Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Outdoor and Indoor Dust from Mainland China: Contributions of Unknown Precursors and Implications for Human Exposure
Abstract
= 43, 38 paired with outdoors) samples across mainland China. From 2013 to 2017, the median concentration of ∑PFASs in outdoor dust tripled from 63 to 164 ng/g with an elevated contribution of trifluoroacetic acid and 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol. In 2017, the indoor dust levels of ∑PFASs were in the range 185-913 ng/g, which were generally higher than the outdoor dust levels (105-321 ng/g). Emerging PFASs were found at high median levels of 5.7-97 ng/g in both indoor and outdoor dust samples. As first revealed by the total oxidized precursors assay, unknown perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA)-precursors contributed 37-67 mol % to the PFAS profiles in indoor dust samples. A great proportion of C8 PFAA-precursors were precursors for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, while C6 and C4 PFAA-precursors were mostly fluorotelomer based. Furthermore, daily perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) equivalent intakes of PFAAs (C4-C12) mixtures via indoor dust were first estimated at 1.3-1.5 ng/kg b.w./d for toddlers at high scenarios, which exceeds the derived daily threshold of 0.63 ng/kg b.w./d. from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). On this basis, an underestimation of 56%-69% likely remains without considering potential risks due to the biotransformation of unknown PFAA-precursors.
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TFA residues (and other PFAS) have been detected in indoor and outdoor dust in China.
“Residues of TFA (and other PFAS) have now been detected in indoor and outdoor dust in China [245].”
From Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate (2023) · cites this paper as [245]
The 95th centile estimated daily intakes of TFA for toddlers and adults were 5.3 and 0.55 ng a.e. kg−1 body weight, respectively, for indoor dust.
“The 95th centile estimated daily intakes of TFA for toddlers and adults were 5.3 and 0.55 ng a.e. kg−1 body weight, respectively, for indoor dust.”
From Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate (2023) · cites this paper as [245]
Median concentrations of TFA in outdoor dust from six locations in China ranged from 61,000 to 222,000 μg a.e. kg−1 with no consistent differences between rural and urban sites.
“Median concentrations of TFA in outdoor dust from six locations in China ranged from 61,000 to 222,000 µg a.e. kg−1 with no consistent differences between rural and urban sites.”
From Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate (2023) · cites this paper as [245]
Concentrations of other PFAS in dust were much smaller than TFA.
“Concentrations of other PFAS were much smaller [245].”
From Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate (2023) · cites this paper as [245]
The 95th centile estimated daily intakes for toddlers and adults from outdoor dust were 3.2 and 0.33 ng a.e. kg−1 body weight.
“The 95th centile estimated daily intakes for toddlers and adults from outdoor dust were 3.2 and 0.33 ng a.e. kg−1 body weight.”
From Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate (2023) · cites this paper as [245]
The original source(s) of contamination in the dusts are unknown, but there were amounts of unknown precursors (37 − 67 mol %) for PFAS in the dust.
“The original source(s) of the contamination in the dusts are unknown but there were amounts of unknown precursors (37 − 67 mol %) for PFAS in the dust [245].”
From Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate (2023) · cites this paper as [245]
In urban sites, concentrations of TFA in indoor dust from six locations in China ranged from 117,000 to 470,000 μg a.e. kg−1.
“In urban sites, concentrations of TFA in indoor dust from six locations in China ranged from 117,000 to 470,000 µg a.e. kg−1.”
From Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate (2023) · cites this paper as [245]
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- Authors
- Wang, B., Yao, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, H., & Sun, H.
- Affiliations
- Nankai University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yao, Yiming
- Sun, Hongwen
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2021-03-26
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 6036-6045
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W3139498985
- Semantic Scholar
- 64fe7cce114c3250d059c240c2e4e7a9c3190a20
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 5.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Technology, China (2019YFC1804404)
- Ministry of Education, China (T2017002)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 41807356; 22036004; 22006074)
- Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (19JCQNJC07400; 18JCQNJC09200)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, house dust, outdoor dust, fluorotelomer alcohols, human exposure, emerging PFASs, PFOS, biotransformation, toddlers, China
- MeSH terms
- China, Dust, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Humans
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