The DOI matches its Crossref record; 186 of the 194 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 36 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The extent to which sleep is causally related to mental health is unclear. One way to test the causal link is to evaluate the extent to which interventions that improve sleep quality also improve mental health. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials that reported the effects of an intervention that improved sleep on composite mental health, as well as on seven specific mental health difficulties. 65 trials comprising 72 interventions and N = 8608 participants were included. Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = -0.53), depression (g+ = -0.63), anxiety (g+ = -0.51), and rumination (g+ = -0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = -0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = -0.26). We also found a dose response relationship, in that greater improvements in sleep quality led to greater improvements in mental health. Our findings suggest that sleep is causally related to the experience of mental health difficulties. Future research might consider how interventions that improve sleep could be incorporated into mental health services, as well as the mechanisms of action that explain how sleep exerts an effect on mental health.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials found that interventions which successfully improved sleep quality produced significant improvements in subsequent mental health, with a medium-sized effect on composite mental health. The findings support a causal role for sleep in mental health difficulties and suggest sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target.
Key findings
- Across 65 trials, 72 interventions, and N = 8608 participants, improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53, 95% CI −0.68 to −0.38), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), plus smaller effects on stress (g+ = −0.42) and positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).
- A dose–response relationship was found: greater improvements in sleep quality were associated with greater improvements in mental health (B = 0.77, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.02, p < 0.001).
- Studies with a significant effect on sleep quality showed larger mental health effects (g = −0.53) than those without (g = −0.12; Q = 17.59, p < 0.001); effects were larger at shorter follow-up (<6 months, g+ = −0.60) than longer follow-up (≥6 months, g+ = −0.18; Q = 10.75, p < 0.01), and larger for clinician-delivered (g+ = −0.63) than self-administered interventions (g+ = −0.34; Q = 4.50, p < 0.05).
- Publication bias was indicated by funnel plot asymmetry (Egger’s regression = −1.09, p < 0.05); trim-and-fill adjustment reduced the composite effect to g+ = −0.35, and Orwin’s fail-safe n was 4101.
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs that tested an intervention designed to improve sleep, produced a statistically significant improvement in sleep quality versus control, and measured mental health at a later follow-up; studies were excluded if the intervention specifically targeted mental health or recruited participants under 18 years.
- Searches covered MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and The Cochrane Library, plus reference lists and trial registries, originally in May 2019 and updated in February 2021; PRISMA selection yielded 65 studies and 72 comparisons.
- Random-effects meta-analysis in R used Hedges g, I² for heterogeneity, moderation/subgroup analyses and meta-regression, Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment, and publication-bias checks including funnel plot, Egger’s test, trim-and-fill, and Orwin’s fail-safe n.
Limitations
- The paper states that relatively few studies examined long-term effects, and longer follow-ups generally showed smaller effects, likely due to diminishing intervention effects on sleep quality over time.
- The paper states that few primary studies existed for outcomes other than depression and anxiety, limiting inferences for other mental health difficulties, and that most analyses were based on CBT for insomnia; the focus on sleep quality may also have excluded studies of sleep disorders with different improvement definitions.
- Evident from the text: most included studies were at high (29, 45%) or unclear (26, 40%) risk of bias, with only 10 (15%) at low risk; main analyses showed substantial heterogeneity (I² = 76–82% for composite, depression, and anxiety), and publication bias was present, with trim-and-fill reducing the composite effect.
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Claims the paper makes
52 Own result · 25 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given · 5 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“65 trials comprising 72 interventions and N = 8608 participants were included.”
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
“The 65 studies provided 72 comparisons between an intervention that successfully improved sleep quality vs. a control group.”
