Dissociating nicotine and nonnicotine components of cigarette smoking
Abstract
To dissociate the sensorimotor aspects of cigarette smoking from the pharmacologic effects of nicotine, smokers rated the subjective effects of nicotine-containing or denicotinized cigarettes, and intravenous (IV) nicotine or saline infusions. Three groups of participants (n=20 per group) received either: (1) continuous nicotine, (2) pulsed nicotine, or (3) saline. Each group was exposed to an IV condition once while smoking a denicotinized cigarette and once while not smoking, in a 3x2 mixed design. A fourth group (n=20) received saline while smoking their usual brand of cigarette. The dose and rate of nicotine administration were individualized based on previous measures of ad lib smoke intake. Denicotinized cigarette smoke significantly reduced craving and was rated significantly more satisfying and rewarding than the no-smoking conditions. IV nicotine reduced craving for cigarettes, and increased ratings of lightheadedness and dizziness. However, no significant satisfaction or reward was reported after IV nicotine. The combination of IV nicotine and denicotinized cigarette smoke produced effects similar to those of smoking the usual brand of cigarette. The results suggest that sensorimotor factors are critical in mediating the immediate subjective response to smoking, and that the immediate subjective effects of nicotine administered in doses obtained from cigarette smoking are subtle. Thus, addressing smokers' needs for both for the sensorimotor aspects of smoking as well as for the direct CNS effects of nicotine may be critical in enhancing smoking cessation treatment outcome.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Drugs such as nicotine produce increases in dopamine transmission but fail to produce any reported 'liking' or euphoria in humans, suggesting the absence of any clear relationship between 'liking' and the excessive 'wanting' that leads to addiction.
“Furthermore, drugs such as nicotine produce increases in dopamine transmission but fail to produce any reported ‘liking’ or euphoria in humans, suggesting the absence of any clear relationship between ‘liking’ and the excessive ‘wanting’ that leads to addiction (Balfour, 2015b; Caggiula et al., 2009; Rose, Behm, Westman, & Johnson, 2000).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Rose, Behm, Westman, & Johnson, 2000
Cites
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
HEATHERTON, T. F., KOZLOWSKI, L. T., FRECKER, R. C., & FAGERSTROM, K. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x · Cited by 10,738 · see citing works
Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence
Shiffman, S. M., & Jarvik, M. E. (1976) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00634151 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Symptoms of Tobacco Withdrawal: A Replication and Extension
Hughes, J. R. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810250054007 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Jacob, P., Wilson, M., & Benowitz, N. L. (1981) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81033-6 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Hajek, P., West, R., Foulds, J., Nilsson, F., Burrows, S., & Meadow, A. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.17.2033 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking: A Dependence on High-Nicotine Boli
Russell, M. A. H., & Feyerabend, C. (1978) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.3109/03602537808993776 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Rose, J. E., Behm, F. M., Westman, E. C., Levin, E. D., STEIN, R. M., & Ripka, G. V. (1994) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.105 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Nicotine on Biological Systems II
Clarke, P. B. S., Quik, M., Adlkofer, F. X., & Thurau, K. (1995) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7445-8 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Nicotine Replacement : A Critical Evaluation
Pomerleau, O. F., & Pomerleau, C. S. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Dissociating the nicotine and airway sensory effects of smoking
Westman, E. C., Behm, F. M., & Rose, J. E. (1996) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(95)02027-6 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citation(1999) · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00025-3 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Lucchesi, B. R., Schuster, C. R., & Emley, G. S. (1967) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt196786789 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Transdermal nicotine facilitates smoking cessation
Rose, J. E., Levin, E. D., Behm, F. M., Adivi, C., & Schur, C. (1990) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1990.35 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationControl of behavior by intravenous nicotine injections in human subjects
Henningfield, J. E., & Goldberg, S. R. (1983) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(83)90409-4 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Intravenous nicotine replacement suppresses nicotine intake from cigarette smoking.
Benowitz, N. L., & Jacob, P. (1990) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)12693-1 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Blockade of Smoking Satisfaction Using the Peripheral Nicotinic Antagonist Trimethaphan
Rose, J. E., Westman, E. C., Behm, F. M., Johnson, M. P., & Goldberg, J. S. (1999) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(98)00153-1 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationThe nicotine patch in smoking cessation. A randomized trial with telephone counseling
Westman, E. C. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.153.16.1917 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of a transdermal nicotine system in smoking cessation studies.
Abelin, T., Ehrsam, R., Bühler-Reichert, A., Imhof, P., Müller, P., Thommen, A., & Vesanen, K. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 75 · see citing works
(1990) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192616142.001.0001 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Is nicotine important in tobacco smoking?
