Biased Over- Or Under-Reporting is Characteristic of Individuals Whether Over Time or by Different Assessment Methods

BLACK, ALISON E.; COLE, TIMOTHY J.

doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00018-9

Cited by 249Nutritional Studies and DietNutrition, Health and Food BehaviorSurvey Methodology and Nonresponse

Biased Over- Or Under-Reporting is Characteristic of Individuals Whether Over Time or by Different Assessment Methods

BLACK, ALISON E., COLE, TIMOTHY J.·2001·Journal of the American Dietetic Association

DOI 10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00018-9

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Abstract

Seven studies with repeated measurements of energy intake and/or nitrogen intake were examined to determine whether misreporting is characteristic of some persons or occurs randomly. Four of the studies were validated by doubly labeled water measurements of energy expenditure. Reporting validity was expressed as the ratio of energy intake to energy expenditure. Ratios were consistently below the expected value of 1.0 for some subjects and consistently above 1.0 for others, indicating characteristic reporting validity within subjects. Two year-long studies provided 4 to 12 measurements and a total number of days sufficient to measure individual habitual intake. Subjects mean energy intake to basal metabolic rate (BMR) ratios were < 1.35 in 45% and 47% and < 1.35 at every measurement in 25% of subjects. This indicated persistent underreporting over time, because 1.35 x BMR is the minimum energy expenditure compatible with a normally active lifestyle. Three of the studies used more than 1 assessment method (validated by doubly labeled water and/or urinary nitrogen excretion). There was a tendency for persons determined to be underreporters by 1 method to be also underreporters when tested by other methods. We conclude that biased over- or underreporting is characteristic of some persons. Thus, repeat measurements do not necessarily provide valid measures of individual intake, extreme intakes may reflect under- and overreporting rather than true low or high intakes, and subjects most prone to reporting bias may be repeatedly misclassified in quantiles of the distribution. This presents a challenge to dietitians nutritionists, and statisticians both for the design of surveys and the handling of flawed data.

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Many studies evaluate good compliance based solely on self-reporting, which is prone to bias due to over- or underreporting.
“Additionally, many of the studies evaluate good compliance based solely on self-reporting, which is known to be prone to give rise to bias due to over/underreporting [77].”
From Are Dietary Proteins the Key to Successful Body Weight Management? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Assessing Body Weight Outcomes after Interventions with Increased Dietary Protein (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
Animal studies have indicated that the increased weight gain observed within the shift work population is caused, at least partly, by eating during the 'wrong' time of day.
“Animal studies have indicated that the increased weight gain observed within the shift work population is caused, at least partly, by eating during the 'wrong' time of day (6,48) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
Circadian rhythms in the human body are a complex interaction of many circadian patterns, which are thought to be controlled via the central clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus, and by peripheral circadian clocks present in nearly all organs and cells.
“Circadian rhythms in the human body are a complex interaction of many circadian patterns, which are thought to be controlled in two main ways: via the central clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus, and by peripheral circadian clocks which are present in nearly all organs and cells (6,8) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
Other genes, like Bmal1 and Per1/2 and Cry1/2, were found to form an important transcriptional-translational feedback loop in the circadian system.
“Other genes, like Bmal1 and Per1/2 and Cry1/2 were found to form an important transcriptional-translational feedback loop in the circadian system (6,52) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
Studies in shift workers indicate that they are at an increased risk of developing other diseases such as cancer.
“This review was concentrated on the impact of meal irregularity on cardiometabolic risk factors, but studies in shift workers indicate that they are also at an increased risk of developing other diseases such as cancer (6) .”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [6]

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Self-citation

Authors: BLACK, A. E., & COLE, T. J.
Affiliations: Medical Research Council (GB)
Corresponding author: BLACK, ALISON E.
Venue: Journal of the American Dietetic Association
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2001-01
Volume: 101
Issue: 1
Pages: 70-80
ISSN: 0002-8223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00018-9
OpenAlex: W2033856806
Cited by: 249
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 18.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the American Dietetic Association (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Keywords: energy intake, energy expenditure, underreporting, overreporting, reporting bias, doubly labeled water, urinary nitrogen excretion, basal metabolic rate, misclassification
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Basal Metabolism, Energy Intake, Child, Energy Metabolism, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrogen, Pregnancy, Reproducibility of Results, Diet Records, Bias

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Biased Over- Or Under-Reporting is Characteristic of Individuals Whether Over Time or by Different Assessment Methods

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