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
“A total of N = 8608 participants took part across the 72 interventions.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plainn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and now relatively homogeneous (I2 = 20%, Q = 75.24, p = 0.0888).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interventions had large and statistically significant effects on sleep quality at the earliest follow-up point reported (g+ = −1.07, 95% CI = −1.26 to −0.88, p < 0.001)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Manipulation check: did sleep quality improve significantly in the intervention group relative to controls?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and heterogeneity was reduced to moderate levels (I2 = 43%, Q = 102.32, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Manipulation check: did sleep quality improve significantly in the intervention group relative to controls?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, there was substantial heterogeneity between the effect sizes, (I2 = 76%, Q = 291.94, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a dose response relationship, in that greater improvements in sleep quality led to greater improvements in mental health.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After re-running the analysis with eleven outlying effect sizes removed, the effect of improving sleep on composite mental health outcomes was small-to-medium sized but still statistically significant, (g+ = −0.42, 95% CI = −0.49 to −0.34, p < 0.001)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies that found significant effects of the intervention on sleep quality reported larger effects on subsequent composite mental health, (g = −0.53, 95% CI = −0.68 to −0.38, p < 0.001), than studies that did not find a significant effect of the intervention on sleep quality, (g = −0.12, 95% CI = −0.24 to 0.01, p = 0.0522)”
- Also stated in: § Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes · plain
“a difference that was statistically significant, (Q = 17.59, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found no difference in the effect of improving sleep quality on mental health between those with clinically defined mental health difficulties and those with non-clinical experiences or between those recruited from clinical vs. community settings, with both groups receiving significant benefits of improved sleep on mental health.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies reporting the effect of the intervention at shorter follow-ups reported larger improvements in sleep quality, (g = −1.03, 95% CI = −1.27 to −0.78, p < 0.001), than those reporting longer follow-ups (g = −0.44, 95% CI = −0.62 to −0.27, p < 0.001), a difference that was statistically significant, (Q = 14.38, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were moderate levels of heterogeneity (I2 = 55%, Q = 11.05, p = 0.05), but there were no outlying effect sizes.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten studies were imputed resulting in a statistically significant, small-to-medium sized adjusted effect of improving sleep on composite mental health outcomes (g+ = −0.35, 95% CI = −0.55 to −0.16, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Publication bias
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health was medium-sized and statistically significant, regardless of the presence of physical and/or mental health comorbidities.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were low levels of heterogeneity (I2 = 20%, Q = 1.25, p = 0.263) and no outlying effect sizes.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten studies (15%) were judged as having low risk of bias, 29 studies (45%) were judged as high risk of bias, and 26 studies (40%) were judged as unclear.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Risk of bias assessments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most of the analyses are based on CBT interventions for insomnia.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, to date there has been no or limited attempts to investigate variables that influence – or moderate – the impact of interventions that improve sleep on mental health.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“such that poor sleep contributes to the onset, recurrence, and maintenance of mental health difficulties [[13]∗, [14], [15]∗, [16], [17]].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [[13]∗, [14], [15]∗, [16], [17]]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2) effects are limited to the short-term where they are likely to be strongest.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“1) there is no temporal lag between the measurement of sleep and measurement of mental health (a key tenet of causal inference);”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, poor sleep has also been associated with post-traumatic stress [25], eating disorders [26], and psychosis spectrum experiences such as delusions and hallucinations [23,27].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Harvey, 2003, Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review, Clin Psychol Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The association between sleep and mental health is well documented [9,13,[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]∗].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9,13,[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]∗]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Risk of bias was assessed using the risk of bias assessment criteria developed by the Cochrane Collaboration [60].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Higgins, 2011, Chapter 8: assessing risk of bias in included studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Publication bias was assessed via visual inspection of a funnel plot and Egger's test [70].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Egger, 1997, Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test, BMJ source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have also found that specific sleep disorders, such as sleep apnoea [28], circadian rhythm disruption [29], restless leg syndrome [30], excessive daytime sleepiness and narcolepsy [31,32], sleepwalking [33], and nightmares [34] are all more prevalent in those experiencing mental health difficulties.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Sharafkhaneh, 2005, Association of psychiatric disorders and sleep apnea in a large cohort, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Wulff, 2010, Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Picchietti, 2005, Restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements in sleep, and depression, Sleep
