Mutation in the gene encoding ferritin light polypeptide causes dominant adult-onset basal ganglia disease
Open accessAbstract
We describe here a previously unknown, dominantly inherited, late-onset basal ganglia disease, variably presenting with extrapyramidal features similar to those of Huntington's disease (HD) or parkinsonism. We mapped the disorder, by linkage analysis, to 19q13.3, which contains the gene for ferritin light polypeptide (FTL). We found an adenine insertion at position 460-461 that is predicted to alter carboxy-terminal residues of the gene product. Brain histochemistry disclosed abnormal aggregates of ferritin and iron. Low serum ferritin levels also characterized patients. Ferritin, the main iron storage protein, is composed of 24 subunits of two types (heavy, H and light, L) which form a soluble, hollow sphere. Brain iron deposition increases normally with age, especially in the basal ganglia, and is a suspected causative factor in several neurodegenerative diseases in which it correlates with visible pathology, possibly by its involvement in toxic free-radical reactions. We found the same mutation in five apparently unrelated subjects with similar extrapyramidal symptoms. An abnormality in ferritin strongly indicates a primary function for iron in the pathogenesis of this new disease, for which we propose the name 'neuroferritinopathy'.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Neuroferritinopathy is a rare NBIA condition caused by a mutation in the coding region of the FTL gene.
“A paradigmatic yet rare NBIA condition is the neuroferritinopathy that is caused by a mutation in the coding region of the FTL gene [44, 45].”
From “Pumping iron”—how macrophages handle iron at the systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular levels (2017) · cites this paper as [45]
Cites
A comprehensive genetic map of the human genome based on 5,264 microsatellites
Dib, C., Fauré, S., Fizames, C., Samson, D. S., Drouot, N., Alain Vignal, A., Millasseau, P., Marc, S., Kazan, J., Seboun, E., et al. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380152a0 · Cited by 2,927 · see citing works
The ferritins: molecular properties, iron storage function and cellular regulation
Harrison, P. M., & Arosio, P. (1996) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/0005-2728(96)00022-9 · Cited by 2,667 · see citing works
Multilocus linkage analysis in humans: detection of linkage and estimation of recombination.
Lathrop, M. G., Lalouel, J.-M., Julier, C., & Ott, J. (1985) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,228 · see citing works
Altered Brain Metabolism of Iron as a Cause of Neurodegenerative Diseases?
Gerlach, M., Ben‐Shachar, D., Riederer, P. F., & Youdim, M. B. H. (1994) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63030793.x · Cited by 704 · see citing works
LaVaute, T., Smith, S., Cooperman, S., Iwai, K., Land, W., Meyron-Holtz, E., Drake, S. K., Miller, G., Abu-Asab, M., Tsokos, M., et al. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/84859 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Hempstead, P. D., Yewdall, S. J., Fernie, A. R., Lawson, D. M., Artymiuk, P. J., Rice, D. W., Ford, G. C., & Harrison, P. M. (1997) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1997.0970 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Dexter, D. T., Jenner, P. G., Schapira, A. H. V., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1992) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410320716 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Huntingtin: an iron-regulated protein essential for normal nuclear and perinuclear organelles
Hilditch-Maguire, P. (2000) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/9.19.2789 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Histochemical Distribution of Non-Haem Iron in the Human Brain
Morris, C. M., Candy, J., Oakley, A. E., Bloxham, C. A., & Edwardson, J. A. (1992) · Cells Tissues Organs · doi:10.1159/000147312 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Self-citationMetals and free radicals in neurodegeneration
Olanow, C. W., & Arendash, G. W. (1994) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/00019052-199412000-00013 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
An integrated metric physical map of human chromosome 19
Ashworth, L. K., Batzer, M. A., Brandriff, B. F., et al. (1995) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1295-422 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Homozygosity mapping of Hallervorden–Spatz syndrome to chromosome 20p12.3–p13
Taylor, T. D., Litt, M. J., Kramer, P., Pandolfo, M., Angelini, L., Nardocci, N., Davis, S., Pineda, M., Hattori, H., Flett, P. J., et al. (1996) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1296-479 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Human frataxin maintains mitochondrial iron homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Cavadini, P. (2000) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/9.17.2523 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Takahashi, Y., Miyajima, H., Shirabe, S., Nagataki, S., Suenaga, A., & Gitlin, J. D. (1996) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/5.1.81 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Cloning of the gene coding for human L apoferritin
Santoro, C., Marone, M., Ferrone, M., Costanzo, F. S., Colombo, M., Minganti, C., Cortese, R., & Silengo, L. (1986) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/14.7.2863 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Reguigne-Arnould, I., Couillin, P., Mollicone, R., et al. (2008) · Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics · doi:10.1159/000134098 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Genetic Disorders Affecting Proteins of Iron Metabolism: Clinical Implications
Sheth, S., & Brittenham, G. M. (2000) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.443 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Iron, metalloenzymes and cytotoxic reactions.
