Pathogen carriage by the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) in the United Kingdom
Abstract
The carriage of Bartonella, Rickettsia felis and haemoplasma species was investigated in cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) collected from 121 cats and dogs in the United Kingdom. DNA extracted from fleas was analysed using genus and species-specific PCR and amplicons were characterised using DNA sequencing. Fifty percent of flea samples were PCR positive for at least one pathogen. Twenty one percent were positive for R. felis, 17% for Bartonella henselae, 40% for haemoplasma species and 20% were infected with more than one of the pathogen species studied. It is clear from the results in this study that companion cats and dogs are commonly infested with Ct. felis carrying bacterial pathogens of significance to human and animal health. These findings raise the possibility that Ct. felis found on dogs and cats are a potential source of infection with such pathogens for humans.
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Epidemiological changes in fleas and transmitted diseases are suggested by the apparent emergence of bartonellosis in Europe.
“For instance, epidemiological changes in fleas and transmitted diseases are suggested by the apparent emergence of bartonellosis in Europe [159,160].”
From Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes (2013) · cites this paper as [159]
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“Haemoplasma DNA has been identified in Ctenocephalides felis and transmission of Mhf via haemophagous activity has been demonstrated experimentally (Lappin et al 2003, Shaw et al 2004, Woods et al 2005).”
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“The DNA extracts were thawed at room temperature and Rickettsia species PCR assays were performed using previously described protocols.(12,18) Oligonucleotide primers for the citrate synthase gene (gltA) and outer membrane protein B (ompB) gene were utilized.”
MethodFleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes
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Self-citationHemoplasmas in Wild Canids and Felids in Brazil
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Epidemiological study of hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) in cats from central Spain
Díaz‐Regañón, D., Villaescusa, A., Ayllón, T., Rodríguez‐Franco, F., García‐Sancho, M., Agulla, B., & Sainz, Á. (2018) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2740-9 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Vector transmission through fleas [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] or ticks [17, 18] has been suggested, but direct transmission through aggressive interactions or blood transfusion have also been hypothesized as potential sources of infection.”
BackgroundPrevalence of Rickettsia felis DNA in the blood of cats and their fleas in the United States
Hawley, J. R., Shaw, S. E., & Lappin, M. R. (2007) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2006.12.005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Prevalence rates of R felis DNA have been determined in C felis collected from cats in the United Kingdom (Kenny et al 2003, Shaw et al 2004), France (Rolain et al 2003), Israel (Bauer et al 2006), New Zealand (Kelly et al 2005), Australia (Schloderer et al 2006), and Thailand (Parola et al 2003).”
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“This rate is lower than those in studies from the UK (17%; flea pools) [31] and France (26.”
ResultMiceli, N. G., Gavioli, F. A., Gonçalves, L. R., André, M. R., Sousa, V. R. F., de Sousa, K. C. M., & Machado, R. Z. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária/Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1590/s1984-29612013000300011 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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“henselae to humans: Approximately 30% of patients with CSD do not recall traumatic cat contact [17-19].”
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Self-citationFIRST DETECTION OF RICKETTSIA FELIS IN CTENOCEPHALIDES FELIS FLEAS PARASITIZING RATS IN CYPRUS
Psaroulaki, A., Αντωνίου, Μ., Papaeustathiou, A., Toumazos, P., Loukaides, F., & Tselentis, Y. (2006) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.120 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
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“with those reporting the presence of Rickettsia felis in domestic and peridomestic animals and their fleas.(10,11,13,21) Never-”
BackgroundLambert, M. M., Campos, D. R., Borges, D. A., de Avelar, B. R., Ferreira, T. P., Cid, Y. P., Boylan, F., Scott, F. B., de Almeida Chaves, D. S., & Coumendouros, K. (2020) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109126 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Molecular Survey of Rickettsia felis in Fleas from Cats and Dogs in Sicily (Southern Italy)
Giudice, E., Pietro, S. D., Alaimo, A., Blanda, V., Lelli, R., Francaviglia, F., CARACAPPA, S., & Torina, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106820 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“(25/121 pools of fleas) in the United Kingdom [38]; 19.”
BackgroundMolecular detection of vector-borne agents in cats in Southern Brazil
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Molecular Evidence for<i>Bartonella</i>spp. in Cat and Dog Fleas from Germany and France
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“Higher prevalences in European vector populations have been reported by Shaw et al. (2004), who found 17% of cat fleas in the United Kingdom positive for B. henselae.”
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“The natural route of haemoplasma transmission has not yet been identified, as previous studies concluded that either vector- borne or direct transmission is the likely pathway (e.g., Shaw et al., 2004; Woods et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPOLYGENIC DETECTION OF RICKETTSIA FELIS IN CAT FLEAS (CTENOCEPHALIDES FELIS) FROM ISRAEL
Bauer, O., Baneth, G., ESHKOL, T., Shaw, S. E., & Harrus, S. (2006) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.444 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
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“It is thought to be transmitted from cats to cats via the flea C felis and its presence in fleas from the UK has already been established.(6) R felis DNA was not amplified from the blood of any cat in this study which may indicate that the organism does not exist in Irish cats.”
BackgroundInfluentialBeus, K., Goudarztalejerdi, A., & Sazmand, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-51173-w · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Transmission routes of hemoplasmas in dogs are matter of debates, but bloodsucking arthropods e.g. fleas and ticks have been suggested to act as vectors 17,18 .”
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Evaluation of spinosad for the oral treatment and control of flea infestations on dogs in Europe
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Role of vector-borne pathogens in the development of fever in cats: 1. Flea-associated diseases
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Self-citationA review of public health important fleas (Insecta, Siphonaptera) and flea-borne diseases in India
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“Studies report feline hemoplasmas infection in fleas collected from cats [8-10] and some ticks [11].”
BackgroundPrevalence of Bartonella species, haemoplasmas and Toxoplasma gondii in cats in Scotland
Bennett, A. D., Gunn-Moore, D. A., Brewer, M. M., & Lappin, M. R. (2011) · Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2011.03.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Ctenocephalides felis carry haemoplasmas, several Bartonella species and R felis.(4) Cats are the reservoir for several Bartonella species that are associated with illness in people including Bartonella henselae, Bartonella clarridgeaie and Bartonella koehlerae.”
BackgroundCat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) carrying Rickettsia felis and Bartonella species in Hong Kong
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“Among vector-borne pathogens, hemotropic Mycoplasma s (hMycos) are ubiquitous [8].”
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Recomendaciones para el manejo de mordeduras ocasionadas por animales
Leonor Jofré, M., Cecilia Perret, P., Katia Abarca, V., Verónica Solari, G., Roberto Olivares, C., & Javier López Del, P. (2006) · Revista chilena de infectología · doi:10.4067/s0716-10182006000100002 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Bond, R., Hutchinson, M. J., & Loeffler, A. (2006) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-006-0163-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“felis and haemoplasma species must also be considered (Shaw et al. 2004) The results indicate that intradermal testing with commercial whole flea allergens is likely to frequently give false-negative results in cats.”
BackgroundMoore, C. O., Lashnits, E. W., Lappin, M. R., Hawley, J. R., & Breitschwerdt, E. B. (2024) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-024-06292-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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First molecular detection of Mycoplasma ovis (Hemotropic mycoplasmas) from Sheep in Brazil
Souza, U. A., Oberrather, K., Fagundes‐Moreira, R., de Almeida, B. A., Valle, S. D. F., Girotto-Soares, A., & Soares, J. F. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária/Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1590/s1984-29612019022 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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“Furthermore, there is risk for secondary complications such as flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) [1], and transmission of pathogens via blood-feeding parasites [2, 3].”
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Survey of flea infestation in cats in Spain
GRACIA, M. J., Calvete, C., ESTRADA, R., Castillo, J. A., Peribáñez, M. A., & Lucientes, J. (2012) · Medical and Veterinary Entomology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01027.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“, 2006; Breitschwerdt, 2008), several species of Rickettsia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) (Shaw et al., 2004; Schloderer et al., 2006) and several trypanosomatids (Zanatta-Coutinho & Marcos-Linardi, 2007).”
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“; licensee BioMed Centr Commons Attribution License (http://creativec reproduction in any medium, provided the or not completely understood, but blood sucking arthropods are suspected to play a role [3-6].”
BackgroundRickettsia felis in Fleas from Catalonia (Northeast Spain)
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DETECTION OF VECTOR-BORNE INFECTIONS IN LIONS AND TIGERS AT TWO ZOOS IN TENNESSEE AND OKLAHOMA, USA
Cerreta, A. J., Yang, T. S., Ramsay, E. C., Birkenheuer, A. J., Rahoi, D., Qurollo, B. A., Wilson, J. M., & Cushing, A. C. (2022) · Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine · doi:10.1638/2020-0199 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“’’(8) The exact route of transmission for these organisms remains unclear, even though fleas and other arthropods have been suspected as potential vectors for these organisms.(31,43,49) In studies across different continents surveying hemotropic mycoplasmas, ‘‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’’ appears to be the mos…”
BackgroundPrairie dog presence affects occurrence patterns of disease vectors on small mammals
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Efficacy of pyriprole topical solution against the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, on dogs.
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“DNA of feline hemoplasmas was detected in the cat ea, Ctenocephalides felis (Barrs et al., 2010; Kamrani et al., 008; Lappin et al., 2006; Shaw et al., 2004; Willi et al., 007a; Woods et al., 2006), and in some Ixodes ticks Schabereiter-Gurtner et al., 2003; Taroura et al., 2005). owever, an…”
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“Haemoplasmas and Bartonella are the most common bacterial diseases transmitted by these vectors [133,134].”
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- Authors
- Shaw, S. E., Kenny, M. J., Tasker, S., & Birtles, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Shaw, S.E.
- Venue
- Veterinary Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-09
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 183-188
- ISSN
- 0378-1135 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1977590128
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 7.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bartonella species infections research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Yersinia bacterium, plague, ectoparasites research
- Keywords
- Ctenocephalides felis, pathogen carriage, Bartonella henselae, Rickettsia felis, hemoplasmas, flea-borne pathogens, companion animals, zoonotic transmission, flea infestation, United Kingdom
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bartonella, Bartonella Infections, Cat Diseases, Cats, Disease Reservoirs, DNA, Bacterial, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Ectoparasitic Infestations, Siphonaptera, United Kingdom, Humans, Insect Vectors, Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma Infections, Rickettsia Infections, Prevalence, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, Rickettsia felis
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