidence
Schuerch, N., Christ, S., Bassetti, C. L., & Vorster, A. P. A. (2026) · Noise and Health · doi:10.4103/nah.nah_177_25
Lim, J.-H., Park, S.-H., Kim, K.-O., Kang, C. W., Cho, E., & Kim, B.-K. (2026) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s582813
“42 Since the diagnosis of insomnia relies on subjective sleep complaints, 43,44 and subjective improvement positively affects quality of life and mental health, 45 improvements in subjective parameter observed in this study may represent clinically meaningful results.”
Effects of Tabata and Circuit Training on Mood and Sleep Quality During Ramadan in Students
Umam, C., & Priambodo, A. (2025) · COMPETITOR Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga · doi:10.26858/cpjok.v17i1.219
Xu, Z., Cao, Q., Zhou, Z., Han, Y., Yang, C., & Hu, H.-L. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1788479 · Cited by 1
“Improving sleep quality, in turn, has been shown to enhance psychological well-being (10).”
Takashima, M., Ananth, A., Hoff, P. T., Lepe, P. S., Setzen, G., & Suurna, M. V. (2026) · OTO Open · doi:10.1002/oto2.70250
“33 These fi ndings highlight the impact of improving sleep on mental health and highlight the need to identify and treat physiological contributors to poor sleep.”
Perceived Restedness and Mental Health Among Emerging Adults in College: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Mohamed, A. M. S., Ward, S., & Gülay, B. K. (2026) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276261449221
Wei, L., Zhang, L., Wang, C., Long, Z., Song, L., Li, X., Liu, Q., & Wang, W. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27494-y
“Smartphone emit short-wavelength blue light, which inhibits melatonin secretion, disrupts circadian rhythms, and delays sleep onset and impairs overall sleep quality and duration [43, 44].”
Sleep and Mental Health Among Employed Adults in Beijing, China
Czeisler, M. É., Weaver, M. D., Xin, Q., Quan, S. F., & Czeisler, C. A. (2026) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70296
“…comorbid sleep and mental health difficulties, a meta-analysis of 65 randomized controlled trials of interventions to improve sleep quality for composite mental health found a dose − response relationship, with improvements in sleep quality leading to greater improvements in mental health [ 20 ].”
Sleep disturbance symptoms and treatment patterns in US adults: findings from a national survey
Fisher, M., Perlis, M. L., Krystal, A. D., & Heffler, M. J. (2026) · Sleep Science and Practice · doi:10.1186/s41606-026-00192-9
Mondal, M. A. H., Saha, N. K., Haque, M., & Mia, M. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102963
Dereje, D., Birhanu, T. E., & Desisa, A. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1550300
Chen, K., Xu, Q., Wen, D., & Xue, J. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9566084/v1
Individual and occupational predictors of CBT-I response patterns among shift-working firefighters
Song, Y. M., Jeon, S., Cho, A., Chung, S., Ahn, Y. S., Suh, S. A., & Kim, J. K. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2026.100605
Elevating sleep to a global health priority: The One Sleep Health framework
Tahmasian, M., Küppers, V., Genon, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Golombek, D. A., & Ibáñez, A. M. (2026) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102828 · Cited by 4
“50 However, a recent multivariate analysis showed that cognitive psychotherapy for depression cannot reduce insomnia symptoms per se, and such residual insomnia symptoms increase vulnerability to relapse or recurrence of depression.”
Alyoubi, A., Zhong, Y., Xu, Y., Adusumilli, N., & Dimitriou, D. (2026) · Sleep and Vigilance · doi:10.1007/s41782-026-00351-z
“These find - ings are consistent with previous research suggesting that CBT-I interventions may be associated with improvements in mental health and psychological well-being [24, 57, 61 ].”
Sabharwal, C., Bhat, U. R., Jindal, K., Bhat, M. A., & Bhat, D. N. (2026) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20261727
Esala, J. J., Lawrence, S., Price, C. J., Vanderminden, J., Gehrz, B. B., Drummond, S. P. A., & Fonkoue, I. T. (2026) · Journal of Migration and Health · doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2026.100418
“For instance, sleep disturbance is a cardinal symptom of major depressive disorder (Freeman et al., 2020; Sutton, 2014), yet sleep problems also precede and exacerbate depression rather than only resulting from it (Freeman et al., 2020; Scott et al., 2021).”