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, poor sleep has also been associated with post-traumatic stress [25], eating disorders [26], and psychosis spectrum experiences such as delusions and hallucinations [23,27].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Lauer, 2004, Sleep in eating disorders, Sleep Med Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We followed PRISMA guidelines [53] when selecting studies.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Data management and study selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, BMJ source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Records were screened by two members of the review team, and a sub-sample of 10% of each reviewer's records were second checked by the other reviewer, with almost perfect agreement between the reviewers (kappa = 1.00 and 0.99).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Data management and study selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, Orwin's formula [71] was used to determine the fail-safe n.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Orwin, 1983, A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis, J Educ Stat
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the focus of previous reviews has been limited to depression and anxiety only, and typically limited to CBTi interventions.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conducted a sensitivity analysis examining the effect of outliers for each outcome by rerunning the analysis with any outlying effect sizes removed.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, the review is the first to adopt this approach in the field of sleep and mental health”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the review was specifically designed to test the causal association between sleep and mental health (i.e., RCTs only, successful sleep improvement required, temporal lag between measures etc.).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the findings suggest that improving sleep leads to better mental health, therefore providing strong evidence that sleep plays a causal role in the experience of mental health difficulties.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“therefore improving sleep might be one tool that can be used in combination with others to limit the risk of transition.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we provide an analysis of possible moderators of the effect of improving sleep on mental health, identifying several key moderators of the effect.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it provides a comprehensive and up-to-date search of RCTs examining the effect of improving sleep on a variety of subsequent mental health outcomes.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plainn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the timing of sleep is particularly important in circadian rhythm disorders and daytime sleepiness is a key outcome in sleep apnoea research.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it may be that our focus on sleep quality precluded some studies that do not focus on insomnia from inclusion.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“different sleep disorders have different conceptualisations of improvement that might not include sleep quality.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Those that did report longer follow-ups generally found smaller effects (although still statistically significant), most likely due to the diminishing effects of interventions on sleep quality over time [91].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] van der Zweerde, 2019, Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis of long-term effects in controlled studies, Sleep Med Rev source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The interventions that successfully improved sleep quality did not improve mental health through mechanisms other than improved sleep.
“To better isolate the effect of improved sleep on mental health, we excluded interventions that included specific elements targeting mental health (e.g., CBT elements for depression).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is aligned with evidence showing that improvements in all lifestyle domains that we targeted is associated with improvements in the QOL mental component summary measure [5, 6, 70, 81, 82].”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This finding aligns with the strong foundation in the literature that improvements in sleep, diet and exercise are linked to improvements in depression symptoms [82, 99, 100].”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Rather than suppressing distressing cognitions, ACT promotes acceptance and value-consistent action, thereby reducing the struggle that sustains insomnia-related arousal [78].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“ACT extends the principles of mindfulness by emphasizing psychological flexibility -one's capacity to tolerate aversive internal experiences, such as anxiety or wakefulness, without engaging in maladaptive control efforts [78].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis concluded that sleep improvement after different non-pharmacological treatments for insomnia is causally related to improvements in mental health [19].”
From Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in patients with mental disorders and comorbid insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Study characteristics
“sleep restriction alone (2, 3%)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
“| Intervention type | Sleep restriction onlyc | 1 | – | – | |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
“a difference that was statistically significant, (Q = 17.59, p < 0.001)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
“| Significant effect on sleepa | Yes | 72 | −0.53 | −0.69 to −0.38 | 17.69∗∗∗ |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
“| Anxiety | −0.51∗∗∗ | −0.77 to −0.24 | 82% | 186.92∗∗∗ | 35 | 5819 |”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
“(g+ = −0.50, 95% CI = −0.76 to −0.24, p < 0.001), with substantial levels of heterogeneity, (I2 = 82%, Q = 187.02, p < 0.001)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Study characteristics
“33 (46%) reported a measure of anxiety”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
“| Anxiety | −0.51∗∗∗ | −0.77 to −0.24 | 82% | 186.92∗∗∗ | 35 | 5819 |”
Citations
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Items 301–400 of 1,000
Shan, D., Wang, Y., Tousey-Pfarrer, M., Guo, C., Wan, M., Wang, P., Dai, Z., Ge, F., & Zhang, J. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00685-w · Cited by 6
Zhang, C., Zhao, L., Dong, T., Zhao, J., Gao, C., & Zhao, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1361632 · Cited by 6
Does sunlight exposure predict next-night sleep? A daily diary study among U.S. adults
Anderson, A. R., Ostermiller, L., Lastrapes, M., & Hales, L. S. (2024) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053241262643 · Cited by 6
“While poorer sleep quality is a symptom of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, improving sleep quality is related to improvements in mental health (Scott et al., 2021).”