Kumar, R. C., Cooke, E. C., Lader, M., et al. (1977) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1977215520 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Nasal spray nicotine replacement suppresses cigarette smoking desire and behavior
Perkins, K. A., Grobe, J. E., Stiller, R. L., et al. (1992) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1992.201 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Nicotine or tar titration in cigarette smoking behavior?
Hasenfratz, M., Baldinger, B., & Bättig, K. (1993) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02244919 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Clinical evaluation of a citric acid inhaler for smoking cessation
Behm, F. M., Schur, C., Levin, E. D., Tashkin, D. P., & Rose, J. E. (1993) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(93)90065-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationControlled dosing of nicotine via anIntranasalNicotineAerosolDeliveryDevice (INADD)
Pomerleau, O. F., Flessland, K. A., Pomerleau, C. S., et al. (1992) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02247431 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gilbert, D. G., Jensen, R. A., & Meliska, C. J. (1988) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(88)90403-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tobacco smoking and nicotine tolerance.
Rt, J., Tr, F., & Herning, R. I. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
There is More to Smoking than the CNS Effects of Nicotine
Rose, J. E., & Behm, F. M. (1995) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-7445-8_31 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of nicotine on biological systems II
Jensen, E. J. (1996) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0954-6111(96)90295-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Controlling puff volume without disrupting smoking topography
Levin, E. D., Rose, J. E., & Behm, F. M. (1989) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03202801 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationPharmacologic basis for nicotine replacement.
Henningfield, J. E., & Jasinski, D. R. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Noninvasive measurement of smokers’ tar and nicotine intake
Rose, J. E., Wu, T., Djahed, B., et al. (1987) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03202564 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationDeterminants of nicotine self-administration
Shoaib, M. C. (1996) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(199607/08)38:3/4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Benowitz, N. L. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0809890 · Cited by 1,508 · see citing works
Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics
Benowitz, N. L. (2009) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094742 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
The hidden island of addiction: the insula
Naqvi, N. H., & Bechara, A. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.09.009 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Nicotine Addiction: Implications for Smoking Cessation Treatment
Benowitz, N. L. (2008) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.01.015 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Donny, E. C., Chaudhri, N., Caggiula, A. R., Evans-Martin, F. F., Booth, S., Gharib, M. A., Clements, L. A., & Sved, A. F. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1473-3 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Chaudhri, N., Caggiula, A. R., Donny, E. C., Palmatier, M. I., Liu, X., & Sved, A. F. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0178-1 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Nicotine: from molecular mechanisms to behaviour
Wonnacott, S., Sidhpura, N., & Balfour, D. J. (2005) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.002 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Roles of "wanting" and "liking" in motivating behavior: gambling, food, and drug addictions
Robinson, M. J. F., Fischer, A. M., Ahuja, A., Lesser, E. N., & Maniates, H. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_387 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
The Role of Nicotine in Smoking: A Dual-Reinforcement Model
Caggiula, A. R., Donny, E. C., Palmatier, M. I., Liu, X., Chaudhri, N., & Sved, A. F. (2008) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78748-0_6 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Varenicline improves mood and cognition during smoking abstinence
Patterson, F., Jepson, C., Strasser, A. A., Loughead, J., Perkins, K. A., Gur, R. C., Frey, J. M., Siegel, S., & Lerman, C. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.028 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
McClernon, F. J., Hiott, F. B., Huettel, S. A., & Rose, J. E. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300780 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationHow does bupropion work as a smoking cessation aid?
Warner, C., & Shoaib, M. (2005) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1080/13556210500222670 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The Neuronal Pathways Mediating the Behavioral and Addictive Properties of Nicotine
Balfour, D. J. K. (2009) · Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Reduced nicotine reward in obesity: cross-comparison in human and mouse
Blendy, J. A., Strasser, A., Walters, C. L., Perkins, K. A., Patterson, F., Berkowitz, R., & Lerman, C. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2167-9 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Hellberg, S. N., Russell, T. I., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2019) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-00662-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Versaggi, C. L., King, C. P., & Meyer, P. J. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4341-7 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rose, J. E., Behm, F. M., Westman, E. C., & Johnson, M.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rose, Jed E
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 71-81
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996954387
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-02665, R01DA002665)
- National Center for Research Resources (MO 1 RR-30)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, nicotine, craving, subjective satisfaction, reward, lightheadedness, tobacco dependence treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Pressure, Euphoria, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Sensation, Smoking, Smoking Cessation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
