High-Throughput Screening Enhances Kidney Organoid Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Enables Automated Multidimensional Phenotyping
Open accessAbstract
Organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells are a potentially powerful tool for high-throughput screening (HTS), but the complexity of organoid cultures poses a significant challenge for miniaturization and automation. Here, we present a fully automated, HTS-compatible platform for enhanced differentiation and phenotyping of human kidney organoids. The entire 21-day protocol, from plating to differentiation to analysis, can be performed automatically by liquid-handling robots, or alternatively by manual pipetting. High-content imaging analysis reveals both dose-dependent and threshold effects during organoid differentiation. Immunofluorescence and single-cell RNA sequencing identify previously undetected parietal, interstitial, and partially differentiated compartments within organoids and define conditions that greatly expand the vascular endothelium. Chemical modulation of toxicity and disease phenotypes can be quantified for safety and efficacy prediction. Screening in gene-edited organoids in this system reveals an unexpected role for myosin in polycystic kidney disease. Organoids in HTS formats thus establish an attractive platform for multidimensional phenotypic screening.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Microwell structures or microfabricated pillar arrays enable enhanced uniformity in cell aggregation.
“Microwell structures or microfabricated pillar arrays70 have also been developed to enable enhanced uniformity in cell aggregation72,73,77.”
From Organoids (2022) · cites this paper as [72]
The Results section ('Differentiation of hPSCs into organoids in HTS formats'; page unavailable) describes kidney organoids grown in microwell plates, supporting the microwell part of the sentence. It does not report enhanced uniformity in cell aggregation or use microfabricated pillar arrays. Instead, it describes adherent cultures and says dissociation and re-aggregation were unnecessary. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors
Takahashi, K., Tanabe, K., Ohnuki, M., Narita, M., Ichisaka, T., Tomoda, K., & Yamanaka, S. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019 · Cited by 20,221 · see citing works
Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts
Thomson, J. A., Itskovitz‐Eldor, J., Shapiro, S. S., Waknitz, M. A., Swiergiel, J. J., Marshall, V. S., & Jones, J. M. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5391.1145 · Cited by 15,947 · see citing works
Zhang, J.-H., Chung, T. D. Y., & Oldenburg, K. R. (1999) · SLAS Discovery · doi:10.1177/108705719900400206 · Cited by 6,847 · see citing works
Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly
Lancaster, M. A., Renner, M., Martin, C.-A., Wenzel, D., Bicknell, L. S., Hurles, M. E., Homfray, T., Penninger, J. M., Jackson, A. P., & Knoblich, J. A. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12517 · Cited by 5,372 · see citing works
Non-muscle myosin II takes centre stage in cell adhesion and migration
Vicente‐Manzanares, M., Ma, X., Adelstein, R. S., & Horwitz, A. R. (2009) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2786 · Cited by 2,041 · see citing works
Generation of Functional Human Pancreatic β Cells In Vitro
Pagliuca, F. W., Millman, J. R., Gürtler, M., Segel, M., Van Dervort, A., Ryu, J. H., Peterson, Q. P., Greiner, D., & Melton, D. A. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.040 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
A living biobank of breast cancer organoids captures disease heterogeneity
Sachs, N., de Ligt, J., Kopper, O., Gogola, E., Bounova, G., Weeber, F., Balgobind, A. V., Wind, K., Gracanin, A., Begthel, H., et al. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.010 · Cited by 1,973 · see citing works
Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: Mechanisms and renoprotective strategies
Pabla, N., & Dong, Z. (2008) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002786 · Cited by 1,938 · see citing works
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue in vitro
Spence, J., Mayhew, C., Rankin, S., Kuhar, M., Vallance, J. E., Tolle, K., Hoskins, E. E., Kalinichenko, V., Wells, S., Zorn, A., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09691 · Cited by 1,850 · see citing works
Kidney organoids from human iPS cells contain multiple lineages and model human nephrogenesis
Takasato, M., Er, P. X., Chiu, H. S., Maier, B., Baillie, G. J., Ferguson, C., Parton, R. G., Wolvetang, E. J., Roost, M. S., Chuva de Sousa Lopes, S. M., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15695 · Cited by 1,627 · see citing works
Dissecting temporal and spatial control of cytokinesis with a myosin II Inhibitor