Alarm fatigue and sleep quality in medical staff—a Polish-Czech-Slovak study on workplace ergonomics
Rypicz, Ł., Witczak, I., Šupínová, M., Salehi, H. P., & Jarabicová, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1345396 · Cited by 7
Monitoring the sleep health of adults: a scoping review of routine national surveillance systems
Way, J. A. H., Ucak, S., Martinez, C.-A., Sutherland, K., Cook, K. M., Cistulli, P. A., & Bin, Y. S. (2024) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae062 · Cited by 7
“In addition, there is substantial evidence that sleep quality, a broad concept that indicates how well an individual is sleeping [11], has been causally linked to mental health [12], and associated with behavioral [13] and social outcomes [14].”
BackgroundPuberty interacts with sleep and brain network organization to predict mental health
Mitchell, M. E., & Nugiel, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1379945 · Cited by 8
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“Proper nutrition supports both recovery and long-term health maintenance in clinical populations [81, 82], while adequate sleep is critical for mental and physical recovery [79, 83, 84].”
BackgroundSleep hygiene efficacy on quality of sleep and mental ability among insomniac patients
Varadharasu, S., & Das, N. (2024) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_48_24 · Cited by 8
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Szuhany, K. L., Sullivan, A. J., Gills, J. L., & Kredlow, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-024-00532-z · Cited by 8
“Understanding the complex connection between sleep and psychiatric symptom changes is important given evidence that improving sleep quality can improve mental health outcomes, including for depression, anxiety, and trauma-related symptoms (Hertenstein et al., 2019; Scott et al., 2021).”
Meng, L., Zhu, Q., Ma, F., Wang, J., Lu, W., Zheng, M., Su, G., & Liu, G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-77516-1 · Cited by 6
“Inadequate or poor sleep quality not only negatively affects physical health but also heightens the risk of depressive symptoms by influencing emotional well-being 24 .”
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A narrative review of sleep deprivation in ultra-endurance cycling
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“G od sleep qu lity is a fundamental requirement for a healthy life, since it is associated with good mental health [11,23].”
BackgroundAssociation of age and night flight duration with sleep disorders among Chinese airline pilots
Shi, R., Wang, F., Xu, W., & Fu, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1217005 · Cited by 6
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“Specifically, poor sleep has been identified as a factor for worsening depression, anxiety, migraine/headache, ADHD, and other mental health conditions (Medic et al., 2017; Vgontzas and Pavlovi´c, 2018; Scott et al., 2021; Charest and Grandner, 2020).”
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“Improved sleep quality, in turn, may contribute to significant advancements in students’ psychobiological health, particularly in alleviating anxiety disorders (Scott et al., 2021; Saravanan et al., 2024).”
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“Poor sleep quality contributes to the onset, recurrence, and maintenance of most mental health difficulties (Atwood, 2022), and current evidence suggests that treating sleep disturbances reduces psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, stress, and psychosis symptoms (Scott et al., 2021).”
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“One of the concerns with excessive use of social media is the displacement of other health-related behaviors, known to have positive effects on mental health, such as time outdoors and exposure to green spaces (Liu et al., 2023), sleep (Scott et al., 2021), and exercise (Pearce et al., 2022).”
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“Many studies have focused more on individual factors associated with sleep, such as physiological (McCarter et al., 2022), psychological (Lu & Liu, 2021; Scott et al., 2021), and environmental factors (Billings et al., 2020).”
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“…12], increased healthcare utilization [13], increased mortality and [14], increased risk of depression and other behavioral health conditions [7, 15, 16], In addition, a spate of research has demonstrated insomnia to be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease [17], cognitive…”
BackgroundMcDermott, A. F., Brydges, C. R., & Norris, T. W. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1396543 · Cited by 6
“Furthermore, evidence supports that health and well-being can be improved by engaging in specific positive activities, such as sleep (Scott et al., 2021), social connection (Martino et al., 2015) or acts of kindness (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005b; Curry et al., 2018).”
BackgroundLiu, L., Xiang, Y., Xiong, L., Li, C., Dai, W., Hu, J., Shui, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, X., Ma, L., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1329175 · Cited by 5
“Insufficient sleep can increase fatigue, depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as have adverse effects on the endocrine and metabolic systems (Ge et al., 2019; Scott et al., 2021).”
