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Oxidative Pathways for Catecholamines in the Genesis of Neuromelanin and Cytotoxic Quinones
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“When iron is present in the cytosol (as may occur more frequently with ageing)265,266, dopamine can be oxidized into dopamine quinone (DAQ), which is highly reactive and toxic267,268.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [267]
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Dauer, W., & Przedborski, S. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00568-3 · Cited by 5,469
“Dopaminerincreased expression and subcellular redistribution of gic neurons may be a particularly fertile environment for the anti-PCD protein Bcl-xL and with activated PCDthe generation of ROS, as the metabolism of DA produces effector protease caspase-3 have also been found inhydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical…”
BackgroundOxidative Stress, Glutamate, and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Coyle, J. T., & Puttfarcken, P. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7901908 · Cited by 3,762
AGEING AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE: SUBSTANTIA NIGRA REGIONAL SELECTIVITY
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Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease
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“The presence of neuromelanin in dopaminergic cells attracted attention to the autoxidation of dopamine, semiquinone formation, and polymerization through which radical species are produced.(36,37) This led to the concept that the metabolism of dopamine might be responsible for the high basal levels of oxidative stress…”
BackgroundThe Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease
Dias, V., Junn, E., & Mouradian, M. M. (2013) · Journal of Parkinson’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-130230 · Cited by 1,845
“Perturbations in this step again impact the levels of cytoplasmic free dopamine that is susceptible to be oxidized [64, 65].”
BackgroundBasal Lipid Peroxidation in Substantia Nigra Is Increased in Parkinson's Disease
Dexter, D. T., Carter, C. J., Wells, F. R., Javoy-Agid, F., Agid, Y., Lees, A. J., Jenner, P. G., & MARSDEN, C. D. (1989) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09133.x · Cited by 1,397
Pathogenesis of parkinson's disease: dopamine, vesicles and α-synuclein
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Role of Catalase in Oxidative Stress- and Age-Associated Degenerative Diseases
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“Mutant α-synuclein permeabilizes these vesicles causing leakage of the dopamine into the cytoplasm where it autooxidizes producing hydrogen peroxide, superoxide molecules, and toxic dopamine-quinone species creating oxidative stress conditions [122].”
BackgroundElucidating the Structure of Poly(dopamine)
Dreyer, D. R., Miller, D. J., Freeman, B. D., Paul, D. R., & Bielawski, C. W. (2012) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la204831b · Cited by 1,086
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“Mechanisms of catecholamine-induced neurotoxicity are usually ascribed to nonenzymatic auto-oxidation of catecholamines to form reactive quinones (Graham, 1978; Hastings et al., 1996a), associated production of cytotoxic free radicals (Cohen, 1983; Masserano et al., 1996; Offen et al., 1996), and…”
BackgroundThe oxidant stress hypothesis in Parkinson's disease: Evidence supporting it
Fahn, S., & Cohen, G. (1992) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410320616 · Cited by 927
Quinone chemistry and toxicity
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Self-citationSurface Modification of Water Purification Membranes
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“…MAO-A would have the highest levels of synaptic dopamine and thereby moderately high UnEx-scores due to the abundance of dopamine itself as well as to an increased rate of dopamine-quinone formation (Graham, 1978; Graham et al., 1978), a secondary mechanism in dopamine-neurotoxicity (Grant, 2011).”
BackgroundRhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan
Logan, R. W., & McClung, C. A. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0088-y · Cited by 713
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“Starting from the idea of free radical production resulting from increased chemical and enzymatic oxidation of dopamine, through to the mechanism of action of toxins such 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and paraquat, to evidence from postmortem and clinical investigations, oxidative stress and the resulting oxidative damag…”
BackgroundBerman, S. B., & Hastings, T. G. (1999) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0731127.x · Cited by 664
Neuroprotection by the Metabolic Antioxidant α-Lipoic Acid
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“First, PD is associated with both increased levels of nigral iron,2 a catalytic agent for production of hydroxyl radical ( OH), and increased Mn superoxide dismutase activity.3 Second, midbrain levels of reduced glutathione are diminished in PD patients.4 Third, there is evidence of increased oxidative damage in midbr…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Role for α-Synuclein in the Regulation of Dopamine Biosynthesis
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“, 2001), cytosolic DA can form DA-quinone and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are neurotoxic (Graham, 1978; Hastings et al., 1996; Stokes et al., 1999; Lotharius and O’Malley, 2000), -synuclein itself is modified by DA quinone (Conway et al.”
BackgroundFunctional changes of the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson's disease
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“Under normal conditions, DA neurons must withstand a high rate of oxidant species production because the dopamine biosynthetic pathway involves the creation of a number of reactive dopamine metabolites such as DA-quinone which are toxic to neurons (Graham, 1978; Stokes et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMetals, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: A focus on iron, manganese and mercury
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“3) (Graham, 1978).”
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“However, our results do not exclude that, in addition, other sources of ROS such as those arising from the oxidative metabolism of DA itself [32] could also play a role.”
ResultAsanuma, M., Miyazaki, I., & Ogawa, N. (2003) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/bf03033137 · Cited by 518
“, 1976; Graham, 1978). Furthermore, Hastings (1995) reported that DA can be enzymatically oxidized by prostaglandin H synthase MASATO ASANUMA et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialOxidative stress and inflammation in Parkinson's disease: is there a causal link?
