Hormone profiles in humans experiencing military survival training
Abstract
Background Clinical models of the human response to intense, acute stress have been limited to laboratory settings or cross sectional characterizations. As a result, data about the sensitivity of the human neuroendocrine activation to realistic stressors of varying magnitudes are limited. The U.S. Army survival course offers a unique opportunity to examine, in a controlled manner, the human response to acute, realistic, military stress.Methods Salivary data were collected in 109 subjects at baseline during four stress exposure time points and at recovery. Serum data was collected at baseline and recovery in 72 subjects and at baseline and during stress exposure in a subgroup of subjects (n = 21).Results Cortisol significantly increased during the captivity experience and was greatest after subjects' exposure to interrogations. Cortisol remained significantly elevated at recovery. Testosterone was significantly reduced within 12 hours of captivity. Reductions of both total and free T4 and of total and free T3 were observed, as were increases in thyrotropin.Conclusions The stress of military survival training produced dramatic alterations in cortisol, percent free cortisol, testosterone, and thyroid indices. Different types of stressors had varying effects on the neuroendocrine indices. The degree of neuroendocrine changes observed may have significant implications for subsequent responses to stress.
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ResultMisinformation can influence memory for recently experienced, highly stressful events
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“The interrogation stress experienced by participants at Survival School is intense and elicits profound alterations in psychological and neurobiological indices (Morgan, Wang, et al., 2001; Morgan et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVythilingam, M., Nelson, E. E., Scaramozza, M., Waldeck, T. L., Hazlett, G. A., Southwick, S. M., Pine, D. S., Drevets, W. C., Charney, D. S., & Monique Ernst, D. (2009) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.06.008 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Special forces (SF) soldiers constitute an elite military group preselected and trained to be resilient in the face of severe trauma (Morgan et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychological stress and fibromyalgia: a review of the evidence suggesting a neuroendocrine link.
Gupta, A., & Silman, A. J. (2004) · Arthritis Research · doi:10.1186/ar1176 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“military endurance courses [56–58].”
Farina, E. K., Thompson, L., Knapik, J. J., Pasiakos, S. M., McClung, J. P., & Lieberman, H. R. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112647 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Li, X., Kan, E. M., Lu, J., Cao, Y., Wong, R. K. M., Keshavarzian, A., & Wilder‐Smith, C. H. (2013) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.12269 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Plasma cortisol and neuropeptide Y in female victims of intimate partner violence
Seedat, S., Stein, M. B., Kennedy, C. M., & Hauger, R. L. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00086-0 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Hormonal responses during a prolonged military field exercise with variable exercise intensity
Kyröläinen, H., Karinkanta, J., Santtila, M., Koski, H., Mäntysaari, M., & Pullinen, T. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0619-0 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Similar hormonal alterations for COR, TES and thyroid hormone levels have also been found following stressful military survival training (Morgan et al. 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGettler, L. T., McDade, T. W., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2011) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.21187 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Corticosteroid Induced Decoupling of the Amygdala in Men
Henckens, M. J. A. G., van Wingen, G. A., Joëls, M., & Fernández, G. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr313 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…of 10-mg hydrocortisone increased salivary cortisol levels to those observed during moderate to high levels of stress (Schommer et al. 1999; Morgan et al. 2000) (Table 1), which was evidenced by a significant main effect of group ( F 1,41 = 55.34, P < 0.001) and a time 3 group interaction (…”
BackgroundInfluentialDynamically changing effects of corticosteroids on human hippocampal and prefrontal processing
Henckens, M. J. A. G., Pu, Z., Hermans, E. J., van Wingen, G. A., Joëls, M., & Fernández, G. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21409 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“The administration dose of 20 mg was based on previous studies using a similar dose [Buchanan and Lovallo, 2001; van Stegeren et al., 2010] showing that this dose elevated cortisol levels to those observed during exposure to severe stress [Morgan et al., 2000].”
BackgroundMethodRasmusson, A. M., King, M. W., Valovski, I. T., Gregor, K. L., Scioli, E. R., Pineles, S. L., Hamouda, M., Nillni, Y. I., Anderson, G. M., & Pinna, G. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.027 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“The expression of 5αreductase I, which has micromolar affinity for its steroid substrates (Normington and Russell, 1992), increases in male rodents when testosterone levels decrease (Torres and Ortega, 2003)—as occurs in men during intense stress (Morgan et al., 2000)—thereby facilitating catabolism of the increased q…”
BackgroundBonne, O. B., Brandes, D., Segman, R. H., Pitman, R. K., Yehuda, R., & Shalev, A. Y. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00098-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“These observations differed from the expected, and consistently observed increase in cortisol levels following acute stress (Morgan et al., 2000).”
