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An experimental investigation of the role of safety-seeking behaviours in the maintenance of panic disorder with agoraphobia
Abstract
This study evaluates the hypothesis that safety-seeking behaviours play an important role in maintaining anxiety because they prevent patients from benefiting from disconfirmatory experience. Patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia carried out a behaviour test, closely followed by an experimental session, which included a brief (15 min) period of exposure during which participants either stopped or maintained within-situation safety-seeking behaviours. When the behaviour test was repeated within two days, patients who had stopped their safety-seeking behaviours during the experimental session showed a significantly greater decrease in catastrophic beliefs and anxiety than those who had maintained safety-seeking behaviour. This difference was also reflected in questionnaires measuring clinical anxiety. These results are consistent with the cognitive hypothesis.
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“Our findings are consistent with this body of research, indicating that elements of treatment can be used as 'safety seeking behaviours' that reduce efficacy of exposure and maintain the disorder by preventing disconfirmatory experiences concerning fears of bodily sensations [42].”
From Helpful and hindering factors for remission in dysthymia and panic disorder at 9-year follow-up: A mixed methods study (2008) · cites this paper as [42]
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“0022-3018/02/1901–16 Vol. 190, No. 1 THE JOURNAL OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2002 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 16 decline in their belief in the feared outcome and in self-rated anxiety compared with those given the habituation rationale (Salkovskis et al., 1999).”
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“…of psychopathology in ways related to the phenomenology of the problem (Canvin et al ., 2016; Clark and Teasdale, 1982; Wild et al ., 2008) through to field experiments in which the controls are less precise but ecological validity is built in (Rachman et al ., 1976; Salkovskis et al ., 1999).”
Self-citationEmotion regulation strategies in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder
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The Roles of Persistence and Perseveration in Psychopathology
Serpell, L., Waller, G., Fearon, P. R. M., & Meyer, C. (2008) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.07.001 · Cited by 53
“…in different ways, consistent with the hypothesis that perseveration nventory and the Persistence, Perseveration and Perfectionism is a maladaptive/unhealthy trait (e.g., Salkovskis, 1996; Salkovskis et al., 1999), whereas persistence is an adaptive/healthy trait (e.g., Brandon et al., 2003).”
BackgroundGoetz, A. R., Davine, T. P., Siwiec, S. G., & Lee, H. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.12.005 · Cited by 54
Milosevic, I., & Radomsky, A. S. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9483-2 · Cited by 50
Active-imaginal exposure: examination of a new behavioral treatment for cynophobia (dog phobia)
Rentz, T. O., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., Cougle, J. R., & Telch, M. J. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00041-x · Cited by 47
Milosevic, I., & Radomsky, A. S. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.27.2.155 · Cited by 46
“Because several studies evaluating the effects of safety behavior during exposure-based treatments have compared conditions of retained safety behavior under an extinction rationale with conditions of discouraged safety behavior under a cognitive rationale (e.g., McManus et al., 2008; Salkovskis et al., 1999; Sloan &…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Salkovskis, P. M., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., Wells, A., & Gelder, M. G.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Salkovskis, Paul M.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-06
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 559-574
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2064286008
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 7.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Keywords
- safety-seeking behavior, panic disorder with agoraphobia, anxiety maintenance, exposure therapy, anxiety reduction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Agoraphobia, Anxiety, Attitude, Avoidance Learning, Desensitization, Psychologic, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Panic, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Panic Disorder
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