Cited by 1,126melanin and skin pigmentationParkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsBioactive Compounds and Antitumor Agents

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Oxidative Pathways for Catecholamines in the Genesis of Neuromelanin and Cytotoxic Quinones

GRAHAM, DOYLE G.·1978·Molecular Pharmacology

DOI 10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13535-9

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“The catecholamines including dopamine and norepinephrine are associated with the oxidative stress, thus conditions causing the increased catecholamine metabolism may increase the radical burden, as observed in SP (Graham 1978).”
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“cytosolic DA outside the synaptic vesicle in dopaminergic neurons [29-32].”
Background
Back and to the Future: From Neurotoxin‐Induced to Human Parkinson's Disease Models
Airavaara, M., Parkkinen, I., Konovalova, J., Albert, K., Chmielarz, P., & Domanskyi, A. (2020) · Current Protocols in Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/cpns.88 · Cited by 61
“If iron is present, dopaminequinone can react to form the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) (Graham, 1978; Napolitano, Pezzella, & Prota, 1999) (Fig.”
Background
Catecholamine‐induced oligodendrocyte cell death in culture is developmentally regulated and involves free radical generation and differential activation of caspase‐3
Khorchid, A., Fragoso, G., Shore, G. C., & Almazán, G. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10123 · Cited by 59
The effect ofl-deprenyl on behavior, cognitive function, and biogenic amines in the dog
Milgram, N. W., Ivy, G. O., Head, E., Murphy, M. P., Wu, P. H., Ruehl, W. W., Yu, P. H., Durden, D. A., Davis, B. A., Paterson, I. A., et al. (1993) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/bf00975038 · Cited by 59
“Neuromelanin is a hallmark of aging, which is thought to be generated as a by-product of catecholamine metabolism (10) and is likely to serve as a target for L-deprenyl (11).”
Background
Oxidative Stress, Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine, Reduces Proteasome Activities in PC12 Cells: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease
Elkon, H., Melamed, E., & Offen, D. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1385/jmn:24:3:387 · Cited by 60
Effect of acute ozone exposure on locomotor behavior and striatal function
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Antioxidant Mechanism and Protection of Nigral Neurons Against MPP+Toxicity by Deprenyl (Selegiline)
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Catechol oxidation by peroxidase-positive astrocytes in primary culture: an electron spin resonance study
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“…cultures (Schipper et al., 1990b), some degree of autoxidation that occurs at neutral pH, and the enzymatic activities of various oxidases and peroxidases (Graham , 1978; Graham et al., 1978; Rosenberg, 1988) may all contribute to the low level of catechol oxidation in the control cell incubations.”
Background
Dopamine activates Nrf2‐regulated neuroprotective pathways in astrocytes and meningeal cells
Shih, A. Y., Erb, H., & Murphy, T. H. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04345.x · Cited by 58
Inhibition and covalent modification of tyrosine hydroxylase by 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, a toxic dopamine metabolite
Vermeer, L. M. M., Florang, V. R., & Doorn, J. A. (2011) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2011.03.013 · Cited by 63
“While previous work has established DA to be an endogenous neurotoxin, capable of auto-oxidation leading to protein modification (Graham 1978, Graham et al. 1978, Stokes et al. 1999), the metabolite DOPAL was found to be several orders of magnitude more toxic than DA (Burke 2003, Burke et al. 2003).”
Background
Neuroinflammation Mechanisms and Phytotherapeutic Intervention: A Systematic Review
Kaur, N., Chugh, H., Sakharkar, M. K., Dhawan, U., Chidambaram, S. B., & Chandra, R. (2020) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00427 · Cited by 59
Human aging brain disorders: Role of antioxidant enzymes
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“This hypothesis was largely due to the efforts of Graham (3), Cohen (4), and Cohen and Spina (5) along with their coworkers.”
Method
Antioxidant strategies in protection against neurodegenerative disorders
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Immunohistochemical study of catechol-O-methyltransferase in the human mesostriatal system
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Exposure to anesthetic gases and Parkinson’s disease: a case report
Mastrangelo, G., Comiati, V., dell’Aquila, M., & Zamprogno, E. (2013) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-194 · Cited by 56
Dopamine-derived biological reactive intermediates and protein modifications: Implications for Parkinson's disease