ResultStressful Military Training: Endocrine Reactivity, Performance, and Psychological Impact
Taylor, M. K., Sausen, K. P., Potterat, E. G., Mujica-Parodi, L. R., Reis, J. P., Markham, A. E., Padilla, G. A., & Taylor, D. L. (2007) · Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.3357/asem.2151.2007 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Diurnal Cortisol Variation According to High-Risk Occupational Specialty Within Police
Planche, K., Chan, J. F., Nota, P. M. D., Beston, B., Boychuk, E. C., Collins, P. I., & Andersen, J. P. (2019) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001591 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Circadian Alteration in Neurobiology During 30 Days of Abstinence in Heroin Users
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Varanoske, A. N., McClung, H. L., Sepowitz, J. J., Halagarda, C. J., Farina, E. K., Berryman, C. E., Lieberman, H. R., McClung, J. P., Pasiakos, S. M., & Karl, J. P. (2022) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.002 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
An immunoelectrochemical sensor for salivary cortisol measurement
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Sojka, P. A., Stålnacke, B., Björnstig, U., & Karlsson, K. (2006) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050600676982 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“during military survival training [20]) nor necessarily indicative of head injury severity [17, 18].”
BackgroundWilliams, T. B., Corbett, J., McMorris, T., Young, J. S., Dicks, M., Ando, S., Thelwell, R., Tipton, M., & Costello, J. T. (2019) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep087647 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“The minimal increases in cortisol, the most widely accepted measure of HPA axis activity (Costello et al., 2018; Morgan et al., 2000), V̇E and heart rate suggest that the participants experienced only minor levels of physiological strain even in the most severe hypoxic exposure (Table 2).”
BackgroundInsulin resistance induced by hydrocortisone is increased in patients with abdominal obesity
Darmon, P., Dadoun, F., Boullu-Ciocca, S., Grino, M., Alessi, M.-C., & Dutour, A. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00654.2005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Circulating biomarkers associated with performance and resilience during military operational stress
Beckner, M. E., Main, L. C., Tait, J. L., Martin, B. J., Conkright, W. R., & Nindl, B. C. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1962983 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Phasic deactivation of the medial temporal lobe enables working memory processing under stress
Cousijn, H., Rijpkema, M., Qin, S., van Wingen, G. A., & Fernández, G. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.027 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“All these measures indicate that our stress induction procedure led to a significant but, when compared to real-life stress situations (Chatterton et al., 1997; Morgan et al., 2000), relatively moderate increase in stress levels.”
Morgan, C. A., Aikins, D. E., Steffian, G., Coric, V., & Southwick, S. M. (2006) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00475.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysiological and Psychological Fatigue in Extreme Conditions: The Military Example
Weeks, S. R., McAuliffe, C. L., DuRussel, D., & Pasquina, P. F. (2010) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.03.023 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Liang, J. J., & Rasmusson, A. M. (2018) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547018818555 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“In male rodents, 5a-R1 activity increases markedly as testosterone levels decrease(75)—as occurs during intense stress in men.(82) In female rodents, testosterone has no effect on 5a-R1 expression in the PFC, whereas 5a-DHT markedly increases 5a-R1 levels.”
BackgroundCurrent Challenges in Female Veterans' Health
Resnick, E. M., Mallampalli, M. P., & Carter, C. L. (2012) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2012.3644 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“10 A study is underway to ascertain if ALLO level are also low in men with PTSD.”
Taverniers, J., Smeets, T., Ruysseveldt, J. V., Syroit, J., & von Grumbkow, J. (2011) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0023742 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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Davidson, J. R. T., Baldwin, D. S., Stein, D. J., Pedersen, R., Ahmed, S., Musgnung, J. J., Benattia, I., & ROTHBAUM, B. O. (2008) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0b013e32830c202d · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…of resilience has been emphasized in the child development literature for many years (Rutter, 1985; Werner, 1992; Kim-Cohen et al., 2004), with more recent work focusing on the relationship between resilience and responses to trauma in various age groups (Morgan et al., 2000; Charney, 2004).”
BackgroundTaylor, M. K., Sausen, K. P., Mujica-Parodi, L. R., Potterat, E. G., Yanagi, M. A., & Kim, H. L. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Morgan, C. A., Hazlett, G. A., Baranoski, M., Doran, A. P., Southwick, S. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2007) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2007.03.005 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationRevenge versus rapport: Interrogation, terrorism, and torture.
