Molecular evolution of the neurohypophysial hormone precursors in mammals: Comparative genomics reveals novel mammalian oxytocin and vasopressin analogues
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Among vertebrates the neurohypophysial hormones show considerable variation. However, in eutherian mammals they have been considered rather conserved, with arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) in all species except pig and some relatives, where lysine vasopressin replaces AVP. The availability of genomic data for a wide range of mammals makes it possible to assess whether these peptides and their precursors may be more variable in Eutheria than previously suspected. A survey of these data confirms that AVP and OT occur in most eutherians, but with exceptions. In a New-World monkey (marmoset, Callithrix jacchus) and in tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), Pro(8)OT replaces OT, confirming a recent report for these species. In armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) Leu(3)OT replaces OT, while in tenrec (Echinops telfairi) Thr(4)AVP replaces AVP. In these two species there is also evidence for additional genes/pseudogenes, encoding much-modified forms of AVP, but in most other eutherian species there is no evidence for additional neurohypophysial hormone genes. Evolutionary analysis shows that sequences of eutherian neurohypophysial hormone precursors are generally strongly conserved, particularly those regions encoding active peptide and neurophysin. The close association between OT and VP genes has led to frequent gene conversion of sequences encoding neurophysins. A monotreme, platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) has genes for OT and AVP, organized tail-to-tail as in eutherians, but in marsupials 3-4 genes are present for neurohypophysial hormones, organized tail-to-head as in lower vertebrates.
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New World monkeys have genetic variation in OT and AVP peptide and receptor genes across species.
“Species differences in receptor binding characteristics vary widely, especially in light of recent discoveries in New World monkeys, which show genetic variations in both the OT and AVP peptide and receptor genes across species (105-110).”
From Comparative Perspectives on Oxytocin and Vasopressin Receptor Research in Rodents and Primates: Translational Implications (2016) · cites this paper as [110]
Receptor binding characteristics differ widely across species.
“Species differences in receptor binding characteristics vary widely, especially in light of recent discoveries in New World monkeys, which show genetic variations in both the OT and AVP peptide and receptor genes across species (105-110).”
From Comparative Perspectives on Oxytocin and Vasopressin Receptor Research in Rodents and Primates: Translational Implications (2016) · cites this paper as [110]
The dN/dS ratio for eutherian OXT is strikingly low: 0.009.
“dN/dS for eutherian OXT is strikingly low: 0.009.”
From Neuropeptide diversity and the regulation of social behavior in New World primates (2016) · cites this paper as Wallis, 2012
The dN/dS ratio for the ligand-coding region of AVP is remarkably low (0.005), suggesting extreme conservation of AVP ligand structure across eutherian mammals.
“dN/dS ratios for the ligand-coding region of AVP are also remarkably low (0.005), again suggesting extreme conservation of AVP ligand structure across eutherian mammals.”
From Neuropeptide diversity and the regulation of social behavior in New World primates (2016) · cites this paper as Wallis, 2012
OT structure and the genes that ultimately determine structure are highly conserved among diverse eutherian mammals.
“OT structure and the genes that ultimately determine structure are highly conserved among diverse eutherian mammals”
From Neuropeptide diversity and the regulation of social behavior in New World primates (2016) · cites this paper as Wallis, 2012
The presence of distinct OT- and AVP-like ligands in primitive jawed fish suggests an evolutionary origin for these ligands in vertebrates at least 500 million years ago.
“The presence of these two forms in primitive jawed fish suggests an evolutionary origin for distinct OT/AVP ligands in vertebrates at least 500 million years ago”
From Neuropeptide diversity and the regulation of social behavior in New World primates (2016) · cites this paper as Wallis, 2012
In nonmammalian vertebrates and the opossum, the genes for the two nonapeptides are arranged tail-to-head, whereas in eutherian mammals the AVP and OT genes are arranged tail-to-tail.
“In nonmammalian vertebrates and the opossum, genes for the two nonapeptides are arranged tail-to-head, indicating that transcription occurs from the same DNA strand. In contrast, AVP and OT genes are arranged tail-to-tail in all eutherian mammals”
From Neuropeptide diversity and the regulation of social behavior in New World primates (2016) · cites this paper as Wallis, 2012
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- Authors
- Wallis, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wallis, Michael
- ORCID
- Wallis, Michael
- Venue
- General and Comparative Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 313-318
- ISSN
- 0016-6480 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2014854982
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- General and Comparative Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- neurohypophyseal hormones, oxytocin, vasopressin, lysine vasopressin, molecular evolution, placental mammals, gene conversion, neurophysin, oxytocin analogues, platypus, marsupials, marmoset, tree shrew, armadillos, tenrecs, pseudogenes, comparative genomics
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Armadillos, Callithrix, Gene Conversion, Eulipotyphla, Mammals, Marsupialia, Oxytocin, Phylogeny, Pituitary Hormones, Posterior, Protein Precursors, Tupaiidae, Vasopressins, Sequence Alignment, Evolution, Molecular
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