Straight, A. F., Cheung, A., Limouze, J., Chen, I., Westwood, N. J., Sellers, J. R., & Mitchison, T. J. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1081412 · Cited by 1,412 · see citing works
A functional CFTR assay using primary cystic fibrosis intestinal organoids
Dekkers, J. F., Wiegerinck, C. L., de Jonge, H. R., Bronsveld, I., Janssens, H. M., de Winter-de Groot, K. M., Brandsma, A. M., de Jong, N. W. M., Bijvelds, M. J. C., Scholte, B. J., et al. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3201 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Modelling human development and disease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids
McCracken, K. W., Catá, E. M., Crawford, C. M., Sinagoga, K. L., Schumacher, M., Rockich, B. E., Tsai, Y.-H., Mayhew, C. N., Spence, J. R., Zavros, Y., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13863 · Cited by 980 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Although our work has focused on mini-kidney organoid differentiation as a representative lineage, it is likely that the same general techniques could be adapted to produce other types of organoids from hPSCs, such as mini-guts and mini-brains (Hayashi et al., 2016; McCracken et al., 2014; Spence et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodNephron organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells model kidney development and injury
Morizane, R., Lam, A. Q., Freedman, B., Kishi, S., Valerius, M. T., & Bonventre, J. V. (2015) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3392 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
Self-citationTaguchi, A., Kaku, Y., Ohmori, T., Sharmin, S., Ogawa, M., Sasaki, H., & Nishinakamura, R. (2013) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.11.010 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Lin, S., Kisseleva, T., Brenner, D. A., & Duffield, J. S. (2008) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.080433 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
Freedman, B., Brooks, C. R., Lam, A. Q., Fu, H., Morizane, R., Agrawal, V., Saad, A. F., Li, M. K., Hughes, M. R., Werff, R. V., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9715 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, L., Holtzinger, A., Jagan, I., BeGora, M. D., Lohse, I., Ngai, N., Nostro, M. C., Wang, R., Muthuswamy, L. B., Crawford, H. C., et al. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3973 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
A small molecule that directs differentiation of human ESCs into the pancreatic lineage.
Chen, S.-B., Borowiak, M., Fox, J. L., Maehr, R., Osafune, K., Davidow, L., Lam, K. T., Lee, P. F., Schreiber, S., Lee, R.-B. L., et al. (2009) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.154 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Induced pluripotent stem cells — opportunities for disease modelling and drug discovery
Grs̆ković, M., Javaherian, A., Strulovici, B., & Daley, G. (2011) · Nature reviews. Drug discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3577 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Sharma, A., Burridge, P. W., McKeithan, W. L., Serrano, R., Shukla, P., Sayed, N., Churko, J. M., Kitani, T., Wu, H., Holmström, A., et al. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf2584 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Adam, M., Potter, A. S., & Potter, S. S. (2017) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.151142 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Conti, M. A., Even‐Ram, S., Liu, C., Yamada, K. M., & Adelstein, R. S. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c400352200 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Lam, A. Q., Freedman, B., Morizane, R., Lerou, P. H., Valerius, M. T., & Bonventre, J. V. (2013) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2013080831 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, Y. M., Gupta, S. K., Kim, K. J., Powers, B. E., Cerqueira, A., Wainger, B. J., Ngo, H. D., Rosowski, K. A., Schein, P. A., Ackeifi, C. A., et al. (2013) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.04.003 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Mae, S.-I., Shono, A., Shiota, F., Yasuno, T., Kajiwara, M., Gotoda-Nishimura, N., Arai, S., Sato-Otubo, A., Toyoda, T., Takahashi, K., et al. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms2378 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Organoid cystogenesis reveals a critical role of microenvironment in human polycystic kidney disease
Cruz, N. M., Song, X., Czerniecki, S., Gulieva, R. E., Churchill, A. J., Kim, Y. K., Winston, K., Tran, L. M., Diaz, M. A., Fu, H., et al. (2017) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4994 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman and porcine early kidney precursors as a new source for transplantation
