Equine herpesvirus type 1 pUL56 modulates innate responses of airway epithelial cells.
Open accessAbstract
Recently, the product of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) ORF1, a homolog to HSV-1 pUL56, was shown to modulate MHC-I expression and innate immunity. Here, we investigated modulation of respiratory epithelial immunity by EHV-1 pUL56 and compared responses to those of PBMCs, which are important target cells that allow cell-associated EHV-1 viremia. The salient observations are as follows: (i) EHV-1 significantly down-modulated MHC-I and MHC-II expression in equine respiratory epithelial cells (ERECs). MHC-I expression remained unaffected in PBMCs and MHC-II expression was increased. (ii) Infection with an EHV-1 ORF1 deletion mutant partially restored MHC-I and MHC-II expression and altered IFN-alpha and IL-10 mRNA expression. (iii) Deletion of EHV-1 ORF1 also significantly increased chemokine expression and chemotaxis of monocytes and neutrophils in ERECs. Collectively, these results suggest a role for EHV-1 pUL56 in modulation of antigen presentation, cytokine expression and chemotaxis at the respiratory epithelium, but not in PBMC.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Infection with a deleted ORF1 mutant partially restored MHC I expression and significantly increased chemokine expression and chemotaxis of immune cells to EREC.
“Infection with a deleted ORF1 mutant partially restored MHC I expression and significantly increased chemokine expression and chemotaxis of immune cells to EREC (Soboll Hussey et al., 2014).”
From The Pathogenesis and Immune Evasive Mechanisms of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (2021) · cites this paper as Soboll Hussey et al., 2014
EHV-1 infection significantly down-regulates MHC I expression in EREC.
“Soboll-Hussey and colleagues demonstrated that EHV-1 infection significantly down-regulates MHC I expression in EREC.”
From The Pathogenesis and Immune Evasive Mechanisms of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (2021) · cites this paper as Soboll Hussey et al., 2014
Cites
Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method
Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001) · Methods · doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262 · Cited by 180,860 · see citing works
Infectious diseases of livestock
Coetzer, J. A. W., & Tustin, R. C. (2004) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 1,226 · see citing works
Saenz, S. A., Taylor, B. C., & Artis, D. (2008) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00713.x · Cited by 484 · see citing works
The innate immune response of the respiratory epithelium: Innate immunity in the airway
Diamond, G., Legarda, D., & Ryan, L. K. (2000) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2000.917304.x · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Recognition of herpesviruses by the innate immune system
Paludan, S. R., Bowie, A., Horan, K., & Fitzgerald, K. A. (2011) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2937 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Potent Immunosuppressive Activities of Cytomegalovirus- Encoded Interleukin-10
Spencer, J. V., Lockridge, K. M., Barry, P. A., Lin, G., Tsang, M., Penfold, M. E. T., & Schall, T. J. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.3.1285-1292.2002 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Koppelman, B., Neefjes, J., de Vries, J. E., & Malefyt, R. D. W. (1997) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80404-5 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
A point mutation in a herpesvirus polymerase determines neuropathogenicity.
