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The contribution of the insula to motor aspects of speech production: A review and a hypothesis
Abstract
Based on clinical and functional imaging data, the left anterior insula has been assumed to support prearticulatory functions of speech motor control such as the "programming" of vocal tract gestures. In order to further elucidate this model, a recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of our group (Riecker, Ackermann, Wildgruber, Dogil, & Grodd, 200) investigated both overt (aloud) and covert (silent) production of highly overlearned word strings ("automatic speech"), based on the suggestion that "inner speech" might provide a "window" into preparatory motor activities (Jeannerod, 1994). As a control condition, subjects were asked to reproduce a nonlyrical tune. In contrast to hemodynamic responses within motor cortex and cerebellum, activation of the intrasylvian cortex turned out to be bound to overt task performance. Rather than prearticulatory processes, these findings suggest the left insula to contribute to the actual coordination of the up to 100 muscles engaged in articulation and phonation. Conceivably, the association of speech production with intrasylvian cortex might have evolved within the framework of phylogenetically older connections between the insula and limbic structures, on the one hand, and nonspeech functions of the upper midline musculature such as swallowing, on the other. Whereas (overt) speech tasks predominantly elicit activation within left anterior insula, reproduction of a nonlyrical tune yielded an opposite response pattern. Conceivably, the opposite distributional pattern of speaking and singing at the level of intrasylvian cortex reflects operation of the two hemispheres across different time domains ("double filtering by frequency theory": left hemisphere=segmental information, right hemisphere=intonation contours of verbal utterances and musical melodies; ). In line with this suggestion, a further study of our group (Ackermann et al., 2001) provided first evidence that differential hemispheric filtering might be bound to insular cortex.
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“The notion that the AIC may govern the engagement of specialized brain networks to which it is connected finds support in evidence that activation of the AIC precedes, and directly influences, activation of prefrontal regions during response inhibition [44] and activation of the striatum during reward anticipation [27].”
From The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Specifically, the AIC has been shown to act in cooperation with several reward-processing areas (ACC, striatum and thalamus [27, 67–69]) and, importantly, its involvement with these regions appears to be dependent on age [69].”
From The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“For example, Cho et al. [27] (2013) found that, already by adolescence, activation of the AIC is able to evoke subsequent activation within the striatum during anticipation of reward.”
From The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Task-dependent connectivity findings also point to developmental changes in the relationship between the AIC and the striatum, but suggest that this connection may have reached a state of maturity by midadolescence that is adequate to support adult-like functions [27, 67].”
From The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Not only is the relationship between the AIC and striatum established by adolescence, but the strength of connectivity (as indexed by co-activation) between the insula and the striatum during reward anticipation did not differ from that of adults.”
From The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“These two studies, which both show age-dependent differences in AIC (and striatal) activation during reward processing, illustrate that even if connectivity between the AIC and the striatum reaches an adult-like state by adolescence [27, 67], reward opportunities may still evoke stronger recruitment of both regions during adolescence.”
From The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“It is possible that both the structural and functional connectivity between the AIC and reward processing regions is adequately mature during adolescence [27] and that the AIC therefore exhibits adult-like engagement during anticipation of reward.”
From The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making (2014) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“The association of the left insula with motor processing rather than articulatory planning was emphasized again following observations that left anterior insula activation was higher for overt than covert speech (Ackermann and Riecker, 2004; Shuster and Lemieux, 2005) and unaffected by the demands on motor planning (Shuster and Lemieux, 2005; Blank et al., 2002).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Ackermann and Riecker, 2004
In the citing paper
“The association of the left insula with motor processing rather than articulatory planning was emphasized again following observations that left anterior insula activation was higher for overt than covert speech (Ackermann and Riecker, 2004; Shuster and Lemieux, 2005) and unaffected by the demands on motor planning (Shuster and Lemieux, 2005; Blank et al., 2002).”
From A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading (2012) · cites this paper as Ackermann and Riecker, 2004
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ackermann, H., & Riecker, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ackermann, Hermann
- ORCID
- Ackermann, Hermann
- Venue
- Brain and Language
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 320-328
- ISSN
- 0093-934X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1981179822
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain and Language (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Phonetics and Phonology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Keywords
- speech motor control, inner speech, covert speech, overt speech, hemispheric lateralization, singing, phonation, swallowing, speech evolution
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Dominance, Cerebral, Facial Muscles, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Imagination, Laryngeal Muscles, Limbic System, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Motor Cortex, Music, Pharyngeal Muscles, Phonation, Sound Spectrography, Speech, Speech Perception, Voice, Imaging, Three-Dimensional
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