The DOI matches its Crossref record; 186 of the 194 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 36 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
The extent to which sleep is causally related to mental health is unclear. One way to test the causal link is to evaluate the extent to which interventions that improve sleep quality also improve mental health. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials that reported the effects of an intervention that improved sleep on composite mental health, as well as on seven specific mental health difficulties. 65 trials comprising 72 interventions and N = 8608 participants were included. Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = -0.53), depression (g+ = -0.63), anxiety (g+ = -0.51), and rumination (g+ = -0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = -0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = -0.26). We also found a dose response relationship, in that greater improvements in sleep quality led to greater improvements in mental health. Our findings suggest that sleep is causally related to the experience of mental health difficulties. Future research might consider how interventions that improve sleep could be incorporated into mental health services, as well as the mechanisms of action that explain how sleep exerts an effect on mental health.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials found that interventions which successfully improved sleep quality produced significant improvements in subsequent mental health, with a medium-sized effect on composite mental health. The findings support a causal role for sleep in mental health difficulties and suggest sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target.
Key findings
- Across 65 trials, 72 interventions, and N = 8608 participants, improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53, 95% CI −0.68 to −0.38), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), plus smaller effects on stress (g+ = −0.42) and positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).
- A dose–response relationship was found: greater improvements in sleep quality were associated with greater improvements in mental health (B = 0.77, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.02, p < 0.001).
- Studies with a significant effect on sleep quality showed larger mental health effects (g = −0.53) than those without (g = −0.12; Q = 17.59, p < 0.001); effects were larger at shorter follow-up (<6 months, g+ = −0.60) than longer follow-up (≥6 months, g+ = −0.18; Q = 10.75, p < 0.01), and larger for clinician-delivered (g+ = −0.63) than self-administered interventions (g+ = −0.34; Q = 4.50, p < 0.05).
- Publication bias was indicated by funnel plot asymmetry (Egger’s regression = −1.09, p < 0.05); trim-and-fill adjustment reduced the composite effect to g+ = −0.35, and Orwin’s fail-safe n was 4101.
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs that tested an intervention designed to improve sleep, produced a statistically significant improvement in sleep quality versus control, and measured mental health at a later follow-up; studies were excluded if the intervention specifically targeted mental health or recruited participants under 18 years.
- Searches covered MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and The Cochrane Library, plus reference lists and trial registries, originally in May 2019 and updated in February 2021; PRISMA selection yielded 65 studies and 72 comparisons.
- Random-effects meta-analysis in R used Hedges g, I² for heterogeneity, moderation/subgroup analyses and meta-regression, Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment, and publication-bias checks including funnel plot, Egger’s test, trim-and-fill, and Orwin’s fail-safe n.
Limitations
- The paper states that relatively few studies examined long-term effects, and longer follow-ups generally showed smaller effects, likely due to diminishing intervention effects on sleep quality over time.
- The paper states that few primary studies existed for outcomes other than depression and anxiety, limiting inferences for other mental health difficulties, and that most analyses were based on CBT for insomnia; the focus on sleep quality may also have excluded studies of sleep disorders with different improvement definitions.
- Evident from the text: most included studies were at high (29, 45%) or unclear (26, 40%) risk of bias, with only 10 (15%) at low risk; main analyses showed substantial heterogeneity (I² = 76–82% for composite, depression, and anxiety), and publication bias was present, with trim-and-fill reducing the composite effect.
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Claims the paper makes
52 Own result · 25 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given · 5 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“65 trials comprising 72 interventions and N = 8608 participants were included.”
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
“The 65 studies provided 72 comparisons between an intervention that successfully improved sleep quality vs. a control group.”
