Serological evaluation of selected vector-borne pathogens in owned dogs from northern Spain based on a multicenter study using a commercial test
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Environmental conditions in northern Spain allow the development of different arthropods involved in the transmission of significant canine vector-borne pathogens. The aim of the study was to systematically assess seroprevalence rates for Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma spp., Dirofilaria immitis and Borrelia burgdorferi, and risk factors in dogs from all regions of the north of Spain. METHODS: A total of 556 dogs were included in this study between January 2017 and December 2018, belonging to 30 practices covering all regions in northern Spain (Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, Basque Country, Navarra, Aragon and Catalonia). All practices were located in the north of every region. Blood samples were analyzed using the 4DX SNAP® test (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine, USA) for the detection of D. immitis antigen and E. canis, B. burgdorferi and Anaplasma spp. antibodies. Leishmania SNAP® test (IDEXX Laboratories) was used for detection of L. infantum antibodies. Associations between prevalence of canine vector-borne pathogens, epidemiological and clinical signs data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The overall prevalence rates were 8.99% for L. infantum, 1.26% for Anaplasma spp., 0.9% for E. canis, 0.72% for B. burgdorferi, and 0.18% for D. immitis. Globally, 11.33% of the dogs included in the study were positive to any tested vector-borne pathogen. Leishmania infantum seroprevalence was the highest and the only one detected in all the regions. Leishmania infantum seropositivity was associated with age > 10 years-old, outdoor access, anemia, fever, dermatological signs, lympadenomegaly, muscular atrophy, ocular signs and renal disease. Ehrlichia canis seropositivity was associated with the summer season and living in urban areas. Apathy, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, fever and gastrointestinal clinical signs were also associated with E. canis antibody detection. Living in a rural area was also a risk factor for Anaplasma spp. and B. burgdorferi seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first multicenter survey performed in northern Spain assessing different canine vector-borne diseases from all regions. Results show the presence of autochthonous cases of these diseases. The vector-borne pathogens found in this study should be included in the differential diagnosis in dogs from some areas previously considered non-endemic for these pathogens.
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In the last 15 years, a slight increase in heartworm can be confirmed in most autonomous communities, with decreasing prevalences or similar values only in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencian Community, Madrid and Castilla y León.
“in the last 15 years a slight increase in heartworm can be confirmed in most of the autonomous communities, with decreasing prevalences or with similar values only in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencian Community, Madrid and Castilla y León.”
From Expansion of canine heartworm in Spain (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
The lower prevalence in dogs <1 year is likely due to a minor exposure to vectors.
“The prevalence was lower in dogs <1 year, likely due to a minor exposure to vectors, as stated in previous research [8,9,19,22].”
From Expansion of canine heartworm in Spain (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
In northern and centre Spain, canine heartworm prevalence was 0.18% and 7.19%, respectively.
“Other studies carried out in northern and centre Spain have reported a prevalence of 0.18 and 7.19% for D. immitis, respectively [19,20].”
From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
A recent study supports the presence of L. infantum in some autonomous communities in northern Spain.
“a recent study also supports its presence in some autonomous communities in the north of the peninsula (44).”
From Current Distribution of Selected Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs in Spain (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
The lower prevalences in that recent study could be due to different sampling procedures and number of samples.
“which could be due to the different sampling procedures—being the samples from the northernmost area of the studied autonomous communities—and number of samples (44).”
From Current Distribution of Selected Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs in Spain (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
A recent study reported the presence of these diseases in northern Spain but with lower prevalences.
“a recent study reported presence of these diseases in the north of Spain, but showing lower prevalences”
From Current Distribution of Selected Vector-Borne Diseases in Dogs in Spain (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
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Seropositivity of Main Vector-Borne Pathogens in Dogs Across EuropePreprint
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- Authors
- Díaz-Regañón, D., Roura, X., Suárez, M. L., León, M., & Sainz, Á.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Spain) (ES)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Sainz, Ángel
- Venue
- Parasites & Vectors
- Published
- 2020-06-10
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 301-301
- ISSN
- 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7288488
- OpenAlex
- W3033724843
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Boehringer Ingelheim Spain
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Vector-Borne Animal Diseases
- Keywords
- canine vector-borne diseases, seroprevalence, Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma, Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, risk factors, dogs, northern Spain, clinical signs, urban-rural differences, seasonal variation, lymphadenomegaly, anemia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial, Antibodies, Helminth, Antibodies, Protozoan, Disease Vectors, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Geography, Leishmaniasis, Visceral, Male, Risk Factors, Spain, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Pets
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