Choudhury, A. R., Yorke, I., Boatman, C. A., Oakley, B., Law, M. L., Holt, R., Colomar, L., Forde, N. J., Conde, P., Sankesara, H., et al. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.101864
Parents and preterm infants' sleep characteristics after discharge from the neonatal unit
Lebel, V., Socarras, L. R., Feeley, N., Stremler, R., Axelin, A., Luu, T. M., & Forest, G. (2026) · Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jnn.2026.101902
Spyridonidis, S., Pattinson, E., Armstrong, E., Bain, H., Harris, F., Scoreby, R., Ellis, J., & Thwaites, R. (2026) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x26100671
“…mental health outcomes for patients experiencing insomnia alongside co-morbid anxiety and/or depression appropriate for Step 2, consistent with evidence from a recent meta-analysis showing that improvements in sleep quality are associated with better mental health outcomes (Scott et al ., 2021).”
Blackburn, R. L., & Brodska, J. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9916532/v1
Wallace, D. A., Pedersen, N. P., & Drane, D. L. (2026) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2026.111139
“…of cognition in PWE[13,14], were also associated with both subjective sleep and cognitive outcomes in our analyses; prior research suggests a bidirectional relationship, with sleep as a stronger predictor of depression than vice versa, and that improving sleep can improve mood outcomes[83–87].”
Christensen, M. J., Olesen, A. V., Ward, T., Hardy, A., Mainz, J., Thomas, N., Smith, L. C., Mariegaard, L. S., Nordentoft, M., Glenthøj, L. B., et al. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726104437
“…(Bagautdinova et al., 2023), predict subsequent psychotic experiences (Reeve, Sheaves, & Freeman, 2015), and reduce positive symptoms when treated (Scott et al., 2021), findings suggest that targeting sleep may offerapromising routetoreducingvoice-relateddistress,particularly for some trauma…”
Minghui, Y., Xu, X., & Xia, L. (2026) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.70087
Luo, N., Yang, Z., Song, M., Di, S., Chu, C., Shi, W., Yue, W., Zhang, Y., Yan, H., Zhang, X., et al. (2026) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-026-01644-z
“A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reported that the effects of an intervention on sleep helped improve composite mental health and seven specific mental health difficulties [17].”
Research advances in physical activity and insomnia: a bibliometric and thematic evolution analysis
Chen, J., Wang, S., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1801508
“…meta-analysis, systematic review, anxiety, sleep disorders, and mental health demonstrated the fi eld ’ s transition toward secondary synthesis of the substantial data accumulated during the pandemic period, speci fi cally validating bidirectional causal models between anxiety and insomnia (24).”
Balasubramanian, K., Sanjeevi, R. R., Alshehri, M. M., & Alothman, S. (2026) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s583610
“43”
Sleep as a Modifiable Pathway Linking Adverse Childhood Experiences to Adolescent DepressionPreprint
Zhao, C., Spadola, C., & Baiden, P. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9718560/v1
Fairfax, F. G., & Wilder, J. M. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119505 · Cited by 1
Xu, H., Zhang, L., Lai, X., Zhao, C., Ma, X., & Zhang, G. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/93920
Metadata
- Authors
- Scott, A. J., Webb, T. L., Martyn-St James, M., Rowse, G., & Weich, S.
- Affiliations
- Keele University (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Alexander J.
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 60
- Pages
- 101556
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8651630
- OpenAlex
- W3203364067
- Cited by
- 1,094
- References
- 194
- Citations by year
- 2026: 226 · 2025: 349 · 2024: 275 · 2023: 190 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 21.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Keele Research Repository (Keele University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Research for Patient Benefit Programme (PB-PG- 0817-20027)
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sleep quality, mental health, sleep interventions, depression, anxiety, rumination, stress, psychotic symptoms, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Sleep Quality, Anxiety, Humans, Mental Health, Psychotic Disorders, Sleep, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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