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
“A total of N = 8608 participants took part across the 72 interventions.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plainn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Study characteristics · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and now relatively homogeneous (I2 = 20%, Q = 75.24, p = 0.0888).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interventions had large and statistically significant effects on sleep quality at the earliest follow-up point reported (g+ = −1.07, 95% CI = −1.26 to −0.88, p < 0.001)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Manipulation check: did sleep quality improve significantly in the intervention group relative to controls?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and heterogeneity was reduced to moderate levels (I2 = 43%, Q = 102.32, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Manipulation check: did sleep quality improve significantly in the intervention group relative to controls?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, there was substantial heterogeneity between the effect sizes, (I2 = 76%, Q = 291.94, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Improving sleep led to a significant medium-sized effect on composite mental health (g+ = −0.53), depression (g+ = −0.63), anxiety (g+ = −0.51), and rumination (g+ = −0.49), as well as significant small-to-medium sized effects on stress (g+ = −0.42), and finally small significant effects on positive psychosis symptoms (g+ = −0.26).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found a dose response relationship, in that greater improvements in sleep quality led to greater improvements in mental health.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Abstract
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After re-running the analysis with eleven outlying effect sizes removed, the effect of improving sleep on composite mental health outcomes was small-to-medium sized but still statistically significant, (g+ = −0.42, 95% CI = −0.49 to −0.34, p < 0.001)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies that found significant effects of the intervention on sleep quality reported larger effects on subsequent composite mental health, (g = −0.53, 95% CI = −0.68 to −0.38, p < 0.001), than studies that did not find a significant effect of the intervention on sleep quality, (g = −0.12, 95% CI = −0.24 to 0.01, p = 0.0522)”
- Also stated in: § Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes · plain
“a difference that was statistically significant, (Q = 17.59, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found no difference in the effect of improving sleep quality on mental health between those with clinically defined mental health difficulties and those with non-clinical experiences or between those recruited from clinical vs. community settings, with both groups receiving significant benefits of improved sleep on mental health.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies reporting the effect of the intervention at shorter follow-ups reported larger improvements in sleep quality, (g = −1.03, 95% CI = −1.27 to −0.78, p < 0.001), than those reporting longer follow-ups (g = −0.44, 95% CI = −0.62 to −0.27, p < 0.001), a difference that was statistically significant, (Q = 14.38, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were moderate levels of heterogeneity (I2 = 55%, Q = 11.05, p = 0.05), but there were no outlying effect sizes.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten studies were imputed resulting in a statistically significant, small-to-medium sized adjusted effect of improving sleep on composite mental health outcomes (g+ = −0.35, 95% CI = −0.55 to −0.16, p < 0.001).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Publication bias
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health was medium-sized and statistically significant, regardless of the presence of physical and/or mental health comorbidities.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were low levels of heterogeneity (I2 = 20%, Q = 1.25, p = 0.263) and no outlying effect sizes.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten studies (15%) were judged as having low risk of bias, 29 studies (45%) were judged as high risk of bias, and 26 studies (40%) were judged as unclear.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Risk of bias assessments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most of the analyses are based on CBT interventions for insomnia.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, to date there has been no or limited attempts to investigate variables that influence – or moderate – the impact of interventions that improve sleep on mental health.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“such that poor sleep contributes to the onset, recurrence, and maintenance of mental health difficulties [[13]∗, [14], [15]∗, [16], [17]].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [[13]∗, [14], [15]∗, [16], [17]]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“2) effects are limited to the short-term where they are likely to be strongest.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“1) there is no temporal lag between the measurement of sleep and measurement of mental health (a key tenet of causal inference);”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, poor sleep has also been associated with post-traumatic stress [25], eating disorders [26], and psychosis spectrum experiences such as delusions and hallucinations [23,27].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Harvey, 2003, Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review, Clin Psychol Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The association between sleep and mental health is well documented [9,13,[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]∗].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9,13,[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]∗]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Risk of bias was assessed using the risk of bias assessment criteria developed by the Cochrane Collaboration [60].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Higgins, 2011, Chapter 8: assessing risk of bias in included studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Publication bias was assessed via visual inspection of a funnel plot and Egger's test [70].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Egger, 1997, Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test, BMJ source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have also found that specific sleep disorders, such as sleep apnoea [28], circadian rhythm disruption [29], restless leg syndrome [30], excessive daytime sleepiness and narcolepsy [31,32], sleepwalking [33], and nightmares [34] are all more prevalent in those experiencing mental health difficulties.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Sharafkhaneh, 2005, Association of psychiatric disorders and sleep apnea in a large cohort, Sleep source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Wulff, 2010, Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease, Nat Rev Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Picchietti, 2005, Restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements in sleep, and depression, Sleep
