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Missing Pieces in the NF-κB Puzzle
Open accessAbstract
The regulation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB activity occurs at several levels including controlled cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling and modulation of its transcriptional activity. A critical component in NF-kappaB regulation is the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex. This review is focused on recent progress as well as unanswered questions regarding the regulation and function of NF-kappaB and IKK.
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“In the NF-κB system (e.g. [2020-2024]) (Fig 8), NF-κB is normally held inactive in the cytoplasm by binding to an inhibitor IκB (often IκBα). Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, LPS [2025-2030] and IL-1 [2031] act by binding to receptors at the cell surface and initiating signalling pathways that lead to the activation of a particular kinase, IκB kinase or IKK. This kinase phosphorylates the”
From Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases (2009) · cites this paper as [2020]
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“The newly synthesized IκB-α is able to enter the nucleus and remove NFκB from its DNA-binding sites and transport it back to the cytoplasm, thereby terminating the NF-κB-dependent gene transcription [48,49].”
NEMO–IKKβ Are Essential for IRF3 and NF-κB Activation in the cGAS–STING Pathway
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“1A): c-Rel, RelA (p65), RelB, NF-kB1 (p50/p105), and NF-kB2 (p52/p100) (reviewed in Ghosh et al., 1998; Karin and Ben-Neriah, 2000; Ghosh and Karin, 2002).”
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“PC12 cells, which express wild-type (WT) HDx1-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) with 25 glutamine repeats (25Qs) or mutant HDx1-EGFP with 103Qs in response to ecdysone, were kindly provided by Dr. E. Schweitzer (University of California Los Angeles).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTelomere-independent Rap1 is an IKK adaptor and regulates NF-κB-dependent gene expression
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“While genetic data suggest that IKKb is the essential kinase subunit to phosphorylate IkB molecules in response to proinflammatory signals (Ghosh and Karin, 2002), selective functions ascribed to IKKa are to transmit morphogenic signals.”
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“NF-jB is an inducible transcription factor that can regulate a diverse number of genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and the immune response.(14) In most cell types, NF-jB is predominantly a heterodimer composed of the p50 and p65 subunits.”
BackgroundRetractedRegulation at multiple levels of NF-κB-mediated transactivation by protein acetylation
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Negative regulation of NF‐κB action by Set9‐mediated lysine methylation of the RelA subunit
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“Activated NF-kB needs to be terminated after induction to limit the inflammation, as sustained NF-kB activity and inflammation lead to a variety of diseases including asthma, arthritis and septic shock (Ghosh and Karin, 2002).”
BackgroundMcIntyre, K. W., Shuster, D. J., Gillooly, K. M., Dambach, D. M., Pattoli, M. A., Lu, P., Zhou, X., Qiu, Y., Zusi, F. C., & Burke, J. R. (2003) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.11131 · Cited by 216
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“The NFκB activation pathway in response to this stress signaling is distinct from the previously reported canonical and non-canonical pathways (Ghosh and Karin, 2002; Madge and May, 2011;Oeckinghaus, Hayden et al. 2011).”
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“Stimulation by several factors, such as cytokines, induces NF-κB activation by IKK, which subsequently targets IκB for ubiquitination and degradation through the 26S proteasome (Ghosh and Karin, 2002).”
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Mature T Cells Depend on Signaling through the IKK Complex
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“The translocation of NF- B to the nucleus is preceded by the proteolytic degradation of I B (47), so we next sought to determine whether AKBA inhibitory activity was due to inhibition of I B degradation.”
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Intermittent fasting attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment.
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“Inducers of NFκB act by intracellular signaling pathways that activate the IκB kinases (IKKs), which phosphorylate two specific N-terminal serines of IκBα, resulting in IκBα polyubiquitination and degradation in the 26S protease [14].”
The Domains of Apoptosis: A Genomics Perspective
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“The DD-containing NF-κB1 and NF-κB2 proteins, however, appear to participate in an alternative activation pathway in which these proteins are phosphorylated and then digested from p105 and p100 precursors to produce p50 and p52 polypeptides that retain the RHD but lack the DD and other structures that retain them in t…”
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“The transcription factor NFkB regulates the expression of genes crucial for innate and adaptive immune responses, cell growth and apoptosis (Ghosh and Karin, 2002).”
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“One consequence is an up-regulation of the transcription factor NFjB (Ghosh and Karin 2002).”
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“Several kinases are implicated as direct upstream kinases for IKK (Ghosh and Karin, 2002; Hayden and Ghosh, 2008).”
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Immunomodulatory Activities of Fluoroquinolones
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“66 Infection 33 · 2005 · Supplement 2 © URBAN & VOGEL of TNF-α and Il-8 and also plays an important role in superoxide production and apoptosis [131].”
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“... expression in both MCF7/HER2 and BT474 compared to MCF7 (panels B and C, respectively), despite comparable levels of NFκB p65 and p50 component proteins in all three cell lines (panel A). Since the increased NFκB activation in both MCF7/HER2 and BT474 appeared largely due to increased p50 DNA-binding (panel B), an…”
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“IKK activity is essential for the activation of NF-kB through the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IkBa (Li et al., 2000; Ghosh and Karin, 2002; Li and Verma, 2002).”
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“However, even in an inactive state, the p65/p50/I B complex is able to shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus due to an exposed NLS within p50 that is not completely covered by I B interaction (46).”
Non-canonical NF-κB signalling and ETS1/2 cooperatively drive C250T mutant TERT promoter activation
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Regulation of gene expression by oxygen: NF-κB and HIF-1, two extremes
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RetractedMechanisms for the role of tetrahydrobiopterin in endothelial function and vascular disease
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“…zerumbone is not cell type specific Distinct signal transduction pathways can mediate NFkB induction in different cell types (Bonizzi et al., 1997; Ghosh and Karin, 2002), so we investigated whether zerumbone could block TNF-induced NF-kB activation in human myeloid leukemia KBM-5 (Figure 4a) and…”
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“The canonical NFkB pathway is characterized by activity of the IKKb catalytic subunit removing IkB from p65 and targeting it for ubiquitin ligase-mediated degradation (Ghosh and Karin, 2002).”
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“NF-κB Although NF-κB was initially identified in activated B cells, it rapidly appeared that this transcription factor exerts many biological functions in essential processes, such as both the innate and adaptive immunity, cell survival, and inflammation, also in other cells (Ghosh & Karin, 2002).”
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“NF- B is then translocated into the nucleus and may bind to its B consensus sequence on target genes (Ghosh and Karin, 2002).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ghosh, S., & Karin, M.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghosh, Sankar
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- S81-S96
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976382352
- Cited by
- 3,638
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 122 · 2015: 141 · 2014: 134 · 2013: 144 · 2012: 189
- FWCI
- 19.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Keywords
- NF-κB, IκB kinase complex, transcription factor regulation, transcriptional activity, IκB, signal transduction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Enzyme Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Signal Transduction, NF-kappa B, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Catalytic Domain, Active Transport, Cell Nucleus, I-kappa B Kinase
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