BackgroundStafford, A., Oduola, S., & Reeve, S. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.09.002 · Cited by 6
“However, growing evidence supports the positive impact of targeting sleep disorders independently from co-existing mental health problems, with a large effect indicated for improvement in sleep and a small effect supported for subsequent improvements in mental health [19].”
BackgroundStructural alterations as a predictor of depression – a 7-Tesla MRI-based multidimensional approach
Schnellbächer, G. J., Rajkumar, R., Veselinović, T., Ramkiran, S., Hagen, J., Collée, M., Shah, N. J., & Neuner, I. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02854-5 · Cited by 4
“The study population was relatively homogeneous and not representative of a general psychiatric patient collective.”
Sun, X., Wu, Y., Miao, J., Wang, X., Ma, Y., & Zang, S. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21794-5 · Cited by 5
“Among these, a meta-analysis focusing on the anxiety pointed out that better sleep quality significantly alleviate anxiety, and a dose-response relationship between the two was also found [17].”
Zhang, Y., Chen, F., Yu, M., Li, Y., Chen, S., Choudhary, M. I., Liu, X., & Jiang, N. (2025) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-025-00268-z · Cited by 5
“Sleep deprivation-related issues, especially cognitive deficits, have emerged as a critical global concern, posing significant threats to human well-being [7, 8].”
Efficacy and safety of lemborexant in patients with insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Khan, A., Rath, S., Khan, H., Alam, U., Javaid, H., Bacha, Z., Cheema, A. A. A., Hayat, U., Ali, M. A., Qadeer, A., et al. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106823 · Cited by 6
Trinca, E., Hertenstein, E., Wunderlin, M., Schneider, C. L., Züst, M. A., Fehér, K. D., Su, T., van Straten, A., Berger, T., Riemann, D. W., et al. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.311 · Cited by 5
Nurses' recovery experiences during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Isfahan, Iran: A qualitative study
Hosseinzadeh, A., Khorasgani, A. E., Gheitani, A., Dastjerdi, R. E., & Torkashvand, R. (2022) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.13863 · Cited by 8
“Similarly, a study observed that sleep was significantly and positively related to mental health (Scott et al., 2021).”
BackgroundOakes-Cornellissen, A., Morton, D. P., Rankin, P. M., & Renfrew, M. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1127068 · Cited by 6
“, 2020); sleep (Freeman et al., 2020; Scott et al., 2021), and exposure to nature (Taniguchi et al.”
BackgroundPerceived Sleep Quality in Individuals with Inborn Errors of Immunity
Sowers, K. L., Sawaged, A., & Bowen, B. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-023-01474-y · Cited by 7
“[21] found a dose response relationship that greater improvements in sleep quality led to greater improvements in mental health and that improved sleep quality could contribute to reduced depression, anxiety, and stress.”
BackgroundVos, C. F., Birkenhäger, T. K., Nolen, W. A., van den Broek, W. W., ter Hark, S. E., Schellekens, A., Verkes, R., & Janzing, J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000001756 · Cited by 5
Zare, M., Masoumi, S. J., & Zare, M. (2024) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-024-00834-0 · Cited by 5
“Poor sleep quality is found to be associated with worse well-being and quality of life in addition to a wide range of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes, and mental health [2–5].”
BackgroundAscone, L., Mascherek, A., Weber, S., Fischer, D., Augustin, J., Cheng, B., Thomalla, G., Augustin, M., Zyriax, B., Gallinat, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23656 · Cited by 5
“For instance, a review on intervention trials to improve sleep conducted to quantify the effect of sleep on mental health, revealed that depression symptoms were improved by optimizing sleep with moderate effect size ( g = − 0.63), (Scott et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialWei, M., Adler‐Baeder, F. M., McGill, J. M., & Novak, J. R. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12987 · Cited by 5
Tao, Y., Liu, Q., Ye, X., Feng, J., Liu, H., Wu, J., Zhang, J., Qian, L., Lu, J., & Liu, R. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-024-01649-5 · Cited by 7
“The sleep quality included sleep efficiency, number of awakenings, and so on, considered as a whole to conduct intervention [45].”
Goothy, S. S. K., Chouhan, R. S., Raghavan, R. V., Ratajczak, W., Watson, S., Robinson, R., Macias, S., & McKeown, J. (2025) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/15500594251328080 · Cited by 5
“41 The exact mechanisms which drive these processes are not fully known.”