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, poor sleep has also been associated with post-traumatic stress [25], eating disorders [26], and psychosis spectrum experiences such as delusions and hallucinations [23,27].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Lauer, 2004, Sleep in eating disorders, Sleep Med Rev source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We followed PRISMA guidelines [53] when selecting studies.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Data management and study selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, BMJ source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Records were screened by two members of the review team, and a sub-sample of 10% of each reviewer's records were second checked by the other reviewer, with almost perfect agreement between the reviewers (kappa = 1.00 and 0.99).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Data management and study selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, Orwin's formula [71] was used to determine the fail-safe n.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Orwin, 1983, A fail-safe N for effect size in meta-analysis, J Educ Stat
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, the focus of previous reviews has been limited to depression and anxiety only, and typically limited to CBTi interventions.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Does improving sleep lead to better mental health? A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Evidence on the relationship between sleep and mental health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conducted a sensitivity analysis examining the effect of outliers for each outcome by rerunning the analysis with any outlying effect sizes removed.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Method > Outcomes and prioritization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, the review is the first to adopt this approach in the field of sleep and mental health”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the review was specifically designed to test the causal association between sleep and mental health (i.e., RCTs only, successful sleep improvement required, temporal lag between measures etc.).”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plaindirectn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the findings suggest that improving sleep leads to better mental health, therefore providing strong evidence that sleep plays a causal role in the experience of mental health difficulties.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“therefore improving sleep might be one tool that can be used in combination with others to limit the risk of transition.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Sleep as a transdiagnostic treatment target
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we provide an analysis of possible moderators of the effect of improving sleep on mental health, identifying several key moderators of the effect.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it provides a comprehensive and up-to-date search of RCTs examining the effect of improving sleep on a variety of subsequent mental health outcomes.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plainn = 8,608- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the timing of sleep is particularly important in circadian rhythm disorders and daytime sleepiness is a key outcome in sleep apnoea research.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it may be that our focus on sleep quality precluded some studies that do not focus on insomnia from inclusion.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“different sleep disorders have different conceptualisations of improvement that might not include sleep quality.”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Those that did report longer follow-ups generally found smaller effects (although still statistically significant), most likely due to the diminishing effects of interventions on sleep quality over time [91].”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Discussion > Strengths and limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] van der Zweerde, 2019, Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a meta-analysis of long-term effects in controlled studies, Sleep Med Rev source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The interventions that successfully improved sleep quality did not improve mental health through mechanisms other than improved sleep.
“To better isolate the effect of improved sleep on mental health, we excluded interventions that included specific elements targeting mental health (e.g., CBT elements for depression).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is aligned with evidence showing that improvements in all lifestyle domains that we targeted is associated with improvements in the QOL mental component summary measure [5, 6, 70, 81, 82].”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This finding aligns with the strong foundation in the literature that improvements in sleep, diet and exercise are linked to improvements in depression symptoms [82, 99, 100].”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [82]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Rather than suppressing distressing cognitions, ACT promotes acceptance and value-consistent action, thereby reducing the struggle that sustains insomnia-related arousal [78].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“ACT extends the principles of mindfulness by emphasizing psychological flexibility -one's capacity to tolerate aversive internal experiences, such as anxiety or wakefulness, without engaging in maladaptive control efforts [78].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis concluded that sleep improvement after different non-pharmacological treatments for insomnia is causally related to improvements in mental health [19].”
From Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in patients with mental disorders and comorbid insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Study characteristics
“sleep restriction alone (2, 3%)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
“| Intervention type | Sleep restriction onlyc | 1 | – | – | |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
“a difference that was statistically significant, (Q = 17.59, p < 0.001)”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Moderators of the effect of improving sleep quality on composite mental health outcomes
“| Significant effect on sleepa | Yes | 72 | −0.53 | −0.69 to −0.38 | 17.69∗∗∗ |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
“| Anxiety | −0.51∗∗∗ | −0.77 to −0.24 | 82% | 186.92∗∗∗ | 35 | 5819 |”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
“(g+ = −0.50, 95% CI = −0.76 to −0.24, p < 0.001), with substantial levels of heterogeneity, (I2 = 82%, Q = 187.02, p < 0.001)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > Study characteristics
“33 (46%) reported a measure of anxiety”
§ Improving sleep quality leads to better mental health: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials > Results > What effect do improvements in sleep quality have on mental health?