Goodman, L. B., Loregian, A., Perkins, G. A., Nugent, J., Buckles, E. L., Mercorelli, B., Kydd, J. H., Palù, G., Smith, K. C., Osterrieder, N., et al. (2007) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030160 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationKoppers‐Lalic, D., Reits, E. A., Ressing, M. E., Lipińska, A. D., Abele, R., Koch, J., Rezende, M. M., Admiraal, P. C., van Leeuwen, D., Bieńkowska-Szewczyk, K., et al. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0501463102 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Immature Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Are Productively Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Mikloška, Z., Bosnjak, L., & Cunningham, A. L. (2001) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.75.13.5958-5964.2001 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Redpath, S., Angulo, A., Gascoigne, N. R. J., & Ghazal, P. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6701 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses
Wagner, B., & Freer, H. (2008) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.313 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Report of the Second Equine Leucocyte Antigen Workshop, Squaw Valley, California, July 1995
Lunn, D. P., Holmes, M. A., Antczak, D. F., Agerwal, N., Baker, J., Bendali-Ahcéne, S., Blanchard-Channell, M., Byrne, K. M., Cannizzo, K., Davis, W. C., et al. (1998) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00160-8 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationModulation of Major Histocompatibility Class II Protein Expression by Varicella-Zoster Virus
Abendroth, A., Slobedman, B., Lee, E. Y., Mellins, E., Wallace, M. R., & Arvin, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.74.4.1900-1907.2000 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Allen, G. P. (2008) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1595 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Majumder, B., Janket, M. L., Schafer, E. A., Schaubert, K. L., Huang, X.-L., Kan‐Mitchell, J., Rinaldo, C. R., & Ayyavoo, V. (2005) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.79.13.7990-8003.2005 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
KYDD, J. H., SMITH, K. C., HANNANT, D., LIVESAY, G. J., & MUMFORD, J. A. (1994) · Equine Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04052.x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
McBride, J., Jung, T., de Vries, J. E., & Aversa, G. (2002) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0008-8749(02)00007-2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Trgovcich, J., Johnson, D. C., & Roizman, B. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.14.6974-6986.2002 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Kydd, J. H., Wattrang, E., & Hannant, D. (2003) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.08.004 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Rate, A., Upham, J. W., Bosco, A., McKenna, K. L., & Holt, P. G. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.72 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Identification and Characterization of the UL56 Gene Product of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
Koshizuka, T., Goshima, F., Takakuwa, H., Nozawa, N., Daikoku, T., Koiwai, O., & Nishiyama, Y. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.13.6718-6728.2002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Viral suppression of the interferon system
Weber, F., & Haller, O. (2007) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2007.01.005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant.
Hussey, G. S., Hussey, S. B., Wagner, B., Horohov, D. W., Van de Walle, G. R., Osterrieder, N., Goehring, L. S., Rao, S., & Lunn, D. P. (2011) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/1297-9716-42-23 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationAn outbreak of paresis in mares and geldings associated with equid herpesvirus 1.
Crowhurst, F. A., Dickinson, G., & Burrows, R. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Herpes simplex virus type 2 membrane protein UL56 associates with the kinesin motor protein KIF1A
Koshizuka, T., Kawaguchi, Y., & Nishiyama, Y. (2005) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.80633-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Dancing with the enemy: the interplay of herpes simplex virus with dendritic cells
Novak, N., & Peng, W. (2005) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02927.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Summary Report of the Second Equine Leucocyte Antigen Workshop
Lunn, D. P., Holmes, M. A., & Antczak, D. F. (1996) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/s0165-2427(96)05674-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationQuintana, A. M., Landolt, G. A., Annis, K. M., & Hussey, G. S. (2011) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.12.008 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationVan de Walle, G. R., May, M. L., Sukhumavasi, W., von Einem, J., & Osterrieder, N. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4161 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationAmbagala, A. P. N., Gopinath, R. S., & Srikumaran, S. (2004) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.19563-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Toll-like receptor sensing of human herpesvirus infection
West, J. A., Gregory, S. M., & Damania, B. (2012) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00122 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Ma, G., Feineis, S., Osterrieder, N., & de Walle, G. R. V. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.06994-11 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationImmune escape of equine herpesvirus 1 and other herpesviruses of veterinary importance