Maier, M. C., Scharf, J. Y., Gold, M. A., Ancheta, A. J., Bruzzese, J., & Garbers, S. (2023) · PEC Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.pecinn.2023.100130 · Cited by 5
“Associations between poor sleep and diminished psychological [4] and physical health [5], poor academic performance [6], and increased risk of depression [7] are well-established.”
BackgroundCandia, C. D., Miranda, C. D. R., Durán‐Agüero, S., Johns, P. C., & Díaz-Vásquez, W. A. (2023) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2023-0077 · Cited by 8
Sleep pathology and use of anabolic androgen steroids among male weightlifters in Norway
Klonteig, S., Scarth, M., & Bjørnebekk, A. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05516-6 · Cited by 7
“This emphasizes the need of targeting sleep problems in treatment strategies of mental health problems, which has been proven to be effective [35].”
BackgroundCash Transfers, Mental Health, and Agency: Evidence from an RCT in Germany
Bohmann, S., Fiedler, S., Kasy, M., Schupp, J., & Schwerter, F. (2026) · CESifo · doi:10.65864/470148ei1d · Cited by 5
“…(Dunn et al., 2008; Hui et al., 2020), social connectedness (Harandi et al., 2017; Park et al., 2020; Waldinger and Schulz, 2023; Annan and Archibong, 2023), sleep and recreational activities (Scott et al., 2021; Kuykendall et al., 2015), and autonomy (Inglehart et al., 2008; Steckermeier, 2021).”
Söder, A., Herr, R. M., Görig, T., & Diehl, K. (2025) · Climate · doi:10.3390/cli13020027 · Cited by 5
“However, a scientifically well-established link between general mental health and the quality of sleep exists [39–41].”
Paz, V., Wilcox, H., Goodman, M. O., Wang, H., Garfield, V., Saxena, R., & Dashti, H. S. (2025) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2025.02.009 · Cited by 5
“40 Nonetheless, some MR studies did not find causal effects between chronotype or insomnia on depression.”
Beyond automation: what’s next for artificial intelligence in sleep?
Jaoude, M. A. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf153 · Cited by 4
“Sleep is a foundational pillar of health [1], deeply linked to cognitive function [2], metabolism [3], and mental health [4].”
Lew, T., Dubale, N. M., Doose, E., Adenuga, A., Bates, H. E., & West, S. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/66131 · Cited by 4
“While bidirectional relationships are believed to exist between each of depression, anxiety, and stress [23-26], a recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials does suggest poor sleep plays a causal role in the development of reduced psychosocial health [27].”
Norouzi, E., & Shojaei, B. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03118-9 · Cited by 6
“While the correlational nature of our data limits causal interpretation, it raises important questions Additionally, our study identified a significant positive correlation between sleep quality and mental health, supporting prior research [55, 56].”
Abbas, K., Usmani, N., Habib, S., Mustafa, M., Alam, M., Kausar, S., & Ahmed, K. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00912-z · Cited by 6
Vasudeva, S., Wong, S., Le, G. H., Dri, C. E., Teopiz, K. M., Ho, R., Rhee, T. G., & McIntyre, R. S. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.10.001 · Cited by 6
Xin, Q., Paudel, D., Zhang, J., Wei, H., Cheng, Y., Xu, Y., Fang, R., Jiang, J., Wang, Y., & Zhang, B. (2025) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-025-05142-z · Cited by 4
“Thus, even in the absence of PSG-detected changes [58, 68], the alleviation of patient-reported distress may translate to better adherence, reduced depressive symptoms, and improved quality of life in managing insomnia with comorbid depressive features.”
Wu, Q., Zhou, X., & Xu, L. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106883 · Cited by 4
Cello, M., Laird, J. D., & Hernández, D. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17219807 · Cited by 4
“Thermal discomfort reduces sleep, a well-established risk factor for mental health disorders (Scott et al., 2021 [26]; Siegel et al., 2024 [4]).”
