2005 guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs.
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Chemopreventatives could be useful in reducing the spread of D. immitis also where the infection has a low prevalence and/or the nematode has emerged recently.
“In fact, chemopreventatives reduce the abundance of reservoirs, as shown in some areas of Northern Italy [155], thus they could be useful in reducing the spread of D. immitis also where the infection has a low prevalence and/or the nematode has emerged recently [2,156].”
From Fleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes (2013) · cites this paper as [156]
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Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic
Simón, F., Siles-Lucas, M., Morchón, R., González-Miguel, J., Mellado, I., Carretón, E., & Montoya-Alonso, J. A. (2012) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00012-12 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
Chapter 4 Heartworm Disease in Animals and Humans
McCall, J. W., Genchi, C., Kramer, L. H., Guerrero, J., & Venco, L. (2008) · Advances in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00204-2 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Self-citationCanine and feline cardiopulmonary parasitic nematodes in Europe: emerging and underestimated
Traversa, D., Di Cesare, A., & Conboy, G. (2010) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-3-62 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“Macrocyclic lactones also have shown some activity as adulticides, although the American Heartworm Society recommends that the extra label use of these compounds as a primary adulticide should be discouraged [153].”
BackgroundVector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe
Otranto, D., Dantas-Torres, F., Brianti, E., Traversa, D., Petrić, D., Genchi, C., & Capelli, G. (2013) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-16 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
“Based on this evidence, preventative chemoprophylaxis should be effectively employed also in communities where heartworm prevalence is low or where it is considered emerging [101].”
BackgroundInfluentialPulmonary arterial remodeling induced by a Th2 immune response
Daley, E., Emson, C. L., Guignabert, C., Malefyt, R. D. W., Louten, J., Kurup, V. P., Hogaboam, C. M., Taraseviciene‐Stewart, L., Voelkel, N. F., Rabinovitch, M., et al. (2008) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20071008 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Dirofilarial Infections in Europe
Genchi, C., Kramer, L. H., & Rivasi, F. (2011) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0247 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“Currently, heartworm is endemic in all 50 states of United States (Nelson et al. 2005) and the risk of infection has increased, at least at the regional level, due to the exportation of heavily infected dogs (prevalence 34%–51”
Heartworm and Wolbachia: Therapeutic implications
McCall, J. W., Genchi, C., Kramer, L. H., Guerrero, J., Dzimianski, M. T., Supakorndej, P., Mansour, A., McCall, S. D., Supakorndej, N., Grandi, G., et al. (2008) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.008 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationAre vector-borne pathogen co-infections complicating the clinical presentation in dogs?
Tommasi, A. S. D., Otranto, D., Dantas‐Torres, F., Capelli, G., Breitschwerdt, E. B., & de Caprariis, D. (2013) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-97 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“cough, dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, ascites, renal failure, and lethargy), with severity of disease mostly related to the nematode burden [6].”
BackgroundHenn, J. B., Gabriel, M. W., Kasten, R. W., Brown, R. N., Theis, J. H., Foley, J. E., & Chomel, B. B. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02539-06 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“immitis, the cause of canine heartworm, has been detected in all 50 states of the United States and is regionally endemic in California (13, 32).”
BackgroundGrandi, G., Quintavalla, C., Mavropoulou, A., Genchi, M., Gnudi, G., Bertoni, G., & Kramer, L. (2010) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.025 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ionică, A. M., Matei, I. A., Mircean, V., Dumitrache, M. O., D’Amico, G., Győrke, A., Pantchev, N., Annoscia, G., Albrechtová, K., Otranto, D., et al. (2015) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-014-4263-4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Serologic detection of Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in dogs
Verzberger-Epshtein, I., Markham, R. J. F., Sheppard, J. A., Stryhn, H., Whitney, H. G., & Conboy, G. A. (2008) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.028 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Venco, L., McCall, J. W., Guerrero, J., & Genchi, C. (2004) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.024 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationA Comprehensive, Model-Based Review of Vaccine and Repeat Infection Trials for Filariasis
Morris, C. P., Evans, H., Larsen, S. E., & Mitre, E. E. S. (2013) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00002-13 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Zoonotic dirofilariases: one, no one, or more than one parasite
Perles, L., Dantas‐Torres, F., Krücken, J., Morchón, R., Walochnik, J., & Otranto, D. (2024) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2023.12.007 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Prevalence and epidemiological aspects of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Kayseri Province, Turkey
Yildirim, A., Ica, A., Atalay, O., Duzlu, O., & Inci, A. (2007) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.08.006 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The first report of authochthonous dirofilariosis in dogs in the Czech Republic
Svobodová, Z., Svobodová, V., Genchi, C., & Forejtek, P. (2006) · Helminthologia · doi:10.2478/s11687-006-0046-5 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The ELISA for detecting circulating D. immitis antigens is very sensitive and specific (Nelson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundFleas infesting pets in the era of emerging extra-intestinal nematodes
Traversa, D. (2013) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-59 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“immitis also where the infection has a low prevalence and/or the nematode has emerged recently [2,156].”