Jinsmaa, Y., Florang, V. R., Rees, J., Vermeer, L. M. M., Eckert, L. L., Allen, E. M. G., Anderson, D. G., & Doorn, J. A. (2011) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2011.01.006 · Cited by 58
“, biotransformation) processes yielding several damaging biological reactive intermediate (BRI) known to react with cellular nucleophiles [6-8].”
Background
Enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase activity induces oxidative stress, causes accumulation of autotoxic catecholamine metabolites, and augments amphetamine effects in vivo
Vecchio, L. M., Sullivan, P., Dunn, A. R., Bermejo, M. K., Fu, R., Masoud, S. T., Gregersen, E., Urs, N. M., Nazari, R., Jensen, P. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15432 · Cited by 56
“Unsequestered dopamine undergoes metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO), which generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as the catecholaldehyde 3,4- dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), a highly reactive intermediate metabolite (Goldstein et al. 2016; Graham, 1978; Hermida- Ameijeiras et al. 2004).”
Background
Influence of chronic exercise on reserpine-induced oxidative stress in rats: Behavioral and antioxidant evaluations
TEIXEIRA, A., Trevizol, F., Colpo, G. D., García, S. C., Charão, M. F., Pereira, R. P., Fachinetto, R., da Rocha, J. B. T., & Bürger, M. E. (2007) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2007.10.004 · Cited by 55
Induction of the Protective Antioxidant Response Element Pathway by 6-Hydroxydopamine In Vivo and In Vitro
Jakel, R. J., Kern, J. T., Johnson, D. A., & Johnson, J. A. (2005) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi241 · Cited by 55
“Dopamine (DA), a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter, is essential to normal basal ganglia function; however, it can be oxidized to generate prooxidant species through autooxidation and enzymatic catabolism via monoamine oxidase, prostaglandin H, or tyrosinase (Graham, 1978; Graham et al., 1978; Hastings, 1995; Maker e…”
Background
α-Synuclein overexpression increases dopamine toxicity in BE(2)-M17 cells
Bisaglia, M., Greggio, E., Maric, D., Miller, D. W., Cookson, M., & Bubacco, L. (2010) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-41 · Cited by 57
“ate superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and quinones [4], which can damage cellular components such as lipids, proteins and DNA [5-8].”
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The Effects of Methamphetamine on Serotonin Transporter Activity
Haughey, H. M., Fleckenstein, A. E., Metzger, R. R., & Hanson, G. R. (2000) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0751608.x · Cited by 55
The clinical relevance of levodopa toxicity in the treatment of Parkinson's disease
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“Dopamine may undergo autoxidation, semiquinone formation and polymerization with the production of radical species.(8,9) Dopamine can also be metabolized by monoamine oxidase to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 10 which can then, in the presence of iron, be converted by the Fenton reaction to produce the highly reacti…”
Background
Inhibition of proteasome activity sensitizes dopamine neurons to protein alterations and oxidative stress
Mytilineou, C., McNaught, K. S. P., Shashidharan, P., Yabut, J. A., Baptiste, R. J., Parnandi, A., & Olanow, C. W. (2004) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0167-2 · Cited by 56
TBHQ-Overview of Multiple Mechanisms against Oxidative Stress for Attenuating Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity
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Oxidative stress and level of antioxidant enzymes in drug-naive schizophrenics
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“[22] Similarly, trauma and ischemia of the brain generate free radicals which are particularly related to reperfusion or reoxygenation of the tissue.”

Authors: GRAHAM, D. G.
Affiliations: Duke Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: GRAHAM, DOYLE G.
Venue: Molecular Pharmacology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1978-07
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 633-643
ISSN: 0026-895X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13535-9
OpenAlex: W2211987820
Cited by: 1,126
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 49
FWCI: 1.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Molecular Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Bioactive Compounds and Antitumor Agents
Keywords: catecholamines, autoxidation, periodate oxidation, 6-hydroxydopamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, aminochrome, adrenochrome, o-quinones, p-quinones, cyclization, tautomerism, neuromelanin
MeSH terms: Catecholamines, Dopamine, Epinephrine, Hydroxydopamines, Melanins, Norepinephrine, Oxidation-Reduction, Quinones, Monophenol Monooxygenase

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