Traditional Chinese medicine body constitution and sleep quality
Gao, P., Wang, J., Wu, Y., Bai, M., Myers, A., Wang, Q., Delzell, E., Kushida, C. A., Huang, D., Yang, F., et al. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf069 · Cited by 4
“…fragmented and/or light sleep despite allowing adequate time in bed for sleep) impairs immunity [3] and is associated with mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression [4], chronic health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, and higher overall mortality [3, 5].”
Sleep Quality in Shift-Working Nurses: Subjective and Objective Evaluation
Dujmić, Ž., Mikšić, Š., Barać, I., Samardžić, J., Maršić, L., Samardžić, P., Gvozdanović, Z., Jelinčić, I., Bukvić, B. K., Barišić, M., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23010064 · Cited by 8
“Adequate sleep contributes to optimal physical, psychological, and functional health, thereby enhancing quality of life [1,2].”
Igarashi, M., Kawaguchi, T., Shiozawa, T., & Yamaguchi, S. (2023) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2023.108045 · Cited by 4
Fernandez, D., Lee, R., Tran, N., Jabran, D. S., King, S., & McDaid, L. M. (2024) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae028 · Cited by 6
“In fact, studies from non-Indigenous populations have established a strong link between poor sleep and mental health issues [31–33], and established that improvement in sleep health can lead to improved mental health [34–36].”
BackgroundTrauma history and persistent poor objective and subjective sleep quality among midlife women
Jakubowski, K., Riedmann, C. A., Chang, Y., Koenen, K. C., Maki, P. M., & Thurston, R. C. (2025) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000002480 · Cited by 4
Frei, A. K., Studnitz, T., Seiffer, B., Welkerling, J., Zeibig, J., Herzog, E., Günak, M. M., Ehring, T. W., Takano, K., Nakagawa, T., et al. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70046 · Cited by 4
Brown, J., Mitchell, Z., Jiang, Y. A., & Archdeacon, R. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/67861 · Cited by 5
Jesy, J. J., Adhyapak, S. U., Varghese, J. J., Prema, S., & Khrushid, J. (2025) · Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1968_24 · Cited by 4
“[6] These findings underscore the utility of guided imagery therapy as a non-pharmacological intervention to address the multifaceted challenges associated with PIH.”
Liang, W., Chen, X., Zeng, C., Zhang, H., Qin, H., & Jiang, M. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-09374-0 · Cited by 4
Menzies, R. E., Brown, J., & Marchant, J. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103001 · Cited by 4
Michael, C., Taxali, A., Angstadt, M., McCurry, K. L., Weigard, A. S., Kardan, O., Molloy, M. F., Toda-Thorne, K., Burchell, L., Dziubinski, M., et al. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100522 · Cited by 5
“Shorter sleep increases risk for impaired regulation over behavior, cognition, and emotion (1,3,5); is especially common in adolescence (6); disrupts brain development (12); and incurs substantial societal costs (67).”
Meram, H. E., BEKMEZCİ, E., & Koçoğlu, D. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2544845 · Cited by 4
“In addition, the mediation analysis is based on the results of a meta-analysis that identifies a dose–response causal relationship between sleep and mental health (Scott et al. 2021).”
Dey, S., Khan, M. H., Rahman, M. S., Hossain, I., & Kairi, T. K. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-093211 · Cited by 4
Does sleepiness influence reading pauses in hypersomniac patients?
Martin, V. P., Arnaud, B., Rouas, J.-L., & Philip, P. (2022) · Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech Prosody · doi:10.21437/speechprosody.2022-13 · Cited by 5
“EDS is often associated with a wide range of diseases including metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological and psychiatric diseases, leading to disability and increased risk of mortality [1, 2].”
BackgroundThe Causal Relationship Between Sleep and Obesity: Novel Insights and Therapeutic Target
Wang, J., Wu, N., & Zhang, L. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac372 · Cited by 4
“Numerous previous studies have revealed that sleep disorders are associated with the onset and progression of different diseases, including but not limited to cardiovascular disease, depression, mental disorders, cancer, Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and infectious diseases (1, 2).”
BackgroundMental Health Status of UPSC CSE Aspirants: A Survey-Based Study
Shandilya, G. K. (2023) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2023.52603 · Cited by 4
Leonhardt, J., Winkler, M., Kollikowski, A., Schiffmann, L., Quenzer, A., Einsele, H., & Löffler, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1140693 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, patients who felt pleasure in their daily tasks and reported thinking less often about their disease were significantly less likely to feel life was unfair and to experience sleep disturbances (Roberts and Duong, 2014; Wang et al., 2015; Scott et al., 2021).”