Alison, L. J., & Alison, E. K. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000064 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t06346-000 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gray, P. B., Straftis, A. A., Bird, B. M., McHale, T. S., & Zilioli, S. (2019) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.04.017 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Taylor, M. K., Stanfill, K. E., Padilla, G. A., Markham, A. E., Ward, M. D., Koehler, M. M., Anglero, A., & Adams, B. D. (2011) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-11-00149 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Conkright, W. R., O’Leary, T. J., Wardle, S. L., Greeves, J. P., Beckner, M. E., & Nindl, B. C. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1916082 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…with increased energy expenditure, body mass loss, and changes in endocrine status (Friedl et al., 2000; Henning et al., 2014; Hill et al., 2015; Nindl et al., 2007a; Ojanen et al., 2018; Margolis, Rood, Champagne, Young, & Castellani, 2013; Morgan et al., 2000), but not all (Farina et al., 2017).”
BackgroundCharney, D. S. (2003) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2003.5.3/dcharney · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Physically and psychologically stressful training exercises produce a reduction in testosterone levels in elite special forces.(79) Decreased testosterone from exposure to stress may be caused by decreased leutinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LHRH) synthesis at the hypothalamus or leutinizing hormone (LH) secretion…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationNeuroendocrine mechanism for tolerance to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in male rats
Yang, S.-H., Liu, R., Wen, Y., Perez, E., Cutright, J., Brun‐Zinkernagel, A., Singh, M., Day, A. L., & Simpkins, J. W. (2004) · Journal of Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/neu.20103 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A Glucocorticoid Sensitive Biphasic Rhythm of Testosterone Secretion
Waite, E., Kershaw, Y. M., Spiga, F., & Lightman, S. L. (2009) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01900.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mechanistic insights into corticosteroids in multiple sclerosis: War horse or chameleon?☆
Krieger, S. C., Sorrells, S. F., Nickerson, M., & Pace, T. W. W. (2014) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.12.021 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Reijnen, A., Geuze, E., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.017 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Taylor, M. K., Padilla, G. A., Stanfill, K. E., Markham, A. E., Khosravi, J. Y., Dial Ward, M. D., & Koehler, M. M. (2012) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2011.585189 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“This coincides with prior studies conducted in nearly identical military settings (Morgan et al. 2000; Taylor et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultTaverniers, J., Smeets, T., Bue, S. L., Syroit, J., Ruysseveldt, J. V., Pattyn, N., & von Grumbkow, J. (2011) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0043-0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Vythilingam, M., Lawley, M., Collin, C., Bonne, O. B., Agarwal, R., Hadd, K., Charney, D. S., & Grillon, C. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300843 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“001; group drug: F¼ 1.83, df¼ 1,16.9, p¼ 0.19), which approx- imate stress levels of cortisol as reported in previous studies (Howard et al, 1955; Morgan et al, 2000, 2001).”
InfluentialSelf-citationArmario, A., Labad, J., & Nadal, R. A. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.013 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Fidler, J. A., Treleaven, C. M., Frakes, A., Tamsett, T. J., McCrate, M., Cheng, S. H., Shihabuddin, L. S., Kaspar, B. K., & Dodge, J. C. (2011) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.11-190819 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Similarly, the stress of military training (which is both physically and psychologically stressful) has been shown to produce sustained elevations in serum cortisol levels (49, 50).”
BackgroundGillespie, C. F., Almli, L. M., Smith, A. K., Bradley, B., Kerley, K. A., Crain, D. F., Mercer, K. B., Weiss, T., Phifer, J. E., Tang, Y., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32147 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Serum Testosterone Concentration in Combat-Related Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Karlović, D., Serretti, A., Marčinko, D., Martinac, M., Silić, A., & Katinić, K. (2012) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000329556 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Taverniers, J., Taylor, M. K., & Smeets, T. (2012) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2012.721824 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“These findings, under identical conditions, have been discussed in Taverniers et al. (2010) and accord with work under comparable stress conditions of both Morgan et al. (2000, 2001, 2002) and Taylor et al. (2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultDeuter, C., Duesenberg, M., Hellmann-Regen, J., Metz, S., Roepke, S., Wolf, O. T., Otte, C., & Wingenfeld, K. (2021) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-021-00145-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The stress continuum model: a military organizational approach to resilience and recovery
Nash, W. P., Steenkamp, M. M., Conoscenti, L. M., & Litz, B. T. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994791.018 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ralph, C. S., Vartanian, O. A., Lieberman, H. R., Morgan, C. A., & Cheung, B. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.04.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“These physiological biomarkers of stress were affected by captivity survival training in U.S. SERE schools to a degree that was equal to or greater than alterations measured in individuals undergoing major surgery or actual combat (Morgan et al., 2000a,b).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationSurgical resilience: A review of resilience biomarkers and surgical recovery
Graham, D., & Becerril-Martínez, G. (2014) · The Surgeon · doi:10.1016/j.surge.2014.03.006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Yanagawa, Y., Morimura, T., Tsunekawa, K., Seki, K., Ogiwara, T., Kotajima, N., Machida, T., Matsumoto, S., Adachi, T., & Murakami, M. (2010) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.k09e-359 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sex differences in coping strategies in military survival school
Schmied, E. A., Padilla, G. A., Thomsen, C. J., Lauby, M. D. H., Harris, E., & Taylor, M. K. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.10.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Andersen, J. P., Dorai, M., Papazoglou, K. O., & Arnetz, B. B. (2016) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000756 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The findings are in line with prior research indicating that military personnel undergoing stressful training scenarios experience elevated daily cortisol patterns.(8) High-performance athletes also exhibit high diurnal cortisol patterns and elevated CAR responses, similar to police and military personnel.”