van der Meulen, K. M., Favoreel, H. W., Pensaert, M. B., & Nauwynck, H. (2006) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.006 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Berkowitz, C., Moyal, M., R�sen-Wolff, A., Darai, G., & Becker, Y. (1994) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/bf01379108 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Herpesvirus Interference with Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Restricted T-Cell Activation
Wiertz, E., Devlin, R., Collins, H., & Ressing, M. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01525-06 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Stat2-Dependent Regulation of MHC Class II Expression
Zhao, W., Cha, E. N., Lee, C., Park, C. Y., & Schindler, C. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.463 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wagner, B., Wimer, C. L., Freer, H., Osterrieder, N., & Erb, H. N. (2011) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.06.032 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationInnate immune responses of airway epithelial cells to infection with Equine herpesvirus-1
Soboll Hussey, G., Ashton, L. V., Quintana, A. M., Lunn, D. P., Goehring, L. S., Annis, K., & Landolt, G. (2014) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.018 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationEquine herpesvirus type-1 modulates CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10 chemokine expression
Wimer, C. L., DAMIANI, A. M., Osterrieder, N., & Wagner, B. (2011) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.009 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationde Walle, G. R. V., Sakamoto, K., & Osterrieder, N. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02137-07 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Meulen, K., Caij, B., Pensaert, M., & Nauwynck, H. (2006) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.048 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kehm, R., Rösen‐Wolff, A., & Darai, G. (1996) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/0168-1702(96)80248-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Deruelle, M., den Broeke, C. V., Nauwynck, H., Mettenleiter, T. C., & Favoreel, H. W. (2009) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.019 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Said, A., Azab, W., DAMIANI, A. M., & Osterrieder, N. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00891-12 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationDiMolfetto, L., Neal, H. A., Wu, A., Reilly, C. R., & Lo, D. D. (1998) · Cellular Immunology · doi:10.1006/cimm.1997.1231 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The relationship of corneal Langerhans cells to herpes simplex antigens during dendritic keratitis
Pepose, J. S. (1989) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713688909000875 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gryspeerdt, A. C., Vandekerckhove, A. P., Baghi, H. B., Van de Walle, G. R., & Nauwynck, H. J. (2012) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.022 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
de Walle, G. R. V., Kaufer, B. B., Chbab, N., & Osterrieder, N. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m808127200 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationQuintana, A. M., Hussey, S. B., Burr, E. C., Pecoraro, H. L., Annis, K. M., Rao, S., & Landolt, G. A. (2011) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.72.8.1071 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationThormann, N., de Walle, G. R. V., Azab, W., & Osterrieder, N. (2012) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2012.07.029 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPisapia, L., Pozzo, G. D., Barba, P., Citro, A., Harris, P. E., & Maffei, A. (2012) · Results in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.rinim.2012.09.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 53 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy
Pusterla, N., & Hussey, G. S. (2014) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.006 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The Pathogenesis and Immune Evasive Mechanisms of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1
Laval, K., Poelaert, K. C. K., Van Cleemput, J., Zhao, J., Vandekerckhove, A. P., Gryspeerdt, A. C., Garré, B., van der Meulen, K., Baghi, H. B., Dubale, H. N., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.662686 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Perkins, G. A., Babasyan, S., Stout, A. E., Freer, H., Rollins, A., Wimer, C. L., & Wagner, B. (2019) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.014 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Holz, C. L., Nelli, R. K., Wilson, M. E., Zarski, L. M., Azab, W., Baumgardner, R., Osterrieder, N., Pease, A., Zhang, L., Hession, S., et al. (2017) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000773 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationWimer, C. L., Schnabel, C. L., Perkins, G. A., Babasyan, S., Freer, H., Stout, A. E., Rollins, A., Osterrieder, N., Goodman, L. B., Glaser, A. L., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206679 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationEquine Herpesvirus-1 Myeloencephalopathy