Dekel, B., Burakova, T., Arditti, F. D., Reich-Zeliger, S., Milstein, O., Aviel‐Ronen, S., Rechavi, G., Friedman, N., Kaminski, N., PASSWELL, J. H., et al. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm812 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Co-ordinated ocular development from human iPS cells and recovery of corneal function
Hayashi, R., Ishikawa, Y., Sasamoto, Y., Katori, R., Nomura, N., Ichikawa, T., Araki, S., Soma, T., Kawasaki, S., Sekiguchi, K., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17000 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Lienkamp, S. S., Liu, K., Karner, C. M., Carroll, T. J., Ronneberger, O., Wallingford, J. B., & Walz, G. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2452 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Rinkevich, Y., Montoro, D. T., Contreras-Trujillo, H., Harari‐Steinberg, O., Newman, A. M., Tsai, J. M., Lim, X., van Amerongen, R., Bowman, A. N., Januszyk, M., et al. (2014) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.018 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Sugden, W. W., Meissner, R., Aegerter‐Wilmsen, T., Tsaryk, R., Leonard, E. V., Bussmann, J., Hamm, M. J., Herzog, W., Jin, Y., Jakobsson, L., et al. (2017) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3528 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Palpant, N. J., Pabon, L., Friedman, C. E., Redd, M. A., Hadland, B., Zaunbrecher, R. J., Bernstein, I. D., Zheng, Y. Y., & Murry, C. E. (2016) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2016.153 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Jin, Y., Muhl, L., Burmakin, M., Wang, Y., Duchez, A., Betsholtz, C., Arthur, H. M., & Jakobsson, L. (2017) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3534 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
New Regulators of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Revealed by Integrative Molecular Screening
Major, M. B., Roberts, B. S., Berndt, J. D., Marine, S., Anastas, J. N., Chung, N., Ferrer, M., Yi, X., Stoick-Cooper, C. L., von Haller, P. D., et al. (2008) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.2000037 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationSingle-cell analysis of progenitor cell dynamics and lineage specification in the human fetal kidney
Menon, R., Otto, E. A., Kokoruda, A., Zhou, J., Zhang, Z., Yoon, E., Chen, Y., Troyanskaya, O. G., Spence, J. R., Kretzler, M., et al. (2018) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.164038 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationA high-throughput platform for stem cell niche co-cultures and downstream gene expression analysis
Gracz, A. D., Williamson, I., Roche, K. C., Johnston, M. J. G., Wang, F., Wang, Y., Attayek, P. J., Balowski, J., Liu, X. F., Laurenza, R. J., et al. (2015) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3104 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Gene-Edited Human Kidney Organoids Reveal Mechanisms of Disease in Podocyte Development
Kim, Y. K., Refaeli, I., Brooks, C. R., Jing, P., Gulieva, R. E., Hughes, M. R., Cruz, N. M., Liu, Y., Churchill, A. J., Wang, Y., et al. (2017) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.2707 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationHarari‐Steinberg, O., Metsuyanim, S., Omer, D., Gnatek, Y., Gershon, R., Pri‐Chen, S., Ozdemir, D. D., Lerenthal, Y., Noiman, T., Ben‐Hur, H., et al. (2013) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1002/emmm.201201584 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Genes that Confer the Identity of the Renin Cell
Brunskill, E. W., Sequeira-Lόpez, M. L. S., Pentz, E. S., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2011040401 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
A 3-D organoid kidney culture model engineered for high-throughput nephrotoxicity assays
Astashkina, A. I., Mann, B. K., Prestwich, G. D., & Grainger, D. W. (2012) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.063 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Drug discovery for Diamond-Blackfan anemia using reprogrammed hematopoietic progenitors
Doulatov, S. R., Vo, L. T., Macari, E. R., Wahlster, L., Kinney, M. A., Taylor, A. M., Barragan, J., Gupta, M., McGrath, K. E., Lee, H., et al. (2017) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aah5645 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Kandasamy, K., Chuah, J. K. C., Su, R., Huang, P., Eng, K. G., Xiong, S., Li, Y., Chia, C. S., Loo, L., & Zink, D. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep12337 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Park‐Windhol, C., Ng, Y., Yang, J., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16852-x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Can podocytes be regenerated in adults?