ResultVaara, J. P., Eränen, L., Ojanen, T., Pihlainen, K., Nykänen, T., Kallinen, K., Heikkinen, R., & Kyröläinen, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17239064 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Moreover, hormonal biomarkers respond rapidly to alterations in physiological state and it has been shown that during military field training, for example, cortisol and testosterone concentrations can change to great extent [4,5,8,9,11].”
BackgroundSalivary Biosensors for Screening Trauma Related Psychopathology
Shetty, V., & Yamaguchi, M. (2010) · Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.coms.2010.01.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bhattacharya, A., Chakraborty, M., Chanda, A., Alqahtani, T., Kumer, A., Dhara, B., & Chattopadhyay, M. (2024) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.18220 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“34 Notably, testosterone levels decrease following stress, 35 and individuals with PTSD or MDD often exhibit low circulating levels of this hormone.”
BackgroundTestosterone and cortisol responses to acute and prolonged stress during officer training school
Zueger, R., Annen, H., & Ehlert, U. (2023) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2023.2199886 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…conditions (e.g. competitiveness) were not assessed. consistent with the hypothesis and in line with other military studies (lieberman et al., 2016; Morgan et al., 2000), testosterone decreased dramatically and cortisol increased concurrently during the brief recovery phase in the field exercise.…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTaylor, M. K., Larson, G. E., Lauby, M. D. H., Padilla, G. A., Wilson, I. E., Schmied, E. A., Highfill‐McRoy, R. M., & Morgan, C. A. (2013) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2013.869208 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Morgan and colleagues pioneered a scientific paradigm evaluating stress reactivity among trainees in a standardized yet highly realistic survival training involving mock captivity (Dimoulas et al., 2007; Morgan et al., 2000, 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSpratt, D. I., Kramer, R. S., Morton, J. R., Lucas, F. L., Becker, K., & Longcope, C. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00472.2007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Lieberman, H. R., Thompson, L., Caruso, C. M., Niro, P. J., Mahoney, C. R., McClung, J. P., & Caron, G. R. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3727-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…we observed are consistent with previous studies of SERE School which observe very high levels of cortisol and changes in other stress hormones and cardiovascular function (Morgan et al. 2000a; Morgan et al. 2000b;Morgan et al. 2001; Morgan et al. 2002; Morgan et al. 2004; Taylor et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMemory, stress, and the hippocampal hypothesis: Firefighters' recollections of the fireground
Metcalfe, J., Brezler, J. C., McNamara, J., Maletta, G., & Vuorre, M. (2019) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23128 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Glucocorticoid levels during this training indicated that the participants were experiencing extreme, even traumatic, stress (Morgan et al., 2000).”
BackgroundFarina, E. K., Taylor, J. C., Means, G. E., Williams, K. W., Murphy, N. E., Margolis, L. M., Pasiakos, S. M., Lieberman, H. R., & McClung, J. P. (2017) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-16-00022 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Acute gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment enhances extinction memory in male rats
Maeng, L. Y., Taha, M. B., Cover, K. K., Glynn, S., Murillo, M. F., Lebrón‐Milad, K., & Milad, M. R. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bermudez, D. S., Milnes, M. R., Bryan, T. A., Gunderson, M. P., Tubbs, C. W., Woodward, A. R., & Guillette, L. J. (2005) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.02.015 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Do alligators exhibit seasonal variation in circulating T4 concentration similar to that observed in other vertebrates experiencing winter inactivity? Is an abiotic environmental factor, such as temperature correlated with plasma concentrations of T4? For example, stress can influence thyroid hormone concentrations in…”
Background
- Authors
- Morgan, C. A., Wang, S., Mason, J., Southwick, S. M., Fox, P., Hazlett, G., Charney, D. S., & Greenfield, G.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- United States Department of the Army (US)
- United States Army (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morgan, Charles A
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 891-901
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2024255098
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- acute stress, cortisol, testosterone, free cortisol, thyroid hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone, salivary biomarkers, serum biomarkers, captivity stress, neuroendocrine response, stress recovery
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Military Personnel, Saliva, Stress, Physiological, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Survival, Testosterone, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Hormones
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