Cited by 1,070Iron Metabolism and DisordersTrace Elements in HealthHeavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity

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Iron metabolism and toxicity

Papanikolaou, G., Pantopoulos, K.·2005·Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

DOI 10.1016/j.taap.2004.06.021

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Abstract

Iron is an essential nutrient with limited bioavailability. When present in excess, iron poses a threat to cells and tissues, and therefore iron homeostasis has to be tightly controlled. Iron's toxicity is largely based on its ability to catalyze the generation of radicals, which attack and damage cellular macromolecules and promote cell death and tissue injury. This is lucidly illustrated in diseases of iron overload, such as hereditary hemochromatosis or transfusional siderosis, where excessive iron accumulation results in tissue damage and organ failure. Pathological iron accumulation in the liver has also been linked to the development of hepatocellular cancer. Here we provide a background on the biology and toxicity of iron and the basic concepts of iron homeostasis at the cellular and systemic level. In addition, we provide an overview of the various disorders of iron overload, which are directly linked to iron's toxicity. Finally, we discuss the potential role of iron in malignant transformation and cancer.

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Authors: Papanikolaou, G., & Pantopoulos, K.
Affiliations: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
Jewish General Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Pantopoulos, K.
ORCID: Papanikolaou, G.
Pantopoulos, K.
Venue: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-01
Volume: 202
Issue: 2
Pages: 199-211
ISSN: 0041-008X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.06.021
OpenAlex: W2077328361
Cited by: 1,070
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 35 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 140 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 2.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
Keywords: iron metabolism, iron homeostasis, iron toxicity, iron overload, hereditary hemochromatosis, oxidative stress, free radicals, hepatocellular carcinoma, malignant transformation, iron bioavailability
MeSH terms: Animals, Free Radicals, Humans, Iron, Liver, Oxidative Stress, Iron Overload

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