“| Anxiety | −0.51∗∗∗ | −0.77 to −0.24 | 82% | 186.92∗∗∗ | 35 | 5819 |”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,000
Lall, V., Bucks, R. S., McEvoy, P. M., Campbell, B. N. C., Smith, L., & Ree, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120046 · Cited by 2
Sleep duration and mental health in middle-aged and older adults: a study on gender differences
Meng, J., Li, D., Sun, F., Tang, L., Wang, J., & Li, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1600300 · Cited by 1
Rao, S.-Y., Zheng, M., An, F., Feng, Y., Su, Z., Cheung, T. C. C., Ungvari, G. S., Ng, C. H., Xiang, Y., & Wang, G. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1631050 · Cited by 1
Hazama, M., Kagami‐Katsuyama, H., Ito, N., Maeda‐Yamamoto, M., & Nishihira, J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17172787 · Cited by 1
Moseley, R., Carry, P. M., Donahue, C. C., Hicks, S. D., Simon, S. L., Wilson, J. M., Meehan, W. P., III, & Howell, D. R. (2025) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2025.114800 · Cited by 1
Centella asiatica improves sleep quality and quantity in aged mice
Dovek, L., Tinsley, C. E., Gutowsky, K., McDaniel, K. L., McGuire, N. M., Nungaray, L. R., Potter, Z., Ruffins, M., Milman, N., Wong, C., et al. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf060 · Cited by 2
Jang, Y., Park, J., Choi, S.-Y., Park, N. S., Chiriboga, D. A., Chung, S., Park, J. I., & Lee, S. (2025) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643251379971 · Cited by 1
“The link between sleep problems and depressive symptoms, in particular, has been supported by numerous studies (Scott et al., 2021; Sella et al., 2023).”
Alencar, A., Abreu, F., & Fernandes, C. (2025) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2025.100115 · Cited by 1
Nyam, G., Lander, N., Ayala, A. M. C., Salmon, J., & Strugnell, C. (2025) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2025.100721 · Cited by 1
Siddique, A. B., Morshed, M. G., Haque, M. A., Austha, M. I., Hassan, M. M., Sultana, S., Moni, M., Hasan, M. M., Abdullah, R., Hossain, M. K., et al. (2025) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.71311 · Cited by 2
“Individuals with moderate sleep patterns may have better mental alertness and capacity to process health ‐ related information, thereby perceiving their HIV vulnerability more accurately [51].”
Classification of Sleep Disorders Based on Lifestyle using K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm
Rahmatulloh, A., Hasari, Y. I., Haerani, E., Darmawan, I., Gunawan, R., & Rizal, R. (2025) · doi:10.1109/icoict66265.2025.11192909 · Cited by 1
“Among the most pronounced indications of deteriorating mental health, poor sleep quality has been associated with post-traumatic stress, eating disorders, and psychotic symptoms, including delusions and hallucinations [2].”
Sleep improvement as a contributing factor to reducing alcohol use among adolescents
Sancho-Domingo, C., & Carballo, J. L. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106866 · Cited by 1
Hsieh, M., Kuo, H., Lin, S.-H., Chang, W., & Lin, C.-Y. (2025) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s554279 · Cited by 1
Zhao, X., Bi, Y., Xiao, S., Lou, M.-L., Zhu, W., & Xing, Y.-R. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i11.111593 · Cited by 1
High risk, low rest: a new framework for monitoring sleep vulnerability in emergency medicine
Schmidt, L., Trousselard, M., Perez, C., Reynaud, È., Valero, B., Schlatter, S., Tazarourte, K., Douplat, M., & Mazza, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1679296 · Cited by 1
“Our findings suggest that sleep deficits among EHPs stem more from reduced sleep efficiency than insufficient time in bed, emphasizing the need for interventions that enhance both sleep quantity and quality (45, 46).”
Katsikidou, M., Anastasiadou, S., Plakias, S., & Arvaniti, A. (2025) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-025-00346-8 · Cited by 1
Hernández-Mariano, J. Á., Castañeda-Márquez, A. C., Olmos-Rivera, G. M., Díaz, R. C., Rivas, F. V., Cano-Estrada, E. A., Orihuela, Y. C. O., Trujillo-Martínez, M., & Cureño-Díaz, M. A. (2025) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe15110229 · Cited by 2
“…symptoms are considered universal, primarily involving circadian rhythm disruption, dopaminergic reward dysregulation, and the bidirectional relationship between sleep and mood (Levenson et al., 2017; Scott et al., 2021), their expression may vary across educational and social environments.”
Werner‐Seidler, A., Corkish, B., Gendi, M., Farrer, L. M., Calear, A. L., Borschmann, R., Illingworth, G., O’Dea, B., & Batterham, P. J. (2025) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70021 · Cited by 1
Sleep health among preconception women: Findings from the PREGO study
Vézina‐Im, L., Dussault, P., Lieshout, R. J. V., & Faleschini, S. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2587971 · Cited by 1
“Sleep is a crucial contributor to both physical (Itani et al., 2017) and psychological health (Scott et al., 2021).”