Nappi, A. J., & Vass, E. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Human ferritin H and L sequences lie on ten different chromosomes
McGill, J., Naylor, S. L., Sakaguchi, A. Y., Moore, C., Boyd, D. H., Barrett, K., Shows, T. B., & Drysdale, J. (1987) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00283053 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Human ferritin genes: chromosomal assignments and polymorphisms.
Gatti, R. A., Shaked, R., Mohandas, T. K., et al. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The diagnostic value of serum ferritin determinations for assessing iron status.
Worwood, M. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Jappelli, R., & Cesareni, G. (1998) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9317 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mutational Analysis of Loading of Iron into Rat Liver Ferritin by Ceruloplasmin
Juan, S., & Aust, S. D. (1999) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1998.0998 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Regulation of ferritin genes and protein
Torti, F. M., & Torti, S. V. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v99.10.3505 · Cited by 1,173 · see citing works
Papanikolaou, G., & Pantopoulos, K. (2005) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2004.06.021 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Imaging iron stores in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging
Haacke, E. M., Cheng, N. Y. C., House, M. J., Liu, Q., Neelavalli, J., Ogg, R. J., Khan, A., Ayaz, M., Kirsch, W., & Obenaus, A. (2005) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2004.10.001 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Ferritins: A family of molecules for iron storage, antioxidation and more
Arosio, P., Ingrassia, R., & Cavadini, P. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.09.004 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Genetic or Pharmacological Iron Chelation Prevents MPTP-Induced Neurotoxicity In Vivo
Kaur, D., Yantiri, F., Rajagopalan, S., Kumar, J., Mo, J. Q., Boonplueang, R., Viswanath, V., Jacobs, R., Yang, L., Beal, M. F., et al. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00126-0 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Copper and iron disorders of the brain
Madsen, E., & Gitlin, J. D. (2007) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094232 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Intracellular iron transport and storage: from molecular mechanisms to health implications
Mackenzie, E. L., Iwasaki, K., & Tsuji, Y. (2008) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2007.1893 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Zecca, L., Stroppolo, A., Gatti, A., Tampellini, D., Toscani, M., Gallorini, M., Giaveri, G., Arosio, P., Santambrogio, P., Fariello, R. G., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0403495101 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Mammalian iron metabolism and its control by iron regulatory proteins
Anderson, C. P., Shen, M., Eisenstein, R. S., & Leibold, E. A. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.010 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Iron Toxicity in Diseases of Aging: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease and Atherosclerosis
Altamura, S., & Muckenthaler, M. U. (2009) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2009-1010 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Clinical and genetic delineation of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
Gregory, A., Polster, B. J., & Hayflick, S. J. (2009) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2008.061929 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Brain Iron Transport: Insight into Neurodegeneration and CNS Disorders
Mills, E., Dong, X.-P., Wang, F., & Xu, H. (2010) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.09.140 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Molecular control of vertebrate iron homeostasis by iron regulatory proteins
Wallander, M. L., Leibold, E. A., & Eisenstein, R. S. (2006) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.05.004 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Rouault, T. A., & Cooperman, S. (2006) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2006.08.002 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
The choreography of neuroinflammation in Huntington's disease
Crotti, A., & Glass, C. K. (2015) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2015.04.007 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Individual dopaminergic neurons show raised iron levels in Parkinson disease
Oakley, A. E., Collingwood, J. F., Dobson, J., Love, G., Perrott, H. R., Edwardson, J. A., Elstner, M., & Morris, C. M. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000262033.01945.9a · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citationZecca, L., Berg, D., Arzberger, T., Ruprecht, P., Rausch, W. D., Musicco, M., Tampellini, D., Riederer, P., Gerlach, M., & Becker, G. (2005) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.20550 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Clinical features and natural history of neuroferritinopathy caused by the FTL1 460InsA mutation
Chinnery, P. F., Crompton, D. E., Birchall, D., Jackson, M. J., Coulthard, A., Lombes, A., Quinn, N., Wills, A., Fletcher, N., Mottershead, J. P., et al. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl319 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Hintze, K. J., & Theil, E. C. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505148102 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Mastroberardino, P. G., Hoffman, E. K., Horowitz, M. P., Betarbet, R., Taylor, G., Cheng, D., Na, H. M., Gutekunst, C.-A., Gearing, M., Trojanowski, J. Q., et al. (2009) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.02.009 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“Pumping iron”—how macrophages handle iron at the systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular levels
Nairz, M., Theurl, I., Swirski, F. K., & Weiss, G. (2017) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-017-1944-8 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: update on pathogenic mechanisms
Levi, S., & Finazzi, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2014.00099 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Huntingtin-deficient zebrafish exhibit defects in iron utilization and development
Lumsden, A. L., Henshall, T. L., Dayan, S., Lardelli, M. T., & Richards, R. I. (2007) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm138 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation–clinical syndromes and neuroimaging
Schipper, H. M. (2012) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.06.016 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Cozzi, A., Corsi, B., Levi, S., Santambrogio, P., Biasiotto, G., & Arosio, P. (2004) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2003-06-1842 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Does cellular iron dysregulation play a causative role in Parkinson’s disease?
Kaur, D., & Andersen, J. (2004) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2004.01.003 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Genetics of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
Gregory, A., & Hayflick, S. J. (2011) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-011-0181-3 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Luscieti, S., Santambrogio, P., Langlois d'Estaintot, B., Granier, T., Cozzi, A., Poli, M., Gallois, B., Finazzi, D., Cattaneo, A., Levi, S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.096404 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cozzi, A., Santambrogio, P., Privitera, D., Broccoli, V., Rotundo, L. I., Garavaglia, B., Benz, R., Altamura, S., Goede, J. S., Muckenthaler, M. U., et al. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20130315 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Neuroferritinopathy: a new inborn error of iron metabolism
Keogh, M. J., Jonas, P., Coulthard, A., Chinnery, P. F., & Burn, J. (2012) · Neurogenetics · doi:10.1007/s10048-011-0310-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationBaraibar, M. A., Barbeito, A. G., Muhoberac, B. B., & Vidal, R. (2012) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.015 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Ironing out Parkinson's disease: is therapeutic treatment with iron chelators a real possibility?
Kaur, D., & Andersen, J. K. (2002) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00001.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cozzi, A., Santambrogio, P., Corsi, B., Campanella, A., Arosio, P., & Levi, S. (2006) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2006.05.004 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kaur, D., Rajagopalan, S., Chinta, S., Kumar, J., Di Monte, D., Cherny, R. A., & Andersen, J. K. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.006 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Muhoberac, B. B., Baraibar, M. A., & Vidal, R. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.10.010 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Curtis, A. R. J., Fey, C., Morris, C. M., Bindoff, L. A., Ince, P. G., Chinnery, P. F., Coulthard, A., Jackson, M. J., Jackson, A. P., McHale, D. P., Hay, D., Barker, W. A., Markham, A. F., Bates, D., Curtis, A., & Burn, J.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospital (GB)
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- St James's University Hospital (GB)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Burn, John
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Genetics
- Published
- 2001-07-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 350-354
- ISSN
- 1061-4036 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1718
- OpenAlex
- W1589564633
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 21.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- neuroferritinopathy, basal ganglia disorders, extrapyramidal symptoms, Huntington's disease, parkinsonism, iron accumulation, serum ferritin, iron storage protein
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Basal Ganglia Diseases, Base Sequence, Brain, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19, DNA Mutational Analysis, Female, Ferritins, Genes, Dominant, Globus Pallidus, Humans, Iron, Genetic Linkage, Lod Score, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Terminology as Topic, Pedigree, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Age of Onset, Founder Effect, Protein Subunits
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review