Analytic and Heuristic Processing Influences on Adolescent Reasoning and Decision-Making
Abstract
The normative/descriptive gap is the discrepancy between actual reasoning and traditional standards for reasoning. The relationship between age and the normative/descriptive gap was examined by presenting adolescents with a battery of reasoning and decision-making tasks. Middle adolescents (N= 76) performed closer to normative ideals than early adolescents (N=66), although the normative/descriptive gap was large for both groups. Correlational analyses revealed that (1) normative responses correlated positively with each other, (2) nonnormative responses were positively interrelated, and (3) normative and nonnormative responses were largely independent. Factor analyses suggested that performance was based on two processing systems. The “analytic” system operates on “decontextualized” task representations and underlies conscious, computational reasoning. The “heuristic” system operates on “contextualized,” content-laden representations and produces “cognitively cheap” responses that sometimes conflict with traditional norms. Analytic processing was more clearly linked to age and to intelligence than heuristic processing. Implications for cognitive development, the competence/performance issue, and rationality are discussed.
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Previous research has indicated some degree of common variance among heuristics-and-biases tasks.
“Nevertheless, previous research has indicated some degree of common variance among them (Bruine de Bruin, Parker, & Fischhoff, 2007;Finucane & Gullion, 2010;Klaczynski, 2001;Parker & Fischhoff, 2005;Slugoski, Shields, & Dawson, 1993;Stanovich & West, 1998c, 2000;West, Toplak, & Stanovich, 2008).”
From The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks (2011) · cites this paper as Klaczynski, 2001
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- Authors
- Klaczynski, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klaczynski, Paul A
- ORCID
- Klaczynski, Paul A
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2001-05-01
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 844-861
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2005819009
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- decision-making, analytical processing, heuristic processing, cognitive development, age differences, intelligence, rationality, competence versus performance, dual-process models
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Awareness, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Development, Probability Learning, Problem Solving, Reference Values
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