Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking
Abstract
The proposal examined here is that speakers use uh and um to announce that they are initiating what they expect to be a minor (uh), or major (um), delay in speaking. Speakers can use these announcements in turn to implicate, for example, that they are searching for a word, are deciding what to say next, want to keep the floor, or want to cede the floor. Evidence for the proposal comes from several large corpora of spontaneous speech. The evidence shows that speakers monitor their speech plans for upcoming delays worthy of comment. When they discover such a delay, they formulate where and how to suspend speaking, which item to produce (uh or um), whether to attach it as a clitic onto the previous word (as in "and-uh"), and whether to prolong it. The argument is that uh and um are conventional English words, and speakers plan for, formulate, and produce them just as they would any word.
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UH is used to signal a short delay while UM may be used to signal more significant delays.
“However, there is growing evidence to suggest that UM and UH are not the same; UH is used to signal a short delay while UM may be used to signal more significant delays [11].”
From Linguistic camouflage in girls with autism spectrum disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
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- Authors
- Clark, H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Clark, H
- ORCID
- Clark, H
- Venue
- Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 73-111
- ISSN
- 0010-0277 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2140615673
- Cited by
- 1,235
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 72 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 124.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation
- Keywords
- um, speech delay, spontaneous speech, speech preparation, clitics, floor control, word search, conversational implicature
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Language, Speech
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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