BackgroundKiema-Junes, H. K., Saarinen, A. I. L., Ala‐Mursula, L., & Hintsanen, M. (2024) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000003070 · Cited by 4
Bezborodovs, N., & Villeruša, A. (2024) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202418402002 · Cited by 5
Ye, R., Pan, J., Hu, X., Xie, J., & Li, P. (2024) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.14877 · Cited by 5
Blackman, J., Gabb, V. G., Carrigan, N., Wearn, A. R., Meky, S., Selwood, J., Desai, B., Piggins, H. D., Turner, N. L., Greenwood, R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14205 · Cited by 3
Montero, A., Baranoff, J. A., Adams, R., & Drummond, M. (2024) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2024.2357283 · Cited by 5
“Equally, improvements in one domain of sleep or mental health may improve the other (Scott et al., 2021).”
BackgroundRamos, S. R., Kang, B., Jeon, S., Fraser, M. A., Kershaw, T., & Boutjdir, M. (2024) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep14030143 · Cited by 4
“The literature suggests that mental health is associated with sleep quality [36].”
BackgroundLi, Y., Wang, D., Fang, J., Zu, S., Xiao, L., Zhu, X., Wang, G., & Hu, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05915-9 · Cited by 4
“A dose-response relationship was established between greater improvements in sleep quality and more significant improvements in mental health [44].”
BackgroundCioffi, L., Wein, P. Y., Miller, S. A., Fagan, S., Ozomaro, B., Glisker, R., Ospina, L. H., & Kimhy, D. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116235 · Cited by 4
Małkiewicz, M. A., Malinowski, K. S., Grzywińska, M., Partinen, E., Partinen, M., Pyrzowski, J., & Wszędybył-Winklewska, M. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13206129 · Cited by 4
“Poor sleep quality may contribute to the severity of psychiatric symptoms and impact daily functioning [49].”
BackgroundGordon, C. M., Dugan, V., Hörmann, C., & Montoya, P. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13237226 · Cited by 4
“Increasing sleep quality has shown to significantly shift mental health for the better [56].”
Ryan, E. C., O'Neill, D., & Smyth, S. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100871 · Cited by 6
Investigating the link between sleep quality and belief in conspiracy theories
Jolley, D., Dinnick, I., Burgin, L., Ryan, S., Morgan-Finn, O., & Muncer, S. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251320598 · Cited by 4
“Further, research has also highlighted that good sleep quality can serve as a psychological protective factor against feelings of anxiety, anger, para-noia and depression (e.g. Scott et al., 2021).”
Um, H.-K., Noh, E., Yoo, C., Lee, H. W., Kang, J., Lee, B. H., & Lee, J. (2025) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.4c03602 · Cited by 4
Montemayor, M. T., Lesniara-Stachon, A., Heinzer, R. C., Collet, T., Dizès, O. L., Horsch, A., Quansah, D. Y., & Puder, J. J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119510 · Cited by 4
“One potential mechanism for these associations might be due to the influence of inadequate sleep on emotional regulation and the processing and consolidation of daily experiences (Scott et al., 2021; Vanek et al., 2020).”
Aslamyar, D., Pilz, L. K., & von Gall, C. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s537593 · Cited by 4
“10 Nevertheless, both sleep quality 11 and quantity 5,12 contribute to several health, attitudinal, and affective outcomes 9,10,13 including workload (WL) perception.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Scott, A. J., Webb, T. L., Martyn-St James, M., Rowse, G., & Weich, S.
- Affiliations
- Keele University (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Alexander J.
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 60
- Pages
- 101556
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8651630
- OpenAlex
- W3203364067
- Cited by
- 1,094
- References
- 194
- Citations by year
- 2026: 226 · 2025: 349 · 2024: 275 · 2023: 190 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 21.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Keele Research Repository (Keele University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Research for Patient Benefit Programme (PB-PG- 0817-20027)
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sleep quality, mental health, sleep interventions, depression, anxiety, rumination, stress, psychotic symptoms, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Sleep Quality, Anxiety, Humans, Mental Health, Psychotic Disorders, Sleep, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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