Pusterla, N., Hussey, G. S., & Goehring, L. S. (2022) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2022.05.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Schnabel, C. L., Wimer, C. L., Perkins, G. A., Babasyan, S., Freer, H., Watts, C., Rollins, A., Osterrieder, N., & Wagner, B. (2018) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-018-1563-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, Y., Maes, R. K., Tai, S., & Hussey, G. S. (2019) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.013 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hue, E. S., Richard, E. A., Fortier, C. I., Fortier, G. D., Paillot, R., Raue, R., & Pronost, S. L. (2017) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines5030028 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hussey, G. S., & Giessler, K. S. (2022) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105827 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Giessler, K. S., Goehring, L. S., Jacob, S. I., Davis, A., Esser, M. M., Lee, Y., Zarski, L. M., Weber, P. S. D., & Hussey, G. S. (2024) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001987 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Claessen, C., Favoreel, H. W., Ma, G., Osterrieder, N., Schauwer, C. D., Piepers, S., & de Walle, G. R. V. (2014) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.013 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationDaniel, G. R., Sollars, P. J., Pickard, G. E., & Smith, G. A. (2015) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pavulraj, S., Kamel, M., Stephanowitz, H., Liu, F., Plendl, J., Osterrieder, N., & Azab, W. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12090999 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationUnmasking the ongoing challenge of equid herpesvirus- 1 (EHV-1): A comprehensive review
Afify, A. F., Hassanien, R. T., Naggar, R. F. E., Rohaim, M. A., & Munir, M. (2024) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106755 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Zarski, L. M., Weber, P. S. D., Lee, Y., & Hussey, G. S. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10010043 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Equine herpesvirus 1 elicits a strong pro-inflammatory response in the brain of mice
Mesquita, L. P., Costa, R. C., Zanatto, D. A., Bruhn, F. R. P., Mesquita, L. L. R., Lara, M. D. C. C. D. S. H., Villalobos, E. M. C., Massoco, C. D. O., Mori, C. M. C., Mori, Ê., et al. (2021) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001556 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Equid herpesvirus-1 Distribution in Equine Lymphoid and Neural Tissues 70 Days Post Infection
Samoilowa, S., Giessler, K. S., Medina‐Torres, C. E., Hussey, G. S., Allum, A. J., Fux, R., Jerke, C., Kiupel, M., Matiasek, K., Sledge, D. G., et al. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10060707 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhao, H., Wang, S., Liu, C., Han, J., Tang, J., Zhou, L., Ge, X., Guo, X., & Yang, H. (2018) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
EHV-1 Pathogenesis: Current in vitro Models and Future Perspectives
Kamel, M. S., Pavulraj, S., Osterrieder, N., & Azab, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00251 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAbsence of relationship between type-I interferon suppression and neuropathogenicity of EHV-1
Oladunni, F. S., Sarkar, S., Reedy, S. E., Balasuriya, U. B. R., Horohov, D. W., & Chambers, T. M. (2018) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.01.007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zarski, L. M., VAALA, W. E., Barnett, D. C., Bain, F. T., & Hussey, G. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.674850 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lyu, C., Li, W., Shu-wen, W., Peng, J., Yang, Y., Tian, Z., & Cai, X. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21093148 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Balena, V., Pradhan, S. S., Bera, B. C., Anand, T., Sansanwal, R., Khetmalis, R. S., Madhwal, A., Bernela, M., Supriya, K., Pavulraj, S., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.044 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Equine Herpesviruses (Herpesviridae)
Hussey, G. S., Osterrieder, N., & Azab, W. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20977-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationda Silva, A. A. (2019) · Animal and Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.avs.20190702.15
Immunity to selected equine viruses
Tizard, I. R. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44863-8.00029-6
- Authors
- Soboll Hussey, G., Ashton, L. V., Quintana, A. M., Van de Walle, G. R., Osterrieder, N., & Lunn, D. P.
- Affiliations
- Colorado State University (US)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Venue
- Virology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 464-465
- Pages
- 76-86
- ISSN
- 0042-6822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2029635735
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Virology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Morris Animal Foundation
- Agriculture and Food Research Initiative competitive (2012-67015-20498)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Herpesvirus Infections and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Keywords
- equine herpesvirus 1, ORF1, innate immunity, airway epithelial cells, MHC class I downregulation, MHC class II, antigen presentation, interferon-alpha, IL-10, chemokine expression, monocyte chemotaxis, neutrophil chemotaxis, viremia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Epithelial Cells, Herpesvirus 1, Equid, Horse Diseases, Horses, Immunity, Innate, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Viral Nonstructural Proteins, Chemokines, Respiratory Mucosa, Host-Pathogen Interactions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review