Effects of Weight Loss and Long-Term Weight Maintenance With Diets Varying in Protein and Glycemic Index on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Diet, Obesity, and Genes (DiOGenes) Study: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
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BACKGROUND: We sought to separately examine the effects of either weight loss or diets varying in protein content and glycemic index without further changes in body weight on cardiovascular risk factors within the Diet, Obesity, and Genes study (DiOGenes). METHODS AND RESULTS: DiOGenes is a pan-European controlled dietary intervention study in 932 overweight adults who first lost body weight on an 8-week low-calorie diet and were then randomized to 1 of 5 ad libitum diets for 26 weeks. The diets were either high or low protein or high or low glycemic index in 4 combinations or control. Weight loss (-11.23 kg; 95% confidence interval, -11.54 to -10.92; P<0.001) reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (-1.15 mg/L; 95% confidence interval, -1.30 to -0.41; P<0.001), low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure. During the 26-week weight maintenance period in the intention-to-treat analysis, the further decrease of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein blood levels was -0.46 mg/L greater (95% confidence interval, -0.79 to -0.13) in the groups assigned to low-glycemic-index diets than in those on high-glycemic-index diets (P<0.001). Groups on low-protein diets achieved a -0.25 mg/L greater reduction in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (95% confidence interval, -0.59 to -0.17) than those on high-protein diets (P<0.001), whereas lipid profiles and blood pressure were not differently affected. CONCLUSIONS: This large-scale intervention study clearly separates weight loss from dietary composition-related effects. Low-glycemic-index carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, low-protein intake may specifically reduce low-grade inflammation and associated comorbidities in overweight/obese adults. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00390637.
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Limited dietary fibre intake stymies the establishment and maintenance of a healthy, viable and diverse colonic microbiota, which limits local production of SCFAs, including butyrate.
“The current dogma suggests that limited dietary fibre intake stymies the establishment and maintenance of a healthy, viable and diverse colonic microbiota that, in turn, limits the local production of SCFAs, including butyrate.”
From The Health Benefits of Dietary Fibre (2020) · cites this paper as [67]
The Discussion (page unavailable) compares high-protein diets with a diet high in cereal fibre in relation to insulin sensitivity, but does not discuss colonic microbiota or short-chain fatty acid production. Searches for dietary fibre, gut microbes, SCFAs and butyrate found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed chain of effects. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Gögebakan, Ö., Kohl, A., Osterhoff, M. A., van Baak, M. A., Jebb, S. A., Papadaki, A., Martinez, J. A., Handjieva-Darlenska, T., Hlavaty, P., Weickert, M. O., Holst, C., Saris, W. H. M., Astrup, A., & Pfeiffer, A. F. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- From the Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, and Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Ö.G., A.K., M.A.O., M.O.W., A.F.H.P.); NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands (M.A.v.B., W.H.M.S.); Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory,...
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 25
- Pages
- 2829-2838
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W2168742161
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 19.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Deposito Adademico Digital Universidad De Navarra (University of Navarra) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Keywords
- weight loss, weight maintenance, low glycemic index diet, high-protein diet, low-protein diet, cardiovascular risk factors, C-reactive protein, low-grade inflammation, lipid profile, blood pressure, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, overweight adults, obesity, ad libitum feeding
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, C-Reactive Protein, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Lipids, Male, Obesity, Risk Factors, Weight Loss, Comorbidity, Body Mass Index, Diet, Protein-Restricted, Glycemic Index
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