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Missing Pieces in the NF-κB Puzzle
Open accessAbstract
The regulation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB activity occurs at several levels including controlled cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling and modulation of its transcriptional activity. A critical component in NF-kappaB regulation is the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex. This review is focused on recent progress as well as unanswered questions regarding the regulation and function of NF-kappaB and IKK.
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“In the NF-κB system (e.g. [2020-2024]) (Fig 8), NF-κB is normally held inactive in the cytoplasm by binding to an inhibitor IκB (often IκBα). Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, LPS [2025-2030] and IL-1 [2031] act by binding to receptors at the cell surface and initiating signalling pathways that lead to the activation of a particular kinase, IκB kinase or IKK. This kinase phosphorylates the”
From Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases (2009) · cites this paper as [2020]
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BackgroundRetractedNeuroadaptations in Human Chronic Alcoholics: Dysregulation of the NF-κB System
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SIRT2 regulates extracellular vesicle-mediated liver-bone communication
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Feng, Y., & Teitelbaum, D. H. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253518 · Cited by 84
“The Journal of Physiology C© 2013 The Physiological Society and the IKKγ/NEMO regulatory subunit (DiDonato et al. 1997; Rothwarf & Karin, 1999; Ghosh & Karin, 2002).”
BackgroundLiboni, K., Li, N., Scumpia, P. O., & Neu, J. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.2.245 · Cited by 84
Turvey, S. E., & Hawn, T. R. (2006) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2006.02.003 · Cited by 84
Tahk, S., Liu, B., Chernishof, V., Wong, K. A., Wu, H., & Shuai, K. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0701877104 · Cited by 84
TREM‐1 expression in macrophages is regulated at transcriptional level by NF‐κB and PU.1
Zeng, H., Ornatowska, M., Joo, M., & Sadikot, R. T. (2007) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200737270 · Cited by 88
TNF-alpha Activates MUC2 Transcription via NF-kappaB but Inhibits via JNK Activation
Ahn, D. H., Crawley, S., Hokari, R., Kato, S., Yang, S. C., Li, J., & Kim, Y. (2005) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000083636 · Cited by 84
Mechanisms underlying the manipulation of host apoptotic pathways by Toxoplasma gondii
Sinai, A. P., Payne, T. M., Carmen, J. C., Hardi, L., Watson, S. J., & Molestina, R. E. (2003) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.009 · Cited by 84
Abdelazeem, A. H., Abdelatef, S. A., El‐Saadi, M. T., Omar, H. A., Khan, S. I., McCurdy, C. R., & El‐Moghazy, S. M. (2014) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.025 · Cited by 84
“Furthermore, the inducible transcription factor (NF-kB) regulates the expression of several genes such as iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-a that are involved in inflammatory responses at the transcriptional level (Ghosh and Karin, 2002).”
Kumar, A. P., Garcia, G. E., Ghosh, R., Rajnarayanan, R. V., Alworth, W. L., & Slaga, T. J. (2003) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/s1476-5586(03)80057-x · Cited by 84
Ubiquitin-Regulated Recruitment of IκB Kinase ε to the MAVS Interferon Signaling Adapter
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IKKβ phosphorylates p65 at S468 in transactivaton domain 2
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“he transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is crucially involved in the regulation of inflammation and cell death (1).”
InfluentialIshihara, Y., Itoh, K., Ishida, A., & Yamazaki, T. (2014) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.002 · Cited by 84
“Activated IKKb phosphorylates the IkB inhibitory protein IkBa, targeting it for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which allows the release of NF-kB into the nucleus, where it binds to its cognate DNA sequences to induce gene expression [32].”
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“The NF-kB family of transcription factors consists of five members, RelA (p65), RelB, c-Rel, NF-kB1/p50 and NF-kB2/ p52, which exist as either homo- or heterodimers (Ghosh and Karin, 2002; Perkins, 2007).”
Gupta, S., Bi, R.-H., Kim, C., Chiplunkar, S., Yel, L., & Gollapudi, S. (2005) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401557 · Cited by 86
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Beta-Catenin–NF-κB Interactions in Murine Hepatocytes: A Complex to Die for
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Polydnavirus Ank Proteins Bind NF-κB Homodimers and Inhibit Processing of Relish
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“…phosphorylation levels were determined using Western blot analysis, because gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1b, TNF-a and IL-12, is regulated by release of NF-jB dimers from the cytoplasmic NF-jB-IjB complex caused by the phosphorylation of IjB-a (Ghosh & Karin 2002).”
InfluentialPark, Y.-M., Won, J., Yun, K., Ryu, J.-H., Han, Y.-N., Choi, S.-K., & Lee, K. (2006) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.29.985 · Cited by 83
Han, W., Li, H., Cai, J., Gleaves, L. A., Polosukhin, V. V., Segal, B. H., Yull, F. E., & Blackwell, T. S. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1201809 · Cited by 84
Singh, S., Shi, Q., Bailey, S. T., Palczewski, M. J., Pardee, A. B., Iglehart, J. D., & Biswas, D. K. (2007) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0063 · Cited by 83
From molecules to neural morphology: understanding neuroinflammation in autism spectrum condition
Young, A. M. H., Chakrabarti, B., Roberts, D., Lai, M.-C., Suckling, J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0068-x · Cited by 76
“These phosphorylate IκBα, leading to its polyu biquitination and degradation [43], allow NF-κB to migrate to the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of various proinflammatory genes.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Ghosh, S., & Karin, M.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghosh, Sankar
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- S81-S96
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1976382352
- Cited by
- 3,638
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 84 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 122 · 2015: 141 · 2014: 134 · 2013: 144 · 2012: 189
- FWCI
- 19.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Signaling Pathways in Disease
- Keywords
- NF-κB, IκB kinase complex, transcription factor regulation, transcriptional activity, IκB, signal transduction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Enzyme Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Signal Transduction, NF-kappa B, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Catalytic Domain, Active Transport, Cell Nucleus, I-kappa B Kinase
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