Cited by 1,704Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Experiences of discrimination: Validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health

Open access

Krieger, Nancy, Smith, Kevin, Naishadham, Deepa, Hartman, Cathy, Barbeau, Elizabeth M.·2005·Social Science & Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.006

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Population health research on racial discrimination is hampered by a paucity of psychometrically validated instruments that can be feasibly used in large-scale studies. We therefore sought to investigate the validity and reliability of a short self-report instrument, the "Experiences of Discrimination" (EOD) measure, based on a prior instrument used in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Study participants were drawn from a cohort of working class adults, age 25-64, based in the Greater Boston area, Massachusetts (USA). The main study analytic sample included 159 black, 249 Latino, and 208 white participants; the validation study included 98 African American and 110 Latino participants who completed a re-test survey two to four weeks after the initial survey. The main and validation survey instruments included the EOD and several single-item discrimination questions; the validation survey also included the Williams Major and Everyday discrimination measures. Key findings indicated the EOD can be validly and reliably employed. Scale reliability was high, as demonstrated by confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha (0.74 or greater), and test-re-test reliability coefficients (0.70). Structural equation modeling demonstrated the EOD had the highest correlation (r=0.79) with an underlying discrimination construct compared to other self-report discrimination measures employed. It was significantly associated with psychological distress and tended to be associated with cigarette smoking among blacks and Latinos, and it was not associated with social desirability in either group. By contrast, single-item measures were notably less reliable and had low correlations with the multi-item measures. These results underscore the need for using validated, multi-item measures of experiences of racial discrimination and suggest the EOD may be one such measure that can be validly employed with working class African Americans and Latino Americans.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.006

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress
KESSLER, R. C., ANDREWS, G., COLPE, L. J., HIRIPI, E., MROCZEK, D. K., NORMAND, S.-L. T., WALTERS, E. E., & ZASLAVSKY, A. M. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006074 · Cited by 10,327
Untitled work
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,690
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5843 · Cited by 7,043
Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socio-economic Status, Stress and Discrimination
Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910539700200305 · Cited by 4,786
Racism without racists: color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-3121 · Cited by 2,725
Racial/Ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies
Williams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.2.200 · Cited by 2,634
The Prevalence, Distribution, and Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination in the United States
Kessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676349 · Cited by 2,262
Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: An ecosocial perspective
Krieger, N. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.4.668 · Cited by 2,155
Self-citation
Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults
Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. (1996) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.86.10.1370 · Cited by 1,296
Self-citation
Sample Size in Factor Analysis: The Role of Model Error
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Preacher, K. J., & Hong, S. (2001) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3604_06 · Cited by 1,143

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 49 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Byrd, 2000, Vol. 1

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 1,001

Perceived discrimination, trust in physicians, and prolonged symptom duration before ovarian cancer diagnosis in the African American Cancer Epidemiology Study
Mullins, M. A., Peres, L. C., Alberg, A. J., Bandera, E. V., Barnholtz‐Sloan, J. S., Bondy, M. L., Funkhouser, E. M., Moorman, P. G., Peters, E. S., Terry, P., et al. (2019) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.32451 · Cited by 43
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and racial discrimination among US adults
Willis, D. E., Montgomery, B. E. E., Selig, J. P., Andersen, J. A., Shah, S. K., Li, J., Reece, S., Alik, D., & McElfish, P. A. (2022) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102074 · Cited by 43
Discrimination, acculturation and other predictors of depression among pregnant Hispanic women.
Walker, J. L., Ruiz, R. J., Chinn, J. J., Marti, N. C., & Ricks, T. N. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 43
Race, ethnicity and health: The costs and benefits of conceptualising racism and ethnicity
Bradby, H. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.008 · Cited by 42
Depression and discrimination in the lives of women, transgender and gender liminal people in Ontario, Canada
Williams, C. C., Curling, D., Steele, L. S., Gibson, M. F., Daley, A., Green, D. C., & Ross, L. E. (2017) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12414 · Cited by 48
Postpartum depressive symptoms in low-income Latinas: Cultural and contextual contributors.