BackgroundSpatial and temporal transmission risk of Dirofilaria immitis in Argentina
Vezzani, D., & Carbajo, A. E. (2006) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.08.012 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Tzipory, N., Crawford, P. C., & Levy, J. K. (2010) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.016 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Wong, S. S. Y., Teng, J. L. L., Poon, R. W., Choi, G. K.-Y., Chan, K., Yeung, M. L., Hui, J. J. Y., & Yuen, K. (2011) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2010.0265 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Levy, J. K., Edinboro, C. H., Glotfelty, C.-S., Dingman, P. A., West, A. L., & Kirkland-Cady, K. D. (2007) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.231.2.218 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“In the JAVMA, Vol 231, No. 2, July 15, 2007 disaster area were unlikely to have had a perceptible impact large numbers of dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis were concentrated together by flooding, at feeding stations, and in temporary shelters.”
BackgroundColby, K. N., Levy, J. K., Dunn, K. F., & Michaud, R. I. (2011) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.018 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Díaz-Regañón, D., Roura, X., Suárez, M. L., León, M., & Sainz, Á. (2020) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-020-04172-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Clinical signs suggestive for each of these diseases included in the study were defined as follows: fever, anorexia, lethargy, lameness, lymphadenopathy, diarrhea and vomiting, epistaxis, and splenomegaly for anaplasmosis [17]; fever, apathy, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, hepatomegal…”
Unfulfilled potential: using diethylcarbamazine-fortified salt to elimate lymphatic filariasis
Lammie, P. J. (2007) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.06.034108 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
GIS modeling for canine dirofilariosis risk assessment in central Italy
Mortarino, M., Musella, V., Costa, V., Genchi, C., Cringoli, G., & Rinaldi, L. (2008) · Geospatial health · doi:10.4081/gh.2008.248 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…larvae, microfilariae), and the typical diagnostic approach to differentiate D. immitis from D. repens infection is the morphological identification of microfilariae from peripheral blood, complemented by clinical, biochemical and molecular approaches (Casiraghi et al., 2005; Nelson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundHuman dirofilariosis in Austria: the past, the present, the future
Riebenbauer, K., Weber, P. B., Walochnik, J., Karlhofer, F. M., Winkler, S., Dorfer, S., Auer, H., Valencak, J., Laimer, M., & Handisurya, A. (2021) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-021-04696-4 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapeutics
Lahmers, S. M. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119404576.ch10 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Bové, C. M., Gordon, S. G., Saunders, A. B., et al. (2010) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.236.2.187 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Medications provided upon discharge included prednisone (n = 14), ivermectin heartworm preventative (7), sildenafil (6), amoxicillin trihydrate and clavulanate potassium (5), theophylline (3), dalteparin sodium (2), pimobendan (1), doxycycline (1), furosemide (1), enalapril (1), cephalexin (1), and clopidogrel bisulfa…”
BackgroundCardiac Evaluation of Clinically Healthy Captive Maned Wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
Estrada, A. H., Gerlach, T. J., Schmidt, M. K., et al. (2009) · Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine · doi:10.1638/2008-0154.1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Maxwell, E. A., Ryan, K. A., Reynolds, C., & Pariaut, R. (2014) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.033 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Prevalence ofDirofilaria immitisinfection in dogs in Henan province, central China
Wang, S., Zhang, N., Zhang, Z., Wang, D., Yao, Z., Zhang, H., Ma, J., Zheng, B., Ren, H., & Liu, S. (2016) · Parasite · doi:10.1051/parasite/2016054 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Spontaneous Pneumothorax in a Dog Secondary to Dirofilaria Immitis Infection
Oliveira, C. R., Rademacher, N., David, A. T., et al. (2010) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/104063871002200626 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Takahashi, A., YAMADA, K., KISHIMOTO, M., et al. (2008) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.04.027 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Focos de dirofilariose canina na Ilha do Marajó: um fator de risco para a saúde humana
Garcez, L. M., de Souza, N. F., Mota, E. F., Dickson, L. A. J., Abreu, W. U., Cavalcanti, V. D. F. D. N., & Gomes, P. A. F. (2006) · Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · doi:10.1590/s0037-86822006000400003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Prevalence ofDirofilaria immitisin dogs from Hatay province, Turkey
Yaman, M., Guzel, M., Koltaş, İ. S., Demirkazık, M., & Aktas, H. (2009) · Journal of Helminthology · doi:10.1017/s0022149x08198832 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…studies have been performed in many countries, including Tanzania (Matola, 1991), Japan (Hatsushika et al., 1992), USA (Theis et al., 1999; Nelson et al., 2005), Spain (Aranda et al., 1998), Canada (Klotins et al., 2000), Italy (Cringoli et al., 2001), Argentina (Rosa et al., 2002;…”
BackgroundCarretón, E., Morchón, R., González‐Miguel, J., Juste, M. C., Simón, F., & Montoya-Alonso, J. A. (2013) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Carretón, E., Morchón, R., Simón, F., Juste, M. C., González‐Miguel, J., & Montoya-Alonso, J. A. (2014) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.015 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Clemence, R. G., Sarasola, P., Genchi, C., Smith, D. G., Shanks, D. J., Jernigan, A. D., & ROWAN, T. G. (2000) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00296-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Novel Insights into the Transcriptome of Dirofilaria immitis
Fu, Y., Lan, J.-C., Zhang, Z., Hou, R., Wu, X., Yang, D.-Y., Zhang, R.-H., Zheng, W.-P., Nie, H.-M., Xie, Y., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041639 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Current effective control strategies are based on periodic chemoprophylaxis against microfilariae, L3 and L4 larvae to break the heartworm lifecycle [16,17].”
BackgroundRecent study on canine vector-borne zoonoses in southern Slovakia – serologic survey
Čabanová, V., Pantchev, N., Hurníková, Z., & Miterpáková, M. (2015) · Acta Parasitologica · doi:10.1515/ap-2015-0107 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vezzani, D., Fontanarrosa, M. F., & Eiras, D. F. (2007) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.08.001 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bendas, A. J. R., Mendes-de-Almeida, F., Guerrero, J., & Labarthe, N. (2017) · Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science · doi:10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2017.132572 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationCrowder, C. D., Matthews, H. E., Rounds, M. A., Li, F., Schutzer, S. E., Sampath, R., Hofstadler, S. A., Ecker, D. J., & Eshoo, M. W. (2012) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.73.6.854 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Morchón, R., Roca, F., López-Belmonte, J., Genchi, M., Venco, L., Rodríguez-Barbero, A., & Simón, F. (2007) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.04.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Canine Dirofilariasis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Adebayo, O. O., Akande, F. A., & Adenubi, O. T. (2020) · Folia veterinaria · doi:10.2478/fv-2020-0029 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“[21], the use of ivermectin can be used to treat the adult stages of the worm.”
BackgroundRohrbach, B. W., Lutzy, A., & Patton, S. (2011) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Murillo, D. F. B., Starkey, L. A., Wood, T., Smith, R. C., Blagburn, B. L., Bowles, J. V., Allen, H. C., Lewis, C., Shu, Y. L., & Wang, C. (2023) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-023-05829-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Critically Appraising Studies Reporting Assessing Diagnostic Tests
O'Connor, A. M. C., & Evans, R. B. (2007) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.01.007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cavaliere, L., Romito, G., Domenech, O., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association · doi:10.5326/jaaha-ms-6424 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“two imaging modalities are highly recommended by the American Heartworm Society when HWD and CS are suspected.(6) Thoracic radiology represents an easily performed imaging modality that”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMiller, L. L., & Crosbie, P. R. (2010) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.008 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Survey of Heartworm Prevention Practices Among Members of a National Hunting Dog Club
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Ramos, R. A. N., Hakimi, H., Salomon, J., Busselman, R. E., Curtis‐Robles, R., Hodo, C. L., Hamer, S. A., & Verocai, G. G. (2024) · International Journal for Parasitology Parasites and Wildlife · doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100954 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Widely distributed across the United States, this parasite has been re-ported in all 50 states (Nelson et al., 2005; Little et al., 2021).”
BackgroundPasseri, B., Vismarra, A., Cricri, G., Bazzocchi, C., Kramer, L. H., & Bacci, C. (2014) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.018 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
New and Emerging Parasitic Zoonoses
Fong, I. W. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50890-0_11 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Application of Dirofilaria immitis immunoreactive proteins in serodiagnosis
Khanmohammadi, M., Falak, R., Meamar, A. R., Razmjou, E., Mokhtarian, K., Arshadi, M., Shayanfar, N., & Akhlaghi, L. (2018) · Parasite Immunology · doi:10.1111/pim.12598 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“However, due to unapparent infection without Mf in some cases, antigen testing is considered the most sensitive diagnostic method [7].”
BackgroundMethodDirofilariosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis in the south of Kerman province, Iran
Naderi, A., Sharifi, I., Aflatoonian, M. R., Mostafavi, M., Parizi, M. H., Mashayekhi, J., Mashayekhi, M., Nikpour, S., & Bamorovat, M. (2021) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104863 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Microfilaruria of Dirofilaria immitis in a dog from Italy
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“However, in a study in the same year on Shahsavar stray dogs, it was revealed that 4% of these dogs have heart disease (4,5).”
BackgroundZieman, E. A., Phillips, V. C., Jiménez, F. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.1645/23-25 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sungpradit, S. (2010) · Chulalongkorn Medical Journal · doi:10.58837/chula.cmj.54.6.3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bir Köpekte Dirofilaria immitis’in Neden Olduğu Nadir Bir Mikrofilarüri Olgusu
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Additional file 1 of Human dirofilariosis in Austria: the past, the present, the future
Riebenbauer, K., Weber, P. B., Walochnik, J., Karlhofer, F. M., Winkler, S., Dorfer, S., Auer, H., Valencak, J., Laimer, M., & Handisurya, A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14516117
Murillo, D. F. B., Starkey, L. A., Wood, T., Smith, R., Blagburn, B. L., Bowles, J. V., Allen, H. C., Lewis, C., Shu, Y., & Wang, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26612669
Tielemans, E., Antoine, L., Madder, M., Sioutas, G., Beugnet, F., & Papadopoulos, E. (2026) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-026-07595-8
“…Society of Dirofilariosis and Angiostrongylosis (ESDA) [11] recommend the use of products licensed for the prevention of canine heartworm disease that contain macrocyclic lactones (MLs), e.g., ivermectin, milbemy-cin oxime, moxidectin, or selamectin in oral, topical or injectable forms [12–14].”
Jacobson, L. S., DiGangi, B. A., Serrano, M. A., Friedman, J., Cuccinello, M. K., Garcia, H. M., & Levy, J. K. (2026) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-026-07344-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Since 2005, adjunctive medications have been included in melarsomine protocols, with the goal of further improving safety by reducing worm biomass and pulmonary inflammation following worm death [23, 24].”
Influential
- Authors
- Nelson, C. T., McCall, J. W., Rubin, S. B., Buzhardt, L. F., Dorion, D. W., Graham, W., Longhofer, S. L., Guerrero, J., Robertson-Plouch, C. K., & Paul, A. J.
- Venue
- Veterinary Parasitology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 255-266
- ISSN
- 0304-4017 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4242892709
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Parasitology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Keywords
- heartworm disease, Dirofilaria immitis, dogs, diagnosis, prevention, management
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Drug Administration Routes, Drug Administration Schedule, Filaricides, Life Cycle Stages, Societies, United States, Veterinary Medicine
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