The DOI matches its Crossref record; 155 of the 158 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Missing Pieces in the NF-κB Puzzle
Open accessAbstract
The regulation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB activity occurs at several levels including controlled cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling and modulation of its transcriptional activity. A critical component in NF-kappaB regulation is the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex. This review is focused on recent progress as well as unanswered questions regarding the regulation and function of NF-kappaB and IKK.
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“In the NF-κB system (e.g. [2020-2024]) (Fig 8), NF-κB is normally held inactive in the cytoplasm by binding to an inhibitor IκB (often IκBα). Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, LPS [2025-2030] and IL-1 [2031] act by binding to receptors at the cell surface and initiating signalling pathways that lead to the activation of a particular kinase, IκB kinase or IKK. This kinase phosphorylates the”
From Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases (2009) · cites this paper as [2020]
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RETRACTED: DNA-PKcs Is Required for Activation of Innate Immunity by Immunostimulatory DNA
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Self-citationRetractedA Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
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Self-citationPhosphorylation meets ubiquitination: the control of NF-κB activity
Karin, M., & Ben-Neriah, Y. (2000) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.621 · Cited by 4,766
Self-citationNF-κB at the crossroads of life and death
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Self-citationTAK1 is a ubiquitin-dependent kinase of MKK and IKK
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Self-citationIKK-1 and IKK-2: Cytokine-Activated IκB Kinases Essential for NF-κB Activation
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Thomas, P. G., Carter, M. R., Da’dara, A. A., DeSimone, T. M., & Harn, D. A. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2082 · Cited by 76
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“Classical or “canonical” signaling of this pathway consists of an extracellular ligand (such as TNFα) binding to its receptor, which, in turn, activates the IκB Kinase (IKK) complex (Ghosh and Karin, 2002).”
Zhao, H., Wang, Q., Cheng, X., Li, X., Li, N., Liu, T., Li, J., Yang, Q., Dong, R., Zhang, Y., et al. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.047 · Cited by 68
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“IKK-2 appears to play a dominant role over IKK-1 in the activation of NF- B (Ghosh and Karin, 2002).”
BackgroundDing, C., Li, L., Yang, T., Fan, X., & Wu, G. (2016) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2834-8 · Cited by 56
Mitigation of ALS Pathology by Neuron-Specific Inhibition of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling
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“At basal state, NF-kB proteins are trapped in cell cytoplasm by association with inhibitory (I) kB proteins, including IkBa, IkBb , IkB« , and Bcl-3 (Ghosh and Karin, 2002), their activation being dependent on a series of sequentially activated kinases.”
Neves, Â., Rosa, S., Gonçalves, J., Rufino, A., Judas, F., Salgueiro, L., Lopes, M., Cavaleiro, C., & Mendes, A. (2010) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1186085 · Cited by 51
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Bladh, L.-G., Lidén, J., Dahlman-Wright, K., Reimers, M., Nilsson, S., & Okret, S. (2005) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.104.005801 · Cited by 49
“…factors have been shown to be crucial for the induction of a number of genes involved in many biological processes (e.g., inflammation, differentiation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and oncogenesis) (Karin and Chang, 2001; Shaulian and Karin, 2001; Ghosh and Karin, 2002; Karin et al., 2002).”
BackgroundHwang, S.-K., Baker, A. R., Young, M. R., & Colburn, N. H. (2014) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgu008 · Cited by 49
Targeting NF-κB and HIF-1 Pathways for the Treatment of Cancer: Part II
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Transcription factor NF-kappa B represses ANT1 transcription and leads to mitochondrial dysfunctions
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de Vries, E. M., Kwakkel, J., Eggels, L., Kalsbeek, A., Barrett, P., Fliers, E., & Boelen, A. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2013-2018 · Cited by 32
Active IKKβ promotes the stability of GLI1 oncogene in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Agarwal, N. K., Kim, C. H., Kunkalla, K., Konno, H., Tjendra, Y., Kwon, D., Blonska, M., Kozloski, G. A., Moy, V. T., Verdun, R. E., et al. (2016) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2015-07-658781 · Cited by 23
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Hsieh, C., Hsiao, G., Hsu, M., Wang, Y., & Sheu, J. (2014) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.12277 · Cited by 15
“In addition to IjB, the phosphorylation of the NF-jB subunit p65 represents another mechanism regulating NF-jB nuclear trafficking and transcriptional activity [22].”
InfluentialAzim, A. C., Wang, X., Park, G. Y., Sadikot, R. T., Cao, H., Mathew, B., Atchison, M., van Breemen, R. B., Joo, M., & Christman, J. W. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7868 · Cited by 17
Neutrophilic Lung Inflammation Suppressed by Picroside II Is Associated with TGF-β Signaling
Noh, S., Ahn, K.-S., Oh, S.-R., Kim, K. H., & Joo, M. (2015) · Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2015/897272 · Cited by 10
“This work was supported by KRIBB Research Initiative Program (GM1221521).”
BackgroundMethod(2008) · PubMed · Cited by 84
Metadata
- Authors
- Ghosh, S., & Karin, M.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghosh, Sankar
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- S81-S96
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976382352
- Cited by
- 3,638
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 122 · 2015: 141 · 2014: 134 · 2013: 144 · 2012: 189
- FWCI
- 19.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Keywords
- NF-κB, IκB kinase complex, transcription factor regulation, transcriptional activity, IκB, signal transduction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Enzyme Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Signal Transduction, NF-kappa B, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Catalytic Domain, Active Transport, Cell Nucleus, I-kappa B Kinase
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