Ponting, C., Chavira, D. A., Ramos, I. F., Christensen, W., Guardino, C. M., & Schetter, C. D. (2020) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000325 · Cited by 42
Minorities’ Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on Adolescents’ Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems
Assari, S., Boyce, S., Caldwell, C. H., & Bazargan, M. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7050049 · Cited by 45
Racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress: examining emotion dysregulation as a mediator in an African American community sample
Mekawi, Y., Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Kuzyk, E., Dixon, H. D., Carter, S. E., Bradley, B., Fani, N., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. D. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1824398 · Cited by 42
Perceived racial, socioeconomic and gender discrimination and its impact on contraceptive choice
Kossler, K., Kuroki, L. M., Allsworth, J. E., Secura, G. M., Roehl, K. A., & Peipert, J. F. (2011) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.01.004 · Cited by 42
Discrimination, Affect, and Cancer Risk Factors among African Americans
Cuevas, A. G., Reitzel, L. R., Adams, C. E., Cao, Y., Nguyen, N. T., Wetter, D. W., Watkins, K. L., Regan, S. D., & McNeill, L. H. (2013) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.38.1.4 · Cited by 42
Implications of Discrimination Based on Sexuality, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity for Psychological Distress among Working-Class Sexual Minorities: The United for Health Study, 2003–2004
Chae, D. H., Krieger, N., Bennett, G. G., Lindsey, J. C., Stoddard, A. M., & Barbeau, E. M. (2010) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/hs.40.4.b · Cited by 45
Self-citation
The influence of discrimination on smoking cessation among Latinos
Kendzor, D. E., Businelle, M. S., Reitzel, L. R., Castro, Y., Vidrine, J. I., Mazas, C. A., Cinciripini, P. M., Lam, C. Y., Adams, C. E., Correa-Fernández, V., et al. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.01.003 · Cited by 41
The influence of workplace discrimination and vigilance on job satisfaction with people who stutter
Plexico, L. W., Hamilton, M.-B., Hawkins, H. K., & Erath, S. A. (2019) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2019.105725 · Cited by 43
Social strain, distress, and gender dysphoria among transgender women and Hijra in Vadodara, India
Arvind, A., Pandya, A., Amin, L., Aggarwal, M., Agrawal, D., Tiwari, K., Singh, S., Nemkul, M., & Agarwal, P. (2021) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2020.1845273 · Cited by 41
Healthcare workers’ distress and perceived discrimination related to COVID‐19 in Colombia
Campo-Arias, A., Jiménez-Villamizar, M. P., & Caballero-Domínguez, C. C. (2021) · Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12854 · Cited by 35
Asian Australians’ Experiences of Online Racism during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kamp, A., Denson, N., Sharples, R., & Atie, R. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11050227 · Cited by 43
Discrimination and health in an English study
Kelaher, M., Paul, S., Lambert, H., Ahmad, W. I. U., Paradies, Y., & Smith, G. D. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.005 · Cited by 41
How do we measure gender discrimination? Proposing a construct of gender discrimination through a systematic scoping review
de la Torre‐Pérez, L., Oliver-Parra, A., Torres, X., & Bertran, M. J. (2022) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-021-01581-5 · Cited by 46
The BIAS–Treatment Scale (BIAS–TS): A Measure of the Subjective Experience of Active and Passive Harm and Facilitation
Sibley, C. G. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.559389 · Cited by 41
Validating racism and cultural respect: testing the psychometric properties and educational impact of perceived discrimination and multiculturation for Indigenous and non-Indigenous students
Bodkin‐Andrews, G., O’Rourke, V., Grant, R., Denson, N., & Craven, R. G. (2010) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611.2010.550497 · Cited by 40
Occupational, social, and relationship hazards and psychological distress among low-income workers: implications of the ‘inverse hazard law’
Krieger, N., Kaddour, A., Koenen, K. C., Кошелева, А., Chen, J. T., Waterman, P. D., & Barbeau, E. M. (2010) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2009.087387 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
The Association of Cultural and Structural Factors with Perceived Medical Mistrust Among Young Adult Latinos in Rural Oregon
Oakley, L. P., López‐Cevallos, D. F., & Harvey, S. M. (2019) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2019.1590799 · Cited by 40
Discrimination Trends and Mental Health Among Native- and Foreign-Born Latinos: Results from National Surveys in 2004 and 2013
Cobb, C. L., Salas‐Wright, C. P., John, R. S., Schwartz, S. J., Vaughn, M. G., Martínez, C. R., Awad, G. H., Pinedo, M., & Cano, M. Á. (2020) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-020-01186-4 · Cited by 42
Examining patients’ trust in physicians and the VA healthcare system in a prospective cohort followed for six-months after an exacerbation of heart failure
Gordon, H. S., Pugach, O., Berbaum, M. L., & Ford, M. E. (2014) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2014.07.022 · Cited by 38
Advance Directive Discussions: Lost in Translation or Lost Opportunities?