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“6-OHDA-induced ROS will initially deplete intracellular glutathione and increase cellular vulnerability (Kostrzewa and Jacobowitz, 1974; Kumar et al., 1995; Cohen and Heikkia, 1974; Graham, 1978; Hastings, 1995; Hara et al., 2003).”
BackgroundOxidative stress and cellular pathologies in Parkinson’s disease
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A Guide to Neurotoxic Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease
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The diverse functionality of NQO1 and its roles in redox control
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“Under such conditions, DA may oxidize to form superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which can then form the hydroxyl radical in the presence of transition metals (Graham, 1978).”
BackgroundGlutathione metabolism and Parkinson's disease
Smeyne, M., & Smeyne, R. J. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.001 · Cited by 436
“Inside the cell, DA quinones react with the sulfhydryl groups of the free amino acid cysteine, cysteine found in glutathione, and other cysteine residues to covalently modify proteins [31,32] that cause cellular toxicity and, in some cases, cell death [30,31,33,34].”
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“Cytosolic accumulation of dopamine and subsequent breakdown leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species, as well as highly reactive quinones (Graham, 1978; Montine et al., 1997), which may contribute to the pathophysiology of PD (Hastings et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease
Mosley, R. L., Benner, E. J., Kadiu, I., Thomas, M., Boska, M. D., Hasan, K. M., Laurie, C. D., & Gendelman, H. E. (2006) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.cnr.2006.09.006 · Cited by 393
“Catecholamines particularly dopamine, can be metabolized by endogenous enzymes such as monoamine oxidases (MAO) or spontaneously break down by autooxidation to yield H2O2 and dopamine-quinones [86-88].”
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“Efficient DA sequestration into vesicles protects DA neurons from the deleterious effects of DA oxidation (82).”
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“Comparing to other neuronal cell types, dopaminergic cells are much more sensitive to oxidative injury due to the participation of DA in harmful oxidative reactions (Fitsanakis et al., 2002; Graham, 1978).”
BackgroundLipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Kuloglu, M., Ustundag, B., Atmaca, M., Canatan, H., Tezcan, A. E., & Cinkilinc, N. (2002) · Cell Biochemistry and Function · doi:10.1002/cbf.940 · Cited by 321
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“The premise of this hypothesis is based on landmark studies demonstrating the potential for the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other ROS during the oxidative metabolism of DA [19], which exposes DAergic neurons of the SNpc to chronic oxidative stress compared to other regions of the brain.”
BackgroundDopamine Induces Apoptosis through an Oxidation-involved SAPK/JNK Activation Pathway
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“DOQ and AM can react and conjugate with many biomolecules, including protein residues cysteine and tyrosine with sulfhydryl and hydroxyl groups, whereas polymerization of AM will form neuromelanin (NM), an insoluble granular pigment in SN [5, 25, 26].”
BackgroundKinetic and Structural Analysis of the Early Oxidation Products of Dopamine
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“These quinones also undergo intramolecular cyclization and oxidative reactions to produce neuromelanin (Graham, 1978; Hermida-Ameijeiras et al., 2004).”
BackgroundIntraneuronal dopamine-quinone synthesis: a review
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“catecholamines in the presence of molecular oxygen in vitro produces hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide (Graham, 1978; Klegeris et al., 1995; Marinho and Manso, 1993).”
InfluentialMitochondria and degenerative disorders
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“Catecholamines have the intrinsic ability to auto-oxidize, yielding reactive oxygen species and cysteinyl adducts; likewise, serotonin has an oxidizable indole ring (Graham, 1978; Jenner, 1998, 2003; Guillot and Miller, 2009).”
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“Nigral dopaminergic neurons are under continuous oxidative stress because of the unstable nature of their neurotransmitter dopamine (Graham, 1978; Maker et al., 1981), the adverse effects of which are further enhanced by high concentrations of iron in the substantia nigra (SN) (for review, see…”
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Unregulated Cytosolic Dopamine Causes Neurodegeneration Associated with Oxidative Stress in Mice
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“Dopamine is a very reactive molecule compared with other neurotransmitters, and dopamine degradation naturally produces oxidative species (Graham, 1978).”
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“Dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc contain relatively high basal levels of ROS resulting from the metabolism and auto-oxidation of dopamine (Betarbet et al., 2000; Graham, 1978).”
BackgroundSpontaneous autoxidation of dopamine
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Oxygen Radicals and Neuropsychiatric Illness
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“At cytosolic pH, dopamine auto-oxidizes to form reactive quinone species, hydrogen peroxide, and other electrophiles (2).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- GRAHAM, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- GRAHAM, DOYLE G.
- Venue
- Molecular Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1978-07
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 633-643
- ISSN
- 0026-895X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2211987820
- Cited by
- 1,126
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Bioactive Compounds and Antitumor Agents
- Keywords
- catecholamines, autoxidation, periodate oxidation, 6-hydroxydopamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, aminochrome, adrenochrome, o-quinones, p-quinones, cyclization, tautomerism, neuromelanin
- MeSH terms
- Catecholamines, Dopamine, Epinephrine, Hydroxydopamines, Melanins, Norepinephrine, Oxidation-Reduction, Quinones, Monophenol Monooxygenase
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