Di‐Bonaventura, S., Donado-Bermejo, A., Matesanz-García, L., Álvarez, M. M., Hernández, J. V., Lizcano‐Álvarez, A., Lara, S. L., Nogales-Morales, M., Bouzó-Molina, N., Fernández‐Carnero, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1664158 · Cited by 1
“The connection between physical activity, mental health, and sleep quality is well-documented (Scott et al., 2021; Alnawwar et al., 2023), suggesting that multi-dimensional interventions may be more effective.”
Lima, Y., Yılmaz, N. D., Dinç, E., Arslan, S., Bayraktar, B., & Rice, S. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2588457 · Cited by 1
“Improved sleep quality is linked to enhanced mental health and well-being, with further increases in sleep quality resulting in additional mental health benefits (Scott et al. 2021).”
InfluentialChan, S.-Y., Shen, W.-J., Lo, S.-L., Hsieh, Y. C., Lu, F. J.-H., & Kuan, G. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.20355 · Cited by 1
“…sleep enhances cognitive performance ( Zavecz et al., 2020 ), emotional regulation, and overall health ( Apinis-Deshaies, Trempe & Tremblay, 2023 ; Scott et al., 2021 ), whereas insufficient sleep impairs metabolic and immune functioning, elevates psychological distress, and increases…”
Bezie, A. E., Yirdaw, A. A., Abeje, E. T., Yohannes, L., Abere, G., & Keleb, A. (2025) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121251353280 · Cited by 2
“68,69 When employees suffer from sleep disturbance or disorder, it impairs their cognitive and memory function.”
Wadhen, V., Pavey, L., & Vyas, N. S. (2025) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.70040 · Cited by 3
Sarfan, L. D., Milner, A. E., Varghese, J., Patino, E. O., Hilmoe, H. E., Portnova, V., Diaz, M., Agnew, E. R., Callaway, C. A., Fisher, K., et al. (2025) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2025.2595027 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, patients reported improvement in functional impairment, aligning with research that sleep-focused treatment can improve a broad range of health domains (e.g., Scott et al., 2021; Taylor & Pruiksma, 2014).”
Oh, J., Montag, C., & Schulz, P. J. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/69588 · Cited by 1
Lan, F., Lin, Y.-W., Huang, C.-Y., Yu, H.-J., Fernández‐Montero, A., Lin, C., & Kales, S. N. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103342 · Cited by 1
“The study ’ s findings align with previous research suggesting that following a healthy lifestyle can increase resilience to stress and reduce the risk of depression (Scott et al., 2021; Lan et al., 2022).”
Bjerkén, A. P. B., Ahrensberg, H., Andersen, S., Aadahl, M., Christensen, A. I., & Petersen, C. B. (2025) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaf220 · Cited by 1
“This study aligns with previous research demonstrating the beneficial effects of physical activity on sleep quality and sleep health in general [12, 13, 29, 30].”
Brossoit, R. M., Castro, D. M., Crain, T. L., Hammer, L. B., & Bodner, T. (2025) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-025-10075-y · Cited by 2
“Recognizing the critical role sleep plays in both mental and physical health (Cappuccio et al., 2010; Itani et al., 2017; Scott et al., 2021), sleep-related processes may play an intermediate role in connecting economic stress with broader health consequences that have received more attention.”
Jaoude, L. B., Bal, M., Chidiac, L., Mir, M. E., Lamah, E., Yammine, J., Wehbe, M., Antoun, C., Sabalbal, A., Baroud, E., et al. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-07781-z · Cited by 1
“Indeed, sleep interventions, such as sleep hygiene, mindfulness interventions, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, have been shown to help reduce overall stress, depression, anxiety, rumination, post-traumatic stress disorder, and psychotic symptoms [43].”
Zamora, A. N., Ansu, V., & Jansen, E. C. (2026) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2026.156300 · Cited by 1
Haussmann, A., Schilling, N., Alfter, M., Yahja, J., Mertens, A., & Schmidt, L. I. (2026) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70136 · Cited by 2
Finner, A., Lenger, M., Dalkner, N., Fellendorf, F. T., Kratzer, L., Fleischmann, E., Wels, L., Georgi, J., Resch, G., Zötsch, F., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.70062 · Cited by 1
“Sleep quality has emerged as a crucial factor in diagnosing and treating mental health disorders (Del Rio João et al. 2018; Scott et al. 2021).”
Lee, H. L., & Wong, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1748619 · Cited by 2
“It is known that ambient temperature is one of the factors affecting sleep quality (24–26), and sleep quality is essential for mental health, especially for those with mental health issues (21–23).”