Fischer, S. M., Sauaia, A., Min, S., & Kutner, J. S. (2012) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2011.0328 · Cited by 43
The Intergenerational Impact of Genetic and Psychological Factors on Blood Pressure Study (InterGEN)
Crusto, C. A., Barcelona, V., Connell, C. M., Sun, Y. V., & Taylor, J. Y. (2016) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000163 · Cited by 39
The development of the cortisol response to dyadic stressors in Black and White infants
Dismukes, A. R., Shirtcliff, E. A., Jones, C. W., Zeanah, C. H., Theall, K. P., & Drury, S. S. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001232 · Cited by 41
New wine in an old bottle? A facet-level perspective on the added value of Grit over BFI–2 Conscientiousness
Schmidt, F. T. C., Lechner, C. M., & Danner, D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228969 · Cited by 45
The impact of social and environmental factors on cancer biology in Black Americans
Lord, B. D., Harris, A. R., & Ambs, S. (2022) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-022-01664-w · Cited by 40
Social Context of Depressive Distress in Aging Transgender Adults
Hughto, J. M. W., & Reisner, S. L. (2016) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464816675819 · Cited by 41
Risk and resilience in rural communities: The experiences of immigrant Latina mothers
Raffaelli, M., Tran, S. P., Wiley, A. R., Galarza‐Heras, M., & Lazarevic, V. (2012) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00717.x · Cited by 38
A mixed-methods approach to developing a self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination measure for use in multiethnic health surveys.
Shariff‐Marco, S., Gee, G. C., Breen, N., Willis, G., Reeve, B. B., Grant, D., Ponce, N. A., Krieger, N., Landrine, H., Williams, D. R., et al. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Self-citation
Lookism hurts: appearance discrimination and self-rated health in South Korea
Lee, H., Son, I., Yoon, J., & Kim, S.-S. (2017) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0678-8 · Cited by 41
Stigma and help-seeking: The interplay of substance use and gender and sexual minority identity
Benz, M. B., Reed, K. M. P., & Bishop, L. S. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.023 · Cited by 38
Pregnancy associated epigenetic markers of inflammation predict depression and anxiety symptoms in response to discrimination
Sluiter, F., Rodriguez, A. C. I., Nephew, B. C., Cali, R. J., Murgatroyd, C., & Junior, H. P. D. O. S. (2020) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100273 · Cited by 36
Ethnic and gender differences in the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms among five immigrant groups
Kim, I.-H., & Noh, S. (2014) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9969-3 · Cited by 37
Ethnic differences in cardiovascular-somatosensory interactions and in the central processing of noxious stimuli
Mechlin, B., Heymen, S., Edwards, C. L., & Girdler, S. S. (2011) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01140.x · Cited by 37
RACISM AS A DETERMINANT OF IMMIGRANT HEALTH
Hyman, I. (2009) · Cited by 37
Perceived Discrimination and Reported Trust and Satisfaction in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study
Glover, L. M., Sims, M., & Winters, K. P. (2017) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.27.3.209 · Cited by 37
Estimating mental health impacts of alcohol's harms from other drinkers: using propensity scoring methods with national cross‐sectional data from the United States
Karriker‐Jaffe, K. J., Li, L., & Greenfield, T. K. (2018) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14283 · Cited by 37
