CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,569

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

In two minds: dual-process accounts of reasoning

Evans, Jonathan St.B.T.·2003·Trends in Cognitive Sciences
DOI 10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Researchers in thinking and reasoning have proposed recently that there are two distinct cognitive systems underlying reasoning. System 1 is old in evolutionary terms and shared with other animals: it comprises a set of autonomous subsystems that include both innate input modules and domain-specific knowledge acquired by a domain-general learning mechanism. System 2 is evolutionarily recent and distinctively human: it permits abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking, but is constrained by working memory capacity and correlated with measures of general intelligence. These theories essentially posit two minds in one brain with a range of experimental psychological evidence showing that the two systems compete for control of our inferences and actions.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 36

  1. Sloman, 1996, The empirical case for two systems of reasoning, Psychol. Bull., 119, 3, 10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3 · DOI
  2. Stanovich, 2000, Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate, Behav. Brain Sci., 23, 645, 10.1017/S0140525X00003435 · DOI
  3. Oaksford, 2001, The probabilistic approach to human reasoning, Trends Cogn. Sci., 5, 349, 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01699-5 · DOI
  4. Dienes, 1999, A theory of implicit and explicit knowledge, Behav. Brain Sci., 22, 735, 10.1017/S0140525X99002186 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Evans, 2002, Logic and human reasoning: an assessment of the deduction paradigm, Psychol. Bull., 128, 978, 10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.978 · DOI
  6. Stanovich, 1997, Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual differences in actively open-minded thinking, J. Educ. Psychol., 89, 342, 10.1037/0022-0663.89.2.342 · DOI
  7. Evans, 2001, Necessity, possibility and belief: a study of syllogistic reasoning, Q. J. Exp. Psychol., 54, 935, 10.1080/713755983 · DOI
  8. Klauer, 2000, On belief bias in syllogistic reasoning, Psychol. Rev., 107, 852, 10.1037/0033-295X.107.4.852 · DOI
  9. Goel, 2000, Dissociation of mechanisms underlying syllogistic reasoning, Neuroimage, 12, 504, 10.1006/nimg.2000.0636 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Houde, 2001, Access to deductive logic depends upon a right ventromedial prefrontal area devoted to emotion and feeling: Evidence from a training paradigm, Neuroimage, 14, 1486, 10.1006/nimg.2001.0930 · DOI
  11. Evans, 1998, Matching bias in conditional reasoning: do we understand it after 25 years?, Think. Reason., 4, 45, 10.1080/135467898394247 · DOI
  12. Evans, 1999, The influence of linguistic form on reasoning: the case of matching bias, Q. J. Exp. Psychol., 52, 185, 10.1080/713755805 · DOI
  13. Houde, 2000, Shifting from the perceptual brain to the logical brain: the neural impact of cognitive inhibition training, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 12, 721, 10.1162/089892900562525 · DOI
  14. Capon, 2003, Working memory and reasoning: an individual differences perspective, Think. Reason., 9, 203, 10.1080/13546781343000222 · DOI
  15. Kyllonen, 1990, Reasoning ability is (little more than) working memory capacity?, Intelligence, 14, 389, 10.1016/S0160-2896(05)80012-1 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Markovits, 2002, Individual differences in working memory capacity and conditional reasoning with concrete and abstract content, Think. Reason., 8, 97, 10.1080/13546780143000143 · DOI
  17. Kokis, 2002, Heuristic and analytic processing: age trends and associations with cognitive ability and cognitive styles, J. Exp. Child Psychol., 83, 26, 10.1016/S0022-0965(02)00121-2 · DOI · Paper page
  18. Stanovich, 1998, Cognitive ability and variation in selection task performance, Think. Reason., 4, 193, 10.1080/135467898394139 · DOI
  19. Fiddick, 2000, No interpretation without representation: the role of domain-specific representations and inferences in the Wason selection task, Cognition, 77, 1, 10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00085-8 · DOI
  20. Sperber, 2002, Use or misuse of the selection task? Rejoinder to Fiddick, Cosmides and Tooby, Cognition, 85, 277, 10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00125-7 · DOI
  21. Klaczynski, 2000, Motivated scientific reasoning biases, epistemological beliefs, and the theory polarization: a two process approach to adolescent cognition, Child Dev., 71, 1347, 10.1111/1467-8624.00232 · DOI
  22. Johnson-Laird, 2002, Conditionals: a theory of meaning, pragmatics and inference, Psychol. Rev., 109, 646, 10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.646 · DOI
  23. Evans, J.St.B.T. et al. (2003) Explicit and implicit processes in multicue judgement. Mem. Cogn. (in press). · DOI
  24. Evans, 2001, Implicit and explicit processes in an hypothesis evaluation task, Br. J. Psychol., 93, 31, 10.1348/000712602162436 · DOI
  25. Cosmides, 1996, Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature on judgment under uncertainty, Cognition, 58, 1, 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00664-8 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Hoffrage, 2002, Representation facilitates reasoning: what natural frequencies are and what they are not, Cognition, 84, 343, 10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00050-1 · DOI
  27. Evans, 2000, Frequency versus probability formats in statistical word problems, Cognition, 77, 197, 10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00098-6 · DOI
  28. Girotto, 2001, Solving probabilistic and statistical problems: a matter of information structure and question form, Cognition, 78, 247, 10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00133-5 · DOI
  29. Sloman, S.A. et al. (2003) Frequency illusions and other fallacies. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. (in press). · DOI
  30. Evans, 2002, Background beliefs in Bayesian inference, Mem. Cogn., 30, 179, 10.3758/BF03195279 · DOI
  31. Koehler, 1996, The base rate fallacy reconsidered: descriptive, normative and methodological challenges, Behav. Brain Sci., 19, 1, 10.1017/S0140525X00041157 · DOI
  32. Samuels, 1998, Evolutionary psychology and the mass modularity hypothesis, Br. J. Philos. Sci., 49, 575, 10.1093/bjps/49.4.575 · DOI
  33. Sperber, 1995, Relevance theory explains the selection task, Cognition, 57, 31, 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00666-M · DOI
  34. Evans, 1983, On the conflict between logic and belief in syllogistic reasoning, Mem. Cogn., 11, 295, 10.3758/BF03196976 · DOI
  35. Nickerson, 1996, Hempel's paradox and the Wason selection task: logical and psychological puzzles of confirmation, Think. Reason., 2, 1, 10.1080/135467896394546 · DOI
  36. Griggs, 1982, The elusive thematic materials effect in the Wason selection task, Br. J. Psychol., 73, 407, 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1982.tb01823.x · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 1,569

Metadata

Authors
Evans, J. S. B. T.
Venue
Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2003-10
Volume
7
Issue
10
Pages
454-459
ISSN
1364-6613
DOI
10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012
Cited by
1,569
References
6
Language
en
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review