Dhahbi, W., Briki, W., Dergaa, I., Slim, I., Omri, A. E., Pyne, D. B., & Saad, H. B. (2026) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2025-0454 · Cited by 2
Olten, B., Unlu, H., Sharma, M., & McCall, W. V. (2026) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-026-00358-y · Cited by 1
The psychological landscape of elite rugby league: a scoping review
Humphreys, C., Liddelow, C., & Poulus, D. (2026) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2026.2637008 · Cited by 1
Takahashi, K., Kuo, M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-45366-8 · Cited by 1
Sleep health and mental health: A position statement from the National Sleep Foundation
Dzierzewski, J. M., Nielson, S. A., Alfano, C. A., Badr, M. S., Boland, E. M., Goldschmied, J., Lopos, J. G., Kay, D. B., Nadorff, M. R., Neubauer, D. N., et al. (2026) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2026.03.002 · Cited by 2
Omar, S. M., Al-Nafeesah, A., Alwabili, A. A., AlEed, A., & Adam, I. (2026) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s600482
“30 Conversely, mental health disorders such as depression often lead to poor sleep quality among adolescents, which creates a vicious cycle.”
Chai, L. (2026) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2026.2659780 · Cited by 1
Tan, C., Niemelä, M., Seppänen, M., Leinonen, A., & Farrahi, V. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/6881070 · Cited by 1
Boesjes, R., Oosterveld, C., Kamphuis, J., Schoevers, R. A., Meerlo, P., & van Dalfsen, J. H. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121915 · Cited by 1
Carney, A. C., Rabbitts, J. A., Okorie, C. U. A., & Groenewald, C. B. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1007/s44470-026-00080-0 · Cited by 1
Hu, L., Yan, X., Qiu, X., & Li, Z. (2026) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics14050437 · Cited by 1
“…sleep quality, abnormal nocturnal sleep duration, insomnia, and sleep onset latency, and have indicated that these problems may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases [2,3], diabetes [4,5], hypertension [6,7], cancer [8,9], mental health disorders [10,11], and other health outcomes [2,12–15].”
Bertuol, C., Alves, D. K., & Duca, G. F. D. (2026) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-026-09771-8 · Cited by 3
“…sedentary behavior and sleep, known as 24-h movement behaviors, have been gaining notoriety in the context of mental illnesses, mainly due to the fact that these behaviors contribute simultaneously to the prevention and treatment of depression and depressive symptoms, for example [13, 14, 16].”
InfluentialLiu, W., Qi, Y., Yu, J., Sun, Y., Zhang, T., Jenis, J., Liu, X., & Li, H. (2026) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2026.2674266 · Cited by 1
“Sleep quality is central to maintaining physical and mental health and daytime functioning, [1] directly influencing individuals’ emotional states, [2,3] cognitive performance, [4] and overall quality of life.”
Zuo, S., Wang, R. F., Zhuo, Y., Xia, T., Liu, C.-Y., Yuan, X., Zhang, X., Du, M., Chang, M., Man, Z. Y., et al. (2026) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2026.01.036 · Cited by 1
Simi, T. A., Jagasia, K., Phillips, J., Malyan, H. H., Cooper, R., Bergstrom, J., Daly, R., Moore, A. A., Ancoli‐Israel, S., & Molina, A. J. A. (2026) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.inpsyc.2026.100225 · Cited by 1
Insomnia and Snoring in Relation to Future Psychological Distress and Daytime Symptoms in Women
Frustaci, G., Lindberg, E., & Theorell‐Haglöw, J. (2026) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70407 · Cited by 1
Ammar, A., Salem, A., Trabelsi, K., Montalván, M., Bouaziz, B., Boujelbane, M. A., Kerkeni, M., Masmoudi, L., Ghazzawi, H., Amawi, A. T., et al. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18162708 · Cited by 1
“…continues to support the close relationship between insomnia symptoms and common mental health problems across adult populations, with numerous longitudinal and meta-analytic studies reporting strong associations between insomnia and depression, anxiety, and psychological distress [21,35,65,66].”
InfluentialO’Hora, K., Osorno, R. A., Bahmani, D. S., Lopez, M., Morehouse, A. B., Kim, J. P., Manber, R., & Goldstein‐Piekarski, A. N. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/34409 · Cited by 1
“There is evidence that CBT-I not only reduces sleep complaints in those with chronic insomnia but can also reduce depression, anxiety, and suicidality and improve quality of life [29-33].”
BackgroundStrateški management športnih organizacij
Kolar, E. (2023) · doi:10.18690/um.fov.1.2023.5 · Cited by 1
Predictors of sleep quality in the Swiss alpine rescue service
Mikutta, C. A., Schmid, J. J., & Ehlert, U. (2023) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2023.100058 · Cited by 1
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HOSPITALIDADE E TURISMO CULTURAL: ESTUDO DE CASO NO BAIRRO PELOURINHO, SALVADOR
Archangelo, A., & da Silva, R. H. T. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.9272309103 · Cited by 1
The Use of Chrono Nutrition in Precision Nutrition
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Kang, K. W., Kim, J., Kim, K. T., Kim, M., & Cho, Y. W. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e413 · Cited by 1
“Considering a significant relationship between sleep and mood disturbances, 41,42 it is unsurprising in our study that participants with a higher frequency of EUB were more likely to report unsatisfactory sleep.”
BackgroundMurrieta-Ruiz, V., Reategui-Garcia, M. E., De-Los-Ríos-Pinto, A., Reategui-Garcia, J., Benito-Vargas, R. M., Caira‐Chuquineyra, B., Fernandez‐Guzman, D., & Salazar‐Granara, A. (2023) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2023.11.005 · Cited by 7
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Role of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Brain Cells
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“…increases blood flow and cell growth, and reduces inflammation (Mandolesi et al., 2018; Scheffer and Latini, 2020); cognitive rehabilitation improves memory and concentration (das Nair et al., 2016); and sleep management is critical for brain cell functions and mental health (Scott et al., 2021).”
Quality of Life in Metabolic Syndrome Patients Based on the Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Kim, T. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14020127 · Cited by 1
“Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.”
Perceived Stress, Poor Sleep Quality, and Mental Well-being in Young Adults
Qayyum, A., Ghaffar, M., Majid, S., & Kaneez, Z. (2024) · Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.52131/pjhss.2024.v12i1.2080 · Cited by 1
“(Scott, 2021).”
Investigation Of The Relationship Between Body Appreciation And Sleep Quality
Karaman, S., Kayhan, A., Can, Ü., & Kara, İ. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.15314/tsed.1391864 · Cited by 1
Increasing Restorative Sleep Among Adults With Depressive Symptoms: A Quality Improvement Project
Smura, T., Hammonds, L. S., & Griffin, C. M. (2024) · Creative Nursing · doi:10.1177/10784535241248623 · Cited by 1
“A meta-analysis by Scott et al. (2021) found that sleep of good quality has a positive impact on depression, while sleep of poor quality has a negative impact on depression.”
dos Santos, E. L., Ribeiro, J. A. B., Camerini, F., Touguinha, L. O., Higa, L., & Teixeira, F. D. S. (2024) · Revista Interação Interdisciplinar. · doi:10.35685/revintera.v6i1.2849 · Cited by 1
A network analysis of exhaustion disorder symptoms throughout treatment
Mårtensson, G., Johansson, F., Buhrman, M., Åhs, F., & van de Leur, J. C. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05842-9 · Cited by 1
“Despite the weak specific relations to other symptoms and the ED construct, improved sleep has positive effects on a wide range of psychiatric complaints [48], which means that better sleep quality would likely lead to improved health regardless of the specific condition.”
BackgroundHealthy Sleep, Orexin System and Addiction
Equihua-Benítez, A. C., & García‐García, F. (2024) · Revista Internacional de Investigación en Adicciones · doi:10.28931/riiad.2024.1.09 · Cited by 1
Athletes' Sleep Quality: Performance Study in Football Clubs Aged 13-15 Years
Dai, I. S., Lengkana, A. S., Dinangsit, D., & Razali, R. (2024) · International Journal of Disabilities Sports & Health Sciences · doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1486231 · Cited by 4
Keskin, G., Gümüşsoy, S., & Yiğitoğlu, G. T. (2024) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-230724 · Cited by 1
“Follow-up studies show that sleep disturbance can be a predictor of future anxiety and depression levels, and these studies indicate that there may be an interactive relationship between emotional and sleep disorders [55].”
Erdaş, R. K., Balkaya, S., Börekci, M., Aksoy, E., Danışman, S., Keskin, H. H., & Ercan, S. (2024) · Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.56061/fbujohs.1396811 · Cited by 1
Hot flashes and sleep disruption in menopausal women
Fornari, L., Aprato, F., & Fornari, F. (2024) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2024.09.011 · Cited by 1
Luo, S., Hong, Y., Wen, J., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1430034 · Cited by 1
“This study suggests that pre-stroke sleep duration is associated with PSA, which is consistent with previous fi ndings (17, 18), Improving sleep had a signi fi cant effect on anxiety (19).”