Multiple forms of discrimination, social status, and telomere length: Interactions within race
Pantesco, E. J., Leibel, D. K., Ashe, J. J., Waldstein, S. R., Katzel, L. I., Liu, H. B., Weng, N., Evans, M. K., Zonderman, A. B., & Moody, D. L. B. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.012 · Cited by 35
The Women’s Circle of Health Follow-Up Study: a population-based longitudinal study of Black breast cancer survivors in New Jersey
Bandera, E. V., Demissie, K., Qin, B., Llanos, A. A. M., Lin, Y., Xu, B., Pawlish, K. S., Plascak, J. J., Tsui, J., Omilian, A. R., et al. (2020) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-019-00849-8 · Cited by 37
Direct and Vicarious Racial Discrimination at Three Life Stages and Preterm Labor: Results from the African American Women’s Heart & Health Study
Daniels, K. P., Valdez, Z., Chae, D. H., & Allen, A. M. (2020) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-020-03003-4 · Cited by 39
Perceived racial discrimination and eating habits: a systematic review and conceptual models
Rodrigues, Y. E., Fanton, M., Novossat, R. S., & Canuto, R. (2022) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuac001 · Cited by 40
Residual stigma: Psychological distress among the formerly overweight
Levy, B. R., & Pilver, C. E. (2012) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.007 · Cited by 37
Does the way I see you affect the way I see myself? Associations between interviewers' and interviewees' "color/race" in southern Brazil
Bastos, J. L., Dumith, S. C., Santos, R. V., Barros, A. J. D., Duca, G. F. D., Gonçalves, H., & Nunes, A. P. (2009) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2009001000003 · Cited by 37
Social Mix, Reputation and Stigma: Exploring Residents’ Perspectives of Neighbourhood Effects
Arthurson, K. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2309-2_5 · Cited by 37
Multilevel IRT analysis of the Everyday Discrimination Scale and the Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Index.
Ye, F., Cheon, Y. M., Yip, T., & Cham, H. (2021) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000906 · Cited by 39
Racial Discrimination, Neural Connectivity, and Epigenetic Aging Among Black Women
Elbasheir, A., Katrinli, S., Kearney, B. E., Lanius, R. A., Harnett, N., Carter, S. E., Ely, T., Bradley, B., Gillespie, C. F., Stevens, J. S., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.16588 · Cited by 23
Correlates of Patient-Reported Racial/Ethnic Health Care Discrimination in the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE)
Lyles, C. R., Karter, A. J., Young, B. A., Spigner, C., Grembowski, D. E., Schillinger, D., & Adler, N. E. (2011) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2011.0033 · Cited by 36
Correlates of Lifestyle: Physical Activity Among South Asian Indian Immigrants
Daniel, M. N., Wilbur, J., Fogg, L., & Miller, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Community Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/07370016.2013.838482 · Cited by 36
Self-reported racial discrimination, response to unfair treatment, and coronary calcification in asymptomatic adults - the North Texas Healthy Heart study
Cardarelli, R., Cardarelli, K. M., Fulda, K. G., Espinoza, A., Cage, C., Vishwanatha, J., Young, R., Steele, D. N., & Carroll, J. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-285 · Cited by 36
Invisible disabilities, visible Service Dogs: the discrimination of Service Dog handlers
Mills, M. L. (2017) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2017.1307718 · Cited by 41
Racial/Ethnic and Social Inequities in Sleep Medicine: The Tip of the Iceberg?
Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Abumuamar, A. M., Spence, D. W., Chattu, V. K., Moscovitch, A., & BaHammam, A. S. (2017) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2017.04.005 · Cited by 36
Everyday discrimination in a racially diverse sample of patients with obesity
Pearl, R. L., Wadden, T. A., Tronieri, J. S., Chao, A. M., Alamuddin, N., & Berkowitz, R. I. (2017) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12235 · Cited by 41
Social Capital as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Perceived Discrimination and Alcohol and Cannabis Use Among Immigrant and Non-immigrant Adolescents in Israel
Walsh, S. D., Kolobov, T., & Harel‐Fisch, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01556 · Cited by 36
A systematic review on the effects of social discrimination on telomere length
Coimbra, B. M., Carvalho, C. M., Ota, V., Vieira-Fonseca, T., Bugiga, A., Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., & Belangero, S. I. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104766 · Cited by 36
Theory-Guided Selection of Discrimination Measures for Racial/ Ethnic Health Disparities Research Among Older Adults
Thrasher, A. D., Clay, O. J., Ford, C. L., & Stewart, A. L. (2012) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264312440322 · Cited by 40
Immigrants’ Experiences of Everyday Discrimination in Canada: Unpacking the Contributions of Assimilation, Race, and Early Socialization
Vang, Z. M., & Chang, Y. (2019) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1177/0197918318764871 · Cited by 43
Medicine of the future: How and who is going to treat us?
Kulkova, J., Kulkov, I., Rohrbeck, R., Lu, S., Khwaja, A., Karjaluoto, H., & Mero, J. (2023) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2023.103097 · Cited by 43
The neurophysiological consequences of racism-related stressors in Black Americans
Webb, E. K., Carter, S. E., Ressler, K. J., Fani, N., & Harnett, N. G. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105638 · Cited by 38
Improving urban African Americans' blood pressure control through multi-level interventions in the Achieving Blood Pressure Control Together (ACT) study: A randomized clinical trial
Ephraim, P. L., Hill‐Briggs, F., ROTER, D. L., Bone, L., Wolff, J. L., Lewis-Boyér, L., Levine, D. M., Aboumatar, H. J., Cooper, L. A., Fitzpatrick, S. J., et al. (2014) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2014.06.009 · Cited by 35
The relationship between cumulative unfair treatment and intima media thickness and adventitial diameter: The moderating role of race in the study of women’s health across the nation.
Peterson, L. M., Matthews, K. A., Derby, C. A., Bromberger, J. T., & Thurston, R. C. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000288 · Cited by 34
Perceived discrimination In Primary Healthcare in Europe: evidence from the cross-sectional QUALICOPC study
Hanssens, L. G. M., Detollenaere, J., Pottelberge, A. V., Baert, S., & Willems, S. J. T. (2016) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12353 · Cited by 36
From awareness to action: Examining predictors of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activism for heterosexual people.
Jones, K. N., & Brewster, M. E. (2016) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000219 · Cited by 42
A review of recent literature on materialist and psychosocial models for racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes in the US, 2000–2014
Mutambudzi, M. S., Meyer, J. D., Reisine, S., & Warren, N. (2016) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2016.1247150 · Cited by 36
Association of Self-Reported Discrimination and Suicide Ideation in Older Chinese Americans
Li, L., Gee, G. C., & Dong, X. (2017) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.08.006 · Cited by 35
Racial and Ethnic Discrimination, Medical Mistrust, and Satisfaction with Birth Control Services among Young Adult Latinas
