Lethargus is a Caenorhabditis elegans sleep-like state
Abstract
There are fundamental similarities between sleep in mammals and quiescence in the arthropod Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that sleep-like states are evolutionarily ancient. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans also has a quiescent behavioural state during a period called lethargus, which occurs before each of the four moults. Like sleep, lethargus maintains a constant temporal relationship with the expression of the C. elegans Period homologue LIN-42 (ref. 5). Here we show that quiescence associated with lethargus has the additional sleep-like properties of reversibility, reduced responsiveness and homeostasis. We identify the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) gene egl-4 as a regulator of sleep-like behaviour, and show that egl-4 functions in sensory neurons to promote the C. elegans sleep-like state. Conserved effects on sleep-like behaviour of homologous genes in C. elegans and Drosophila suggest a common genetic regulation of sleep-like states in arthropods and nematodes. Our results indicate that C. elegans is a suitable model system for the study of sleep regulation. The association of this C. elegans sleep-like state with developmental changes that occur with larval moults suggests that sleep may have evolved to allow for developmental changes.
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Sleep has been identified in every animal that has been carefully studied.
“Sleep has been recognized in each animal carefully scrutinized.”
From The Biology of General Anesthesia from Paramecium to Primate (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
Behaviorally quiescent or sleep-like states may be as globally widespread as susceptibility to volatile anesthetics.
“behaviorally quiescent or sleep-like states may be as globally penetrant as susceptibility to volatile anesthetics [22–29].”
From The Biology of General Anesthesia from Paramecium to Primate (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Raizen, D. M., Zimmerman, J. E., Maycock, M. H., Ta, U. D., You, Y.-J., Sundaram, M. V., & Pack, A. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Raizen, David M.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2008-01-09
- Volume
- 451
- Issue
- 7178
- Pages
- 569-572
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2072681733
- Cited by
- 536
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 12.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2008-06-12)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep-like state, Caenorhabditis elegans, cGMP signaling, egl-4, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, sensory neurons, sleep homeostasis, sleep evolution, quiescence
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arousal, Drosophila melanogaster, Biological Evolution, Homeostasis, Larva, Sleep, Conserved Sequence, Caenorhabditis elegans, Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Molting, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins, Lethargy
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