A New Robust, Deep Eutectic-Based Floating Organic Droplets Microextraction Method for Determination of Lead in a Portable Syringe System Directly Couple with FAAS
Abstract
In the present method, a novel and simple portable in situ deep eutectic-based floating organic droplets dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was developed for lead in real food and water samples by a portable microsampling syringe system directly couple with FAAS (DES-µSS). Choline chloride-decanoic acid (ChCl: Decanoic acid (1:1)) was used as a green hydrophobic deep eutectic-based floating organic droplets dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of lead complex (Pb-2,9 dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) from real aqueous samples. The aqueous solution containing DES was rapidly 10 times sucked up/down by using a micro pipette tip syringe system to properly mix the extraction solvent in the aqueous medium. The whole solution was sucked into the micro pipette tip syringe system and placed in an ice bath for 5 min until decanoic base DES solidify into fine droplets. The solidify metal complex enriched (Pb-2,9 dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) was fine droplets was separated by simply press manually the plunger syringe system inside to expel the lower aqueous to the beaker. The different variables were screened out statistically by using multivariate optimization. Under these optimal conditions, good responses were obtained in the concentration ranges of 2.5-100 µg L-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) and enhancement factor were found to be 4.2% and 150, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of the proposed method was found to be 0.086 µg L-1. The t-test was used to check the validity of the proposed method while using CRM samples. It was observed that calculated t value 0.50 less than the t crit (2.91) at 95% confidence interval which indicating no significant difference between finding and certified values (p > 0.05). The relative % recovery is > 95%, indicated high validity and accuracy of the present method. The method was used to quantify the trace levels of lead in real water and food samples under optimized conditions.
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Solidification-based approaches such as DLLME-SFOD and floating organic drop microextraction overcome a key limitation of liquid-phase microextraction, particularly difficulty associated with post-extraction solvent recovery.
“Solidification-based approaches, such as DLLME-SFOD and floating organic drop microextraction, overcome a key limitation of liquid-phase microextraction techniques, particularly the difficulty associated with post-extraction solvent recovery [49,57,60,62,69,80,85,97].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [49]
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Hagarová, I., Andruch, V., & Kalyniukova, A. (2025) · Advances in Sample Preparation · doi:10.1016/j.sampre.2025.100225
Zeinali, S., Shemirani, F., & Tarigh, G. D. (2026) · Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society · doi:10.1007/s13738-026-03614-8
- Authors
- Naeemullah, & Tuzen, M.
- Affiliations
- Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi (TR)
- Venue
- Talanta
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 196
- Pages
- 71-77
- ISSN
- 0039-9140 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2904017744
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 6.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Talanta (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- TUBITAK
- Turkish Academy of Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Electrochemistry › Electrochemical Analysis and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Keywords
- deep eutectic solvents, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, lead determination, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, food samples, water samples, trace metal analysis
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