Shankland, S. J., Freedman, B., & Pippin, J. W. (2017) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/mnh.0000000000000311 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationCD146 + cells are essential for kidney vasculature development
Halt, K., Pärssinen, H., Junttila, S., et al. (2016) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.02.021 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Abrahamson, D. R., John, P. L. S., Stroganova, L., et al. (2013) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1369/0022155413501677 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Daniel, C., Lüdke, A., Wagner, A., et al. (2012) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1038/labinvest.2012.63 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Regulation of Polycystin-1 Function by Calmodulin Binding
Doerr, N., Wang, Y., Kipp, K. R., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161525 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Single-cell analysis of progenitor cell dynamics and lineage specification of the human fetal kidneyPreprint
Menon, R., Otto, E. A., Kokoruda, A., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/258798 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationA High‐Throughput Screening Assay to Identify Kidney Toxic Compounds
Ramm, S., Adler, M., & Vaidya, V. S. (2016) · Current Protocols in Toxicology · doi:10.1002/cptx.12 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Progress and potential in organoid research
Rossi, G., Manfrin, A., & Lutolf, M. P. (2018) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-018-0051-9 · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Transfer learning enables predictions in network biology
Theodoris, C. V., Xiao, L., Chopra, A., Chaffin, M. D., Al Sayed, Z. R., Hill, M. C., Mantineo, H., Brydon, E. M., Zeng, Z., Liu, X. S., et al. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06139-9 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
Hofer, M., & Lutolf, M. P. (2021) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/s41578-021-00279-y · Cited by 1,184 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., Chen, X., Dowbaj, A. M., Sljukic, A., Bratlie, K., Lin, L., Fong, E. L. S., Balachander, G. M., Chen, Z., Soragni, A., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-022-00174-y · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works
Automated microfluidic platform for dynamic and combinatorial drug screening of tumor organoids
Schuster, B., Junkin, M., Kashaf, S. S., Romero-Calvo, I., Kirby, K., Matthews, J., Weber, C. R., Rzhetsky, A., White, K. P., & Tay, S. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19058-4 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Multi-lineage human iPSC-derived platforms for disease modeling and drug discovery
Sharma, A., Sances, S., Workman, M. J., & Svendsen, C. N. (2020) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2020.02.011 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Subramanian, A., Sidhom, E.-H., Emani, M., Vernon, K., Sahakian, N., Zhou, Y., Kost-Alimova, M., Slyper, M., Waldman, J., Dionne, D., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13382-0 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Human Organoids for Predictive Toxicology Research and Drug Development
Matsui, T., & Shinozawa, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.767621 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Organoids in image-based phenotypic chemical screens
Lukonin, I., Zinner, M., & Liberali, P. (2021) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-021-00641-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Advanced human developmental toxicity and teratogenicity assessment using human organoid models
Li, M., Gong, J., Gao, L., Zou, T., Kang, J., & Xu, H. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113429 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Kidney Organoids as Disease Models: Strengths, Weaknesses and Perspectives
Romero-Guevara, R., Ioannides, A., & Xinaris, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.563981 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Patient-derived tumor models: a more suitable tool for pre-clinical studies in colorectal cancer
Rizzo, G., Bertotti, A., Leto, S. M., & Vetrano, S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-021-01970-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Vascularization of engineered organoids
Liu, H., Zhang, X., Liu, J., & Qin, J. (2023) · BMEMat · doi:10.1002/bmm2.12031 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cross-validation of SARS-CoV-2 responses in kidney organoids and clinical populations
Helms, L., Marchiano, S., Stanaway, I. B., Hsiang, T.-Y., Juliar, B. A., Saini, S., Zhao, Y. T., Khanna, A., Menon, R., Alakwaa, F., et al. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.154882 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationA Pillar and Perfusion Plate Platform for Robust Human Organoid Culture and Analysis
Kang, S., Kimura, M., Shrestha, S., Lewis, P., Lee, S., Cai, Y., Joshi, P., Acharya, P., Liu, J., Yang, Y., et al. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202302502 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Retinal disease in ciliopathies: Recent advances with a focus on stem cell-based therapies
Chen, H. Y., Welby, E., Li, T., & Swaroop, A. (2019) · Translational Science of Rare Diseases · doi:10.3233/trd-190038 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
- Authors
- Czerniecki, S. M., Cruz, N. M., Harder, J. L., Menon, R., Annis, J., Otto, E. A., Gulieva, R. E., Islas, L. V., Kim, Y. K., Tran, L. M., Martins, T. J., Pippin, J. W., Fu, H., Kretzler, M., Shankland, S. J., Himmelfarb, J., Moon, R. T., Paragas, N., & Freedman, B. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Freedman, Benjamin S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell Stem Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 929-940.e4
- ISSN
- 1875-9777 (ISSN-L)
- 1934-5909
- PMC
- PMC5984728
- OpenAlex
- W2803499747
- Cited by
- 465
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 19
- FWCI
- 17.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell stem cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Northwest Kidney Centers (K08DK089119, K25HL135432, R00DK094873, R01DK097598, R24HD000386, U54DK083912)
- National Institutes of Health (K01DK102826)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (UG3TR002158, UH3TR000504)
- National Kidney Foundation
- PKD Foundation (204g16a)
- University of Montana
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Renal and related cancers
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Keywords
- kidney organoids, high-throughput screening, human pluripotent stem cells, organoid differentiation, high-content imaging, single-cell RNA sequencing, interstitial space, vascular endothelium, chemical toxicity, polycystic kidney disease, myosin
- MeSH terms
- Automation, Cell Differentiation, Humans, Kidney, Organoids, Phenotype, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Cell Culture Techniques, Pluripotent Stem Cells, High-Throughput Screening Assays
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
