Endothelial NADPH oxidases: which NOX to target in vascular disease?
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating enzymes implicated in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases such as hypertension and stroke. Endothelial cells express four NOX isoforms including the superoxide-generating enzymes NOX1, NOX2, and NOX5 and the hydrogen peroxide-generating enzyme NOX4. Studies on arteries from patients with coronary artery disease, and in animals with experimentally induced hypertension, diabetes, or atherosclerosis, suggest that NOX1, NOX2, and NOX5 promote endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis in the vessel wall, whereas NOX4 is by contrast vasoprotective in increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and suppressing cell death pathways. Based on these findings and promising preclinical studies with the NOX1/NOX2 antagonist, apocynin, we suggest that the field is poised for clinical evaluation of NOX inhibitors as therapeutics for cardiovascular disease.
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In the human vasculature, the most relevant NOX isoforms appear to be NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, and NOX5.
“In the human vasculature, the most relevant isoforms appear to be NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, and NOX5 (252, 253, 555).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [253]
Mice combining the mutation of p47phox−/− with ApoE−/− appear to be protected from atherosclerotic lesions compared with ApoE−/− mice.
“The mice combining the mutation of p47phox−/− with ApoE−/− appear to be protected from atherosclerotic lesions (253) compared with ApoE−/− mice (64, 976), although some reports do not find significant differences in atherosclerosis progression or lesion size (443).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [253]
NOX4 protective role may be due to its generation of hydrogen peroxide, and not superoxide.
“NOX4 protective role may be due to its generation of hydrogen peroxide, and not superoxide (253).”
From Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [253]
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Platelet Oxidative Stress and Thrombosis
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Regulation of NADPH Oxidase 5 by Protein Kinase C Isoforms
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Effect of apocynin on ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in asthmatics
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GCH1 Haplotype Determines Vascular and Plasma Biopterin Availability in Coronary Artery Disease
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Apocynin but Not l-Arginine Prevents and Reverses Dexamethasone-Induced Hypertension in the Rat
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Nox2-Derived Superoxide Contributes to Cerebral Vascular Dysfunction in Diet-Induced Obesity
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Role of NOX2 in the regulation of afferent arteriole responsiveness
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Apocynin reduces reactive oxygen species concentrations in exhaled breath condensate in asthmatics
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Polymerase Delta Interacting Protein 2 Sustains Vascular Structure and Function
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Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase by Apocynin Attenuates Progression of Atherosclerosis
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Apocynin Improves the Efficacy of Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor in Experimental Emphysema
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Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines
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Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation
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Redox signaling, Nox5 and vascular remodeling in hypertension
Montezano, A. C., Tsiropoulou, S., Dulak-Lis, M., Harvey, A., Camargo, L. D. L., & Touyz, R. M. (2015) · Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension · doi:10.1097/mnh.0000000000000153 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
- Authors
- Drummond, G. R., & Sobey, C. G.
- Affiliations
- Monash Medical Centre (AU)
- Venue
- Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 452-463
- ISSN
- 1043-2760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969643223
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 4.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- National Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Neutrophil, Myeloperoxidase and Oxidative Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Keywords
- NADPH oxidase, endothelial cells, NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, NADPH oxidase 5, reactive oxygen species, endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, stroke, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, apocynin, NOX inhibitors, nitric oxide bioavailability, inflammation, apoptosis
- MeSH terms
- NADPH Oxidase 1, NADPH Oxidase 2, NADPH Oxidase 4, NADPH Oxidase 5, Animals, Cardiovascular Agents, Endothelium, Vascular, Enzyme Inhibitors, Humans, Membrane Glycoproteins, Membrane Proteins, Mice, Transgenic, Models, Biological, Vascular Diseases, Mice, Knockout, NADPH Oxidases, Molecular Targeted Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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