ResultLifestyle behaviors and mental health outcomes in sexual and gender minority graduate students
Ostermiller, L., Anderson, A. R., Warlick, C. A., & Dahlen, E. R. (2024) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2024.2409704 · Cited by 2
“23 Substance use also has a variety of implications for mental health including being associated with higher rates of depression and anxiety.”
Borfe, L., Sehn, A. P., Reuter, C. P., Mota, J., Burns, R. D., Brand, C., & Gaya, A. R. (2025) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2024-0302 · Cited by 1
Active Learning for High-Quality Sawtooth Wave Dataset Generation in Sleep Analysis
Chen, J., Bao, X., Ye, Y., & Huang, Q. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Frontiers Technology of Information and Computer (ICFTIC) · doi:10.1109/icftic64248.2024.10913430 · Cited by 1
“Sleep directly affects the brain and its various cognitive functions, such as memory consolidation, cognitive performance[1], and mental health[2].”
Wilhelmsen‐Langeland, A., Osnes, B., Gradisar, M., Vågenes, V. A., Sørensen, L., Bjorvatn, B., Fasmer, O. B., Koenig, J., Pallesen, S., & Saxvig, I. W. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-093091 · Cited by 1
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Putri, E. C., Situngkir, D., & Sumartanto, M. (2025) · The Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health · doi:10.20473/ijosh.v14i1.2025.67-78 · Cited by 1
“Quality sleep has been proven to reduce the risk of stress, depression, and anxiety, making sleep often used as therapy to address mental health issues (Scott et al. , 2021).”
Plaitano, E. G., Zeng, S., Emrich, M., Patton, E. E., Webb, E. K., Pacella‐LaBarbara, M. L., Barduhn, M. S., & Hruska, B. J. (2025) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23180 · Cited by 1
“…of screening positive for PTSD among military veterans (DeViva et al., 2021), and meta-analytic findings highlight that interventions with demonstrated improvements in sleep quality can lead to less severe symptoms of depression and stress across varied patient populations (Scott et al., 2021).”
Movement behaviour interventions during paid working time in full-time employees: a scoping review
Funnell, M. P., Hutson, M. J., Reynolds, K. M., Juett, L. A., McConnell, K., Peace, A., Roberts, M. J., Tyne, W. P., Willis, S. A., Routen, A. C., et al. (2025) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-025-00786-1 · Cited by 2
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“Sleep is a fundamental aspect of health, influencing performance [10] and cognition [77], mood [62], and overall quality of life [10].”
Mathew, G. M., Troxel, W., Hale, L., & Chaturvedi, R. R. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf337 · Cited by 1
“One meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found a dose–response association between improving sleep quality and better mental health, including depression and anxiety [13].”
Liu, Y., Huang, T., Li, Z., Cui, H., & Dou, X. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2579149 · Cited by 1
“The importance of sleep for health is widely recognized, and sleep problems can trigger poor mental health (Scott et al. 2021).”
The impact of sleep quality on mental health in working Australians: A quasi-experimental approachPreprint
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The Path Forward: Self-Management Strategies for Long COVID
Wiederhold, B. K. (2023) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2023.29305.editorial · Cited by 1
“16 Because diagnostic criteria are still evolving, patients with long COVID often feel misunderstood.”
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“In addition, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that improving sleep quality reduces depression and anxiety symptoms [52].”
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Editorial: Understanding the link between sleep and mental health
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Conclusion and Recommendations for Research
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Metadata
- Authors
- Scott, A. J., Webb, T. L., Martyn-St James, M., Rowse, G., & Weich, S.
- Affiliations
- Keele University (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Alexander J.
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 60
- Pages
- 101556
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8651630
- OpenAlex
- W3203364067
- Cited by
- 1,094
- References
- 194
- Citations by year
- 2026: 226 · 2025: 349 · 2024: 275 · 2023: 190 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 21.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Keele Research Repository (Keele University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Research for Patient Benefit Programme (PB-PG- 0817-20027)
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sleep quality, mental health, sleep interventions, depression, anxiety, rumination, stress, psychotic symptoms, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Sleep Quality, Anxiety, Humans, Mental Health, Psychotic Disorders, Sleep, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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