Oakley, L. P., Harvey, S. M., & López‐Cevallos, D. F. (2018) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2018.03.007 · Cited by 40
The Health Impact of Experiences of Discrimination, Violence, and Immigration Enforcement Among Latino Men in a New Settlement State
Mann‐Jackson, L., Song, E., Tanner, A. E., Alonzo, J., Linton, J. M., & Rhodes, S. D. (2018) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988318785091 · Cited by 36
The Conceptualization of Everyday Racism in Research on the Mental and Physical Health of Ethnic and Racial Groups: a Systematic Review
Bourabain, D., & Verhaeghe, P. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00824-5 · Cited by 40
Implicit Measures Reveal Evidence of Personal Discrimination
Carney, D. R., Banaji, M. R., & Krieger, N. (2009) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/13594320902847927 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Racial Discrimination and Stigma Consciousness Are Associated with Higher Blood Pressure and Hypertension in Minority Men
Orom, H., Sharma, C., Homish, G. G., Underwood, W., & Homish, D. L. (2016) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-016-0284-2 · Cited by 35
Rates and Correlates of Dual Diagnosis among Adults with Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders in a Nationally Representative U.S Sample
Jegede, O., Rhee, T. G., Stefanovics, E. A., Zhou, B., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114720 · Cited by 34
Perceived racial and social class discrimination and cannabis involvement among Black youth and young adults
Ahuja, M., Haeny, A. M., Sartor, C. E., & Bucholz, K. K. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109304 · Cited by 35
Beyond Race/Ethnicity: Skin Color and Cardiometabolic Health Among Blacks and Hispanics in the United States
Wassink, J., Perreira, K. M., & Harris, K. M. (2016) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0495-y · Cited by 34
Combinatorial effects of discrimination, legal status fears, adverse childhood experiences, and harsh working conditions among Latino migrant farmworkers: Testing learned helplessness hypotheses.
Andrews, A. R., Haws, J. K., Acosta, L. M., Canchila, M. N. A., Carlo, G., Grant, K. M., & Ramos, A. K. (2019) · Journal of Latinx Psychology · doi:10.1037/lat0000141 · Cited by 34
Increasing HIV Testing and Viral Suppression via Stigma Reduction in a Social Networking Mobile Health Intervention Among Black and Latinx Young Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex With Men (HealthMpowerment): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Muessig, K. E., Golinkoff, J., Hightow‐Weidman, L., Rochelle, A. E., Mulawa, M. I., Hirshfield, S., Rosengren, A. L., Aryal, S., Buckner, N., Wilson, M. S., et al. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/24043 · Cited by 35
Parental Education, Household Income, Race, and Children’s Working Memory: Complexity of the Effects
Akhlaghipour, G., & Assari, S. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10120950 · Cited by 37
Racial microaggressions and major discriminatory events explain ethnoracial differences in psychotic experiences
Anglin, D. M., & Lui, F. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.10.014 · Cited by 36
Lifetime stressor exposure, systemic inflammation during pregnancy, and preterm birth among Black American women
Gillespie, S. L., Christian, L. M., Mackos, A. R., Nolan, T. S., Gondwe, K. W., Anderson, C. M., Hall, M. W., Williams, K. P., & Slavich, G. M. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.008 · Cited by 36
Ethnic group differences in racial identity attitudes, perceived discrimination and mental health outcomes in African American, Black Caribbean and Latino Caribbean college students
Sanchez, D., & Awad, G. H. (2015) · International Journal of Culture and Mental Health · doi:10.1080/17542863.2015.1081955 · Cited by 44
Resting cardiovascular levels and reactivity to interpersonal incivility among Black, Latina/o, and White individuals: The moderating role of ethnic discrimination.
Salomon, K., & Jagusztyn, N. E. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.4.473 · Cited by 35
Racial Discrimination and Physical Activity Among Low-Income–Housing Residents
Shelton, R. C., Puleo, E., Bennett, G. G., McNeill, L. H., Goldman, R. E., & Emmons, K. M. (2009) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.018 · Cited by 34
Legal update: living with the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
Erwin, C. J. (2008) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1097/gim.0b013e31818ca4e7 · Cited by 34
Desigualdades de género en salud laboral en España
Campos-Serna, J., Ronda, E., Artazcoz, L., & Benavides, F. G. (2012) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1016/j.gaceta.2011.09.025 · Cited by 34
Interpersonal and social correlates of depressive symptoms among Latinas in farmworker families living in North Carolina
Roblyer, M. I. Z., Grzywacz, J. G., Suerken, C. K., Trejo, G., Ip, E. H., Arcury, T. A., & Quandt, S. A. (2015) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2015.1086464 · Cited by 36
Mental illnesses and related vulnerabilities in the Hijra community: A cross-sectional study from India
Sartaj, D., Krishnan, V., Rao, R., Ambekar, A., Dhingra, N., & Sharan, P. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020950775 · Cited by 33
Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Children’s Amygdala Volume: Minorities’ Diminish Returns
Assari, S., Boyce, S., & Bazargan, M. (2020) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci1020006 · Cited by 33
Sentindo na Pele: Percepções de Discriminação Cotidiana de Pretos e Pardos no Brasil
Daflon, V. T., Carvalhaes, F. A. D. O., & Júnior, J. F. (2017) · Dados · doi:10.1590/001152582017121 · Cited by 33
Sexual Orientation Differences in Whites’ Racial Attitudes
Grollman, E. A. (2017) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.12405 · Cited by 38
Acculturative stress, everyday racism, and mental health among a community sample of South Asians in Texas
Siddiqui, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.954105 · Cited by 33
Colorectal cancer prevention for low-income, sociodemographically-diverse adults in public housing: baseline findings of a randomized controlled trial
McNeill, L. H., Coeling, M., Puleo, E., Suarez, E. G., Bennett, G. G., & Emmons, K. M. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-353 · Cited by 32
Returning to the “Homeland”: Work-Related Ethnic Discrimination and the Health of Japanese Brazilians In Japan
Asakura, T., Gee, G. C., Nakayama, K., & Niwa, S. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.117309 · Cited by 32
What Can Parents Do? Examining the Role of Parental Support on the Negative Relationship Among Racial Discrimination, Depression, and Drug Use Among African American Youth
Zapolski, T. C. B., Fisher, S. D., Hsu, W., & Barnes, J. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616646371 · Cited by 36
Racial Discrimination and Psychological Wellbeing of Pregnant Women
Giurgescu, C., Zenk, S. N., Engeland, C. G., Garfield, L., & Templin, T. (2016) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0000000000000297 · Cited by 32
Racial Disparities in the Association between Alcohol Use Disorders and Health in Black and White Women
Ransome, Y., Carty, D. C., Cogburn, C. D., & Williams, D. R. (2017) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2017.1335589 · Cited by 34
The population-based longitudinal Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study (CHASRS): Study description and predictors of attrition in older adults.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2018) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000036 · Cited by 31
Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, marketing, and substance use among young adults
Rose, S. W., Mayo, A., Ganz, O., Perreras, L., D’Silva, J., & Cohn, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2018.1425949 · Cited by 32
Alcohol-related problem behaviors among Latin American immigrants in the US
Salas‐Wright, C. P., Vaughn, M. G., Goings, T. C., Miller, D. P., Chang, J., & Schwartz, S. J. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.06.031 · Cited by 35
One size does not fit all: Links between shift-and-persist and asthma in youth are moderated by perceived social status and experience of unfair treatment
Lam, P. H., Miller, G. E., Chiang, J. J., Levine, C. S., Lê, V. T., Shalowitz, M. U., Story, R. E., & Chen, E. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000913 · Cited by 35

Authors: Krieger, N., Smith, K., Naishadham, D., Hartman, C., & Barbeau, E. M.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
New England Research Institutes (US)
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Krieger, Nancy
ORCID: Krieger, Nancy
Smith, Kevin
Venue: Social Science & Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-10
Volume: 61
Issue: 7
Pages: 1576-1596
ISSN: 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.03.006
OpenAlex: W2029880396
Cited by: 1,704
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 97 · 2025: 132 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 148 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 72
FWCI: 118.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
Funders: Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (1R01 OHO7366-01)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: racial discrimination, racism and health, psychometric validation, scale reliability, scale validity, psychological distress, cigarette smoking, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, social desirability
MeSH terms: Adult, Boston, Employment, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Prejudice, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self-Assessment, Cohort Